As a consequence of globalization, port performance has become increasingly important for international trade. Different ports perform differently in terms ofthroughput of cargo volume and container TEUs, as they are influenced by a number of factors. This research reviews the literature on the factors with the support of reviewing port performance indicators. The research aims to identify how different port stakeholders evaluate these factors’ importance to their port performances and how they evaluate their factor performances differently. The methodology employs a (...) large-scale questionnaire survey in the ports of Western Europe and Eastern Asia. The findings are presented that different port stakeholders evaluate factor importance and performance differently, which implies that the relevant key port stakeholders should all be included when developing port strategy. (shrink)

Securing equitable antibiotic access as an essential component for health system resilience and pandemic preparedness requires a systems perspective. This article discusses key components that need to be coordinated and paired with adequate financing and resources to ensure antibiotic effectiveness as a global public good, which should be central while discussing a new global agreement.

オリンピック招致問題、部活絶対主義、スポーツへの逃避、無気力試合...... スポーツにかかわる問題の解決に求められている姿勢とは?スポーツに関して、自分の意見に会わない人や新しい情報に接し、自分とは違う考えを取り入れることが、スポーツを理解する素晴らしいヒントになる。複雑な真 実から目をそらさず、学びを止めない姿勢が、今、求められている。.

西洋哲学に対峙した日本の二人の思索者は無や直観、時間や場所などの主題をめぐり何を共有し、どうすれ違ったのか。明晰な最新研究。.

Cinsiyet gelişim bozukluklarını/CGB (hermafroditizm/interseksüalite/hünsâlık) İslamî biyoetiğe göre inceleyen bu makale, merkeze İslam hukukunu konumlandırarak CGB’li bireyler için dü-zenlenen dinî normların ardında yatan etik değerleri yansıtmaktadır. Makale, İslam hukukunda erken dönemlerden itibaren cinsiyet gelişim bozukluklarıyla ilgili normlar düzenlenirken etik değerlerin de dikkate alındığını iddia eder. Bu bağlamda makalenin kategorizasyonunda tarihsel ayrım tercih edilerek klasik dönemlerden çağdaş dönemlere İslam hukukçularının cinsiyet gelişim bozuklukları konusunda dikkate aldıkları etik değerler vurgulanmıştır. Sonuç olarak klasik İslam hukukunda cinsiyet gelişim bozukluklarına etik yaklaşımın daha çok insan onurunun (...) gözetilmesi ve mahremiyetin korunması amacıyla olası psikolojik komplikasyonların engellenmesi bağlamında şekillendiği saptanmıştır. Zamanla yaşanan tıbbî gelişmeler, CGB’li bireylerin bedenlerinden karşı cinse ait dokuları uzaklaştırma imkanı tanıyınca İslamî etik değerlerde bir kırılma yaşanmıştır. Klasik dönemlerde, olası psikolojik komplikasyonların engellenmesi şeklinde gelişen etik yaklaşım, cinsiyet düzeltme operasyonlarının hükmü, helal olması halinde delilleri, dinî meşruiyet parametreleri ve aydınlatılmış onam doktrini gibi daha çok CGB için tıbbî bakım standartları geliştirmeye evrilmiştir. (shrink)

Having a good grasp of theories of child development and what these look like in practice, can make a positive difference to how you understand babies and children and the ways in which they learn. This guide offers easy access to a wide range of concepts, as well as traditional and current theories, of how babies and children learn. Each chapter offers clear guidance on how to recognise the theory in action within the setting and suggests ways to test these (...) ideas out in early years' settings, supporting the development of reflective practice. Case studies are included throughout, along with questions to guide thinking and encourage readers to develop their practice. Summaries conclude each chapter offering a quick reference of the theory examined and the benefits of applying it to practice. An essential guide for those looking to develop their practice in supporting child development within the Early Years. (shrink)

This research performed four experiments to investigate the influence of infant schema cues on charitable donation intention and examine the moderating effect of gender. The results indicate that: individuals stimulated by infant schema cues had a higher willingness to donate when facing charity promotion; the main effect was not due to the perceived cuteness of character in posters; empathy played an entirely mediating role in the relationship between infant schema cues and donation intention; gender moderated the influence of infant schema (...) on donation intention: infant schema cues are effective for improving females’ donation intention, but ineffective for males. These findings contributed to the literature on infant schema and provide practical significance for introducing infant schema in charity promotion. (shrink)

This paper proposes an agent community based information retrieval method, which uses agent communities to manage and look up information related to users. An agent works as a delegate of its user and searches for information that the user wants by communicating with other agents. The communication between agents is carried out in a peer-to-peer computing architecture. In order to retrieve information related to a user query, an agent uses two histories : a query/retrieved document history(Q/RDH) and a query/sender agent (...) history(Q/SAH). The former is a list of pairs of a query and retrieved documents, where the queries were sent by the agent itself. The latter is a list of pairs of a query and sender agents and shows ``who sent what query to the agent''. This is useful to find a new information source. Making use of the Q/SAH is expected to cause a collaborative filtering effect, which gradually creates virtual agent communities, where agents with the same interests stay together. Our hypothesis is that a virtual agent community reduces communication loads to perform a search. As an agent receives more queries, then more links to new knowledge are achieved. From this behavior, a ``give and take''(or positive feedback) effect for agents seems to emerge. We implemented this method with Multi-Agents Kodama which has been developed in our laboratory, and conducted preliminary experiments to test the hypothesis. The empirical results showed that the method was much more efficient than a naive method employing 'broadcast' techniques only to look up a target agent. (shrink)

Bringing together an international collection of experts, this work explores various philosophical issues surrounding modern music recordings. With perspectives from practicing musicians, musicologists, sound artists, and recordings engineers, this reference asks how theoretical issues related to their work relate to the context of making and using recordings. Additional questions asked by this study include What kind of “spatiality” is generated through recordings, and by what means? What is the nature of “recorded space”? Do recordings reflect musical reality or create one? (...) and What are the philosophical bases of an “ethics” of recording? (shrink)

Abstract“Natural syllogisms” are arguments formally identifiable with categorical syllogisms that have an implicit universal affirmative premise retrieved from semantic memory rather than explicitly stated. Previous studies with adult participants (Politzer, 2011) have shown that the rate of success is remarkably high. Because their resolution requires only the use of a simple strategy (known as ecthesis in classic logic) and an operational use of the concept of inclusion (the recognition that an element that belongs to a subset must belong to the (...) set but not vice versa), it was hypothesized that these syllogisms would be within the grasp of non‐adult participants, provided they have acquired the notion of deductive validity. Here, 11‐year‐old children were presented with natural syllogisms embedded in short dialogs. The first experiment showed that their performance was equivalent to adults' highest level of performance in standard experiments on syllogisms. The second experiment, while confirming children's proficiency in solving natural syllogisms, showed that they outperformed children who solved non‐natural matched syllogisms in the same experimental setting. The results are also in agreement with the argumentation theory of reasoning. (shrink)

It is interesting to explore the effects of second language acquisition on anatomical change in brain at different stages for the neural structural adaptations are dynamic. Short-term Chinese training effects on brain anatomical structures in alphabetic language speakers have been already studied. However, little is known about the adaptations of the gray matter induced by acquiring Chinese language for a relatively long learning period in adult alphabetic language speakers. To explore this issue, we recruited 38 Indian overseas students in China (...) as our subjects. The learned group included 17 participants who had learned Mandarin Chinese for an average of 3.24 years and achieved intermediate Chinese language proficiency. The control group included 21 subjects who had no knowledge about Chinese. None of the participants had any experience in learning logographic and tonal language before Chinese learning. We found that the learned group had significantly greater gray matter volume in the left lingual gyrus compared with the control group; the Chinese characters’ reading accuracy was significantly and positively correlated to the GMV in the left LG and fusiform gyrus across the two groups; and in the learned group, the duration of Chinese learning was significantly and positively correlated with the GMV in the left inferior frontal gyrus after correction for multiple comparisons with small volume corrections. Our structural imaging findings are in line with the functional imaging studies reporting increased brain activation induced by Chinese acquisition in alphabetic language speakers. The regional gray matter changes reflected the additional requirements imposed by the more difficult processing of Chinese characters and tones. The present study also show that the biological bases of the adaptations induced by a relatively long period of Chinese learning were limited in the common areas for first and foreign language processing. (shrink)

Objective To compare assessments of the decision-making competencies of psychiatric inpatients as provided by physicians, nurses, relatives and an assessment tool.Methods This study was carried out at the psychiatry clinic of Kocaeli University Hospital from June 2007 to February 2008. The decision-making competence of the 83 patients who participated in the study was assessed by physicians, nurses, relatives and MacCAT-T.Results Of the 83 patients, the relatives of 73.8% of them, including the parents of 47.7%, were interviewed during the study. A (...) moderately good consistency between the competency assessments of the nurses versus those of the physicians, but a poor consistency between the assessments of the physicians and nurses versus those of the patients’ relatives, was determined. The differences in the competency assessment obtained with the MacCAT-T versus the evaluations of the physicians, nurses and patients’ relatives were statistically significant.Conclusions Our findings demonstrate those physicians, nurses and the patients’ relatives have difficulty in identifying patients lacking decision-making competence. Therefore, an objective competence assessment tool should be used along with the assessments of physicians and nurses, both of whom can provide clinical data, as well as those of relatives, who can offer insights into the patient's moral values and expectations. (shrink)

Background: The opinions of students regarding the attributes of a good nurse can make a major contribution to the planning and the conducting of professional education. There are few studies which aim at identifying the qualifications of a good nurse from the perspectives of nursing students. Objectives: To determine the opinions of first- and fourth-year nursing students concerning the ‘attributes of a good nurse’, and whether and how their views change depending on their year of study. Research design: Descriptive research. (...) Participants and research context: This study was conducted in the nursing department of a vocational school of health in the 2010/2011 academic year. The study participants consisted of first-year and intern students. A survey form was used to identify characteristics of participants, and students were asked the following open-ended question about their opinions related to the attributes of a good nurse. Ethical considerations: The permission was taken from the school administration. Informed consent was obtained, and anonymity was ensured for participating students. Findings: A total of 120 students participated in this study. Most frequently expressed attributes were ‘professional competence’ in first-year and ‘responsibility’ in fourth-year students. While first-year students placed a greater emphasis on the attributes of ‘geniality’, ‘patience’, ‘calmness’, ‘love of nursing’, ‘loyalty to nursing’ and ‘not attaching importance to material values’, fourth-year students emphasized the attributes of ‘empathy’, ‘honesty’, ‘responsibility’ and ‘scientific curiosity’ significantly more. Discussion and conclusion: Fourth-year students placed a greater emphasis on the attributes which the students are expected to acquire through a nursing program and clinical experience. However, they mentioned the attributes related to a good nurse–patient relationship and communication significantly less. Appropriate ethical training methods and good role models can help students acquire attributes that are important for the nursing profession and combine them with the attributes they already have. (shrink)

Nurses who attend patients with psychiatric disorders often encounter ethical dilemmas and experience difficulties in making the right decision. The present study aimed to evaluate the decisions of psychiatric nurses regarding their duty to warn third parties about the dangerousness of the patient, the need for compulsory hospitalization, and the competence of patients. In total, 111 nurses working in the field of psychiatry in Turkey completed a questionnaire form consisting of 33 questions. The nurses generally assessed the decision-making competency of (...) the patient correctly. However, their decisions regarding whether the patient should be compulsorily hospitalized and their understanding of their duty to warn/protect were less consistent. A significant relationship was found between the decisions of the psychiatric nurses and their work experience, them having children, and them having postgraduate education in psychiatric nursing. The nurses stated their desire to be part of the team that decided on ethical problems in psychiatry. (shrink)

We extend the concept of apartness spaces to the concept of quasi-apartness spaces. We show that there is an adjunction between the category of quasi-apartness spaces and the category of neighbourhood spaces, which indicates that quasi-apartness is a more natural concept than apartness. We also show that there is an adjoint equivalence between the category of apartness spaces and the category of Grayson’s separated spaces.

[Open access] In this book symposium the author takes up questions from phenomenology, hermeneutics, ethical theory, and intellectual history raised by a group of scholarly interlocutors from a range of backgrounds. In the course of engaging with these issues, he discusses, inter alia, McDowell’s realism, Jonathon Lear’s work on the end of a world, Michael Oakeshott’s view of selfhood, Heidegger’s conception of Jemeinigkeit, Uexküll’s notion of Umwelt, and Gadamer’s hermeneutic conception of truth.

O presente ensaio tem por objetivo contribuir com o debate sobre o valor e universalidade da democracia para a emancipação humana. Propõe pensar a compreensão da universalidade da democracia no enfoque abrangente da cultura argumentativa, a partir de Amartya Sen e Jürgen Habermas. Entende que as abordagens metodológicas, pragmática de um e pragmática formal do outro dos autores são complementares. Nesta perspectiva procura demonstrar que a democracia, além de suas raízes institucionais modernas, vincula-se também a expressões culturais da Índia, África (...) e América pré-colombiana. Portanto não é mera expressão de domínio cultural e político ocidental, mas desenvolvimento de uma tendência profunda de governo mediante a discussão e razão pública. O que permite recepcionar de um ponto de vista mais amplo a contribuição do pensamento de Habermas que explicita o nexo interno entre Justiça, Direitos Humanos e Democracia, na perspectiva procedimental de uma esfera pública crítica com uma racionalidade pública que inclui a todos. Apresenta o desenvolvimento das capacidades políticas e sociais, bem como o papel instrumental da democracia, na construção da compreensão dos direitos e da cultura que permitem o aprendizado, a emancipação e o desenvolvimento da própria identidade. (shrink)

O presente ensaio com metodologia de pesquisa reconstrutiva questiona como a interação entre democracia, direitos humanos, justiça e imperativos globais é disposta no pensamento de Habermas. Seu objetivo é a explicitação racional de seus nexos internos. Expõe como Habermas, a partir da reconstrução da esfera pública e agir comunicativo aborda a justiça e o direito. A dialética entre facticidade e validade, entrelaça filosofia e sociologia para desenvolver sua abordagem normativa do direito e do Estado, conectando direito e democracia através do (...) paradigma discursivo do direito. Conecta jurisdição constitucional, direito, política, sociedade civil e esfera pública. (shrink)

The necessity, method and content of childhood religious education are discussed from various perspectives in our country and around the world. The ‘Gift to the Child’ education method, which is applied in England where different religions live together, is a secular religious education approach with psychological, pedagogical and theological foundations. According to this method, which was developed with different methods from adult religious education and considering educational-scientific inferences, children can learn many information and skills based on religions and can transform (...) this into positive gains in their lives. The ‘Gift to the Child’ method processes concepts such as Allah, prophet, revelation and prayer with values such as responsibility, empathy, tolerance and love. It is distinguished from other religious education practices by aiming to highlight the child’s sense of holiness.This study examines the effect of the ‘Call to Prayer’ section, which is included in the ‘Gift to the Child’ method, one of the childhood religious education approaches, on children’s religious development in the Religious Culture and Moral Knowledge course. The applicability of the ‘Gift to the Child’ method, which aims to obtain educational-scientific inferences by comparing children with religious content, is discussed in terms of the educational process, teacher-student-material dimension and religious education.In examining the applicability of this approach, which evaluates religious development theory and development theories together and can be evaluated in terms of its achievements; After conducting a literature review from relevant sources, the data of the study were collected with the semi-structured interview technique, which is one of the qualitative research methods. The data of the study were collected through teacher interviews conducted with the cross-sectional research method. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 10 teachers working in secondary schools of official educational institutions affiliated to the Ministry of National Education. During the course, the teachers allowed the students to express their opinions on the subject and did not intervene in their questions and answers. As a result of the findings obtained from the data, it was observed that the use of achievements and materials prepared according to the ‘Gift to the Child’ method in religious education positively affected the religious development of the students. (shrink)