How do agricultural policies in the EU need to change to increase the sustainability of livestock production, and what measures could encourage sustainable practices whilst minimising trade-offs? Addressing such questions is crucial to ensure progress towards proclaimed targets whilst moving production levels to planetary boundaries. However, a lack of available evidence on the impacts of recent policies hinders developments in this direction. In this review, we address this knowledge gap, by collating and evaluating recent policy analyses, using three complementary frameworks. (...) The review highlights that recent policy reforms, and especially those of the Common Agricultural Policy, have had a large impact on the sustainability of the livestock sector by contributing to intensification and simplification. This has often resulted in negative impacts (e.g. on greenhouse gas emissions and animal welfare) and while financial support has enabled production, it can also lead to a culture of dependency that limits innovation. At the same time, a lack of regulation and concrete targets, and low levels of stakeholder engagement in policy design have led to delays in the delivery of sustainability objectives. Future policies could take on-board more innovative thinking that addresses the interrelatedness of society, animals, and the environment, to deliver effective targets and support. (shrink)

The importance of Georg Cantor’s religious convictions is often neglected in discussions of his mathematics and metaphysics. Herein I argue, pace Jan ́e (1995), that due to the importance of Christianity to Cantor, he would have never thought of absolutely infinite collections/inconsistent multiplicities,as being merely potential, or as being purely mathematical entities. I begin by considering and rejecting two arguments due to Ignacio Jan ́e based on letters to Hilbert and the generating principles for ordinals, respectively, showing that my reading (...) of Cantor is consistent with that evidence. I then argue that evidence from Cantor’s later writings shows that he was still very religious later in his career, and thus would not have given up on the reality of the absolute, as that would imply an imperfection on the part of God. (shrink)

In a recent paper, Potochnik (Biol Philos 24(2):183–197, 2009) analyses some uses of optimality modelling in light of the anti-adaptationism criticism. She distinguishes two broad classes of such uses (weak and strong) on the basis of assumptions held by biologists about the role and the importance of natural selection. This is an interesting proposal that could help in the epistemological characterisation of some biological practices. However, Potochnik’s distinction also rests on the assumption that all optimality modelling represent the selection dynamic (...) involved in the system of phenomena being considered. Since this assumption does not hold for models belonging to optimal foraging theory (OFT)—one of behavioural ecology’s important modelling traditions—Potochnik’s proposal has to be critically reappraised. In this paper, we briefly discuss what is optimality modelling and what it means for a model to represent a dynamic of selection or of evolution. Then, we demonstrate that OFT modelling is unable to represent either past or contemporary selection dynamics. In order to make this point, we carefully delineate the theory’s rationale. This allows us to identify and analyse the assumptions on which the theory is built, and to circumscribe precisely the role that natural selection plays in it. Next, we show that the distinction of weak and strong uses of optimality modelling is seriously weakened when OFT modelling is taken into account. More precisely, the distinction is either irrelevant (if the assumption that selection dynamics are represented in all optimality modelling is held) or of a modest utility (if the assumption is dropped). However, we suggest that Potochnik’s original proposal could be saved, and that it even constitutes a tool to appraise the marks left in the literature by the evolution of optimality modelling practices in the last four decades, provided that it is made into a tripartite distinction. (shrink)

The aim of this paper is to explain why, while Charles Darwin was well recognized as a scientific leader of his time, Claude Bernard never really regarded Darwinism as a scientific theory. The lukewarm reception of Darwin at the Académie des Sciences of Paris and his nomination to a chair only after 8 years contrasts with his prominence, and Bernard’s attitude towards Darwin’s theory of species evolution belongs to this French context. Yet we argue that Bernard rejects the scientific value (...) of Darwinian principles mainly for epistemological reasons. Like Darwin, Bernard was interested in hereditary processes, and planned to conduct experiments on these processes that could lead to species transformation. But the potential creation of new forms of life would not vindicate Darwinism since biologists can only explain the origin of morphotypes and morphological laws by the means of untestable analogies. Because it can be the object neither of experiments nor of any empirical observation, phylogeny remains out of science’s scope. Around 1878 Bernard foresaw a new general physiology based on the study of protoplasm, which he saw as the agent of all basic living phenomena. We will analyze why Bernard regarded Darwinism as part of metaphysics, yet still referred to Darwinians in his latter works in 1878. Basically, the absence of a scientific reception of Darwinism in Bernard's work should not obscure its philosophical reception, which highlights the main principles of Bernard’s epistemology. (shrink)

"The last third of the twentieth century," Gerard Hauser writes, was marked by "a flurry of intellectual work aimed at theorizing rhetoric in new terms" (2001, 1). The year 1958 was key in this flurry, with five major works appearing on a rhetorically inflected philosophy and theory of argumentation: Hannah Arendt's The Human Condition (on the relationship between the vita contemplativa and vita activa); Michael Polanyi's Personal Knowledge (on the role of tacit knowledge, emotion, and commitment in science); Stephen Toulmin's (...) Uses of Argument (on the use of argument in nonformal contexts); Walter Ong's Ramus, Method, and the Decay of Dialogue: From the Art of Discourse to the Art of Reason (on the history of the .. (shrink)

Chaïm Perelman, alone, and in collaboration with Lucie Olbrechts-Tyteca, developed the New Rhetoric Project, which is in use throughout the world. This book offers the first deep contextualization of the project’s origins and original translations of their work from French into English.

L’ouvrage d’Ana Iriarte et de Marta González, qui n’est malheureusement pas encore traduit en français, propose à partir d’une lecture des textes grecs, une réflexion sur la violence et l’érotisme dans une perspective genrée. En reconsidérant la figure d’Arès, dieu de la guerre et de la force brutale et celle d’Aphrodite, déesse de l’amour et de la persuasion érotique, les auteures nous montrent que le partage des genres n’est pas si tranché qu’il y paraît et que, parfois, le champ de (...) la viol... (shrink)

We analyze the transition of central banks from lenders to market makers of last resort. The adoption of unconventional monetary policies characterizes this transition. In their new role as market makers, central banks engage in the latter by extending and reinforcing interventions in other markets than the traditional bank reserves market. We then explain that the difference between the two roles is one of degree rather than kind. In both cases, the prevention of liquidity shortages is a primary concern. As (...) conventional policies become inadequate, central banks resort to unconventional policies to escape a general liquidity shortage at the zero lower bound. However, these unconventional policies do not solve the structural problems in financial and real markets. Both conventional and unconventional monetary policies cause price distortions, in particular on asset markets. The policies of the market maker of last resort prevent necessary readjustments of cyclical divergences between real and financial markets. (shrink)

The goal of this paper is to establish from Simone de Beauvoir’s perspective what happens when the situation and rights of French women are examined from the purview of their position as colonial subjects—as women colonizer. Following the analysis of Beauvoir as featured in The Ethics of Ambiguity and The Second Sex, the author first begins by examining the situation and rights of French women colonizer as it relates to the situation of the colonized. And then, the author examines the (...) situation and rights of these women from their own stands as women and in relationships to the situation and rights of white French men. The paper concludes that while French women may have experienced white privilege, they suffered from gender oppression deriving from their second-class status as French colonial subjects. (shrink)

Mon objectif dans cette contribution est d’explorer la pratique phénoménologique en jeu au sein même des descriptions de Michel Foucault. Un tel travail dépasse la portée d’un examen unique et ponctuel et supposerait de mobiliser les champs expérientiels multiples qu’a observés et traités Foucault de l’intérieur : la prison, la clinique, la sexualité. Il sera ici circonscrit à ce que je crois être le noyau de la pratique en jeu. Ce que Foucault nomme de son côté « le souci de (...) soi », « la pratique de soi » ou encore « la technique de soi », et c’est ce qui permet de mettre au jour la conception foucaldienne du sujet comme soi. Pour ce faire, je vais parcourir le Cours de 1981-1982 en suivant le fil conducteur des occurrences du thème de l’attention. Pourquoi cela? Je suis guidée, dans ce parcours, par l’hypothèse selon laquelle l’attention (plus que la réflexion qui est retour sur soi et clôture, donc en définitive objectivante) est, pour la phénoménologie, le nom concret, expérientiel, pratique de l’ épochè, c’est-à-dire de la relation à soi du sujet comme présence à soi. Foucault ne parlant jamais d’ épochè ou de réduction (ni d’ailleurs de réflexion), mais plutôt d’attention, en lien avec le souci de soi, la pratique de soi, ou encore l’exercice, il semble que les concepts méthodiques husserliens, ou toute philosophie réflexive résiduelle, ne peuvent que faire écran à l’intuition immédiate du sens de l’expérience et doivent être évités au profit de termes plus sobres et d’emblée intelligibles comme l’attention, le souci et le soin. (shrink)

Les recherches menées dans le champ de la psychologie morale par Larry P. Nucci et Elliot Turiel conduisent à identifier le domaine moral avec le domaine des jugements prescriptifs concernant la manière dont nous devons nous comporter à l’égard des autres personnes. Ces travaux empiriques pourraient apporter du crédit aux propositions normatives du philosophe Ruwen Ogien qui défend une conception minimaliste de l’éthique. L’éthique minimale exclut en particulier le rapport à soi du domaine moral. À mon avis cependant, ces travaux (...) de psychologie morale ne permettent pas du tout d’affirmer que nous sommes, empiriquement parlant, des minimalistes moraux. Les résultats des recherches de Nucci et Turiel montrent que les personnes considèrent intuitivement que le domaine personnel – le domaine des actions qui affectent prioritairement l’agent lui-même – doit échapper au contrôle ou à l’interférence des autres personnes. Mais affirmer que c’est l’agent lui-même qui possède l’autorité légitime de décider dans le domaine personnel ne signifie pas que tout ce qu’il y fait soit moralement indifférent. (shrink)

Research on the influence of industry on chemical regulation has mostly been conducted within the framework of the production of ignorance. This special issue extends this research by looking at how industry asserts its interests––not just in the scientific sphere but also at other stages of policy-making and regulatory process––with a specific focus on the types of tools or instruments industry has used. Bringing together sociologists and historians specialized in Science and Technology Studies, the articles of the special issue study (...) the arenas in which instruments and practical guidelines for public policy are negotiated or used. The aim is to observe the devices in the making or in action, from the selection of actors to the production of thresholds, criteria, and other technical regulations. The introduction highlights how industry influence on expertise and regulation is undoubtedly far more pervasive and multifarious than has been conceptualized to date by social scientists. Putting this issue back at the heart of both the STS and social sciences research agendas is increasingly urgent and could lead to new inquiries able to highlight these logics even more widely, using fresh empirical examples. (shrink)

G. Genzten’s 1938 proof of the consistency of pure arithmetic was hailed as a success for finitism and constructivism, but his proof requires induction along ordinal notations in Cantor normal form up to the first epsilon number, ε0. This left the task of giving a finitisically acceptable proof of the well-ordering of those ordinal notations, without which Gentzen’s proof could hardly be seen as a success for finitism. In his seminal book Proof Theory G. Takeuti provides such a proof. After (...) a brief philosophical introduction, we provide a reconstruction of Takeuti’s proof including corrections, comments, re-organization and notational adjustments for the sake of clarity. The result is a much longer, but much more tractable proof of the well-ordering of ordinal notations in Cantor normal form less than ε0, that nevertheless follows Takeuti’s strategy closely. We end with some more general comments about that proof strategy and the notion of accessibility more generally. (shrink)

Since Krebs and Davies’s (1978) landmark publication, it is acknowledged that behavioural ecology owes much to the ethological tradition in the study of animal behaviour. Although this assumption seems to be right—many of the first behavioural ecologists were trained in departments where ethology developed and matured—it still to be properly assessed. In this paper, I undertake to identify the approaches used by ethologists that contributed to behavioural ecology’s constitution as a field of inquiry. It is my contention that the current (...) practices in behavioural biology owe ethology something much subtler than the simple transposition of Tinbergen’s Four Problems for heuristic purposes. Demonstrating what ethology inherited from the long naturalist tradition shows the tensions that strained the field and that later led to the loss of both its unity and its specificity. It also allows for a precise delineating of what behavioural ecology picked up from the ethological practice, and it helps to cast some light on the introduction of economical thinking in behavioural sciences. (shrink)

Face aux tentatives des logiciens de démontrer la validité ou l'invalidité du Maître-argument de Diodore Kronos en s'empressant de déclarer un gagnant à l'argumentaire opposant le philosophe de Mégare à Aristote, nous esquissons par ce présent article une analyse globale du dogme diodoréen qui considère l'ensemble des témoignages antiques répertoriés sur sa pensée, permettant de dresser un portait cohérent d'une pensée positive qui le plus souvent n'est considérée que de façon éristique. Cette approche permet de mettre en lumière les assises (...) dogmatiques du Maître-argument, notamment en relation avec les arguments sur les corps sans parties ; si le monde physique est composé d'ultimes corps indivisibles et sans parties, ces unités ne peuvent être dans le même lieu et dans un autre lieu au même instant, alors « rien ne se meut » . Si Diodore reprend la thèse éléatique de l'impossibilité d'appréhender logiquement le mouvement, il renouvèle toutefois la tradition mégarique en affirmant l'existence du mouvement achevé, car l'on constate bien qu'un corps est passé d'un lieu à l'autre, et donc qu'il s'est mû! Or nous démontrons que l'affirmation singulière d'un mouvement exclusivement conjugué au passé, et donc jamais soumis au devenir, a vraisemblablement des origines aristotéliciennes. En effet, Diodore semble soumettre certains développements de La Physique à une analyse strictement logique en fondant sa conception du temps dans son unité , là où Aristote privilégiait l'analyse empirique dans une conception continue du temps et du mouvement. C'est donc à partir de cette divergence fondamentale d'approche épistémologique qu'il faut comprendre le débat sur le possible. En définissant le mouvement comme « l'acte de l'étant en puissance » , Aristote pense le possible à partir des possibilités ontiques de la substance , tandis que Diodore, en identifiant le possible à l'acte, évite le danger de spéculer sur des possibles qui ne se réalisent pas et ainsi de confondre être et non-être; or en distinguant le possible et le nécessaire, il dément la tradition qui lui attribuait un simple nécessitarisme et renouvèle véritablement l'ontologie éléate. À partir de développements préliminaires de Robert Muller, ce présent article démontre ainsi la pertinence d'interpréter la pensée diodoréenne comme une ontologie du dévoilement rendue possible par une critique et une appropriation mégarique de la pensée aristotélicienne. (shrink)

Le but de cet ouvrage est de démontrer, à travers une reconstruction rationnelle des étapes historiques fondatrices de l'embryologie expérimentale, l'importance des concepts de préformation et d'épigenèse aux origines de cette discipline. L'analyse porte sur trois périodes charnières de l'histoire de l'embryologie : (1) la réforme mécaniste et darwinienne de l'embryologie descriptive par Ernst Haeckel (1866); (2) l'avènement d'une physiologie réductionniste du développement menée par Wilhelm His (1874); (3) la création d'une "mécanique du développement" par Wilhelm Roux (1885) et les (...) interprétations néo-darwinienne (A. Weismann), néo-vitaliste (H. Driesch) et organiciste (O. Hertwig) de ses résultats les plus significatifs (1888-1908). J'y défends qu'une logique de la découverte structurait ces développements, où les modèles mécaniques d'explication devaient constamment être renouvelés lorsque leur examen empirique engendrait la découverte de phénomènes épigénétiques inédits. L'étude réalisée traite d'un enjeu fondamental de la philosophie des sciences : le rapport entre la rationalité scientifique et la découverte. Elle offre aussi un éclairage sur une question très actuelle de la philosophie de la biologie, soit les transformations de la notion d'épigenèse en rapport avec les théories épigénétiques contemporaines. La méthodologie adoptée s'inscrit dans la tradition de l'épistémologie historique, consacrée à l'étude du développement des structures du savoir scientifique. Cette tâche exige l'analyse historique de diverses sources documentaires; mais un éclairage théorique constitué tant de modèles provenant de la philosophie des sciences que de connaissances scientifiques demeure indispensable. Ici le modèle d'Imre Lakatos, centré sur la notion de programme de recherche, est entre autres privilégié."--provided by publisher. (shrink)

La sociologie de la littérature tend à aborder les œuvres comme « reflets » ou « miroirs » d’une société donnée. Une approche davantage inspirée de la pragmatique permet d’inverser la perspective, en questionnant la façon dont la littérature – et plus précisément la fiction – agit sur les lecteurs en cadrant, ouvrant, construisant l’imaginaire. Parallèlement à ce « tournant pragmatique », la notion d’« artialisation » permet d’opérer un semblable renversement de perspective, surtout si l’on accepte de l’élargir en (...) y incluant non seulement la perception mais aussi les représentations et les émotions. (shrink)

The title of this essay is not to be taken literally: I will not be making the case that Marseille is actually the last working class city in France. My title is a reference to Chris Marker’s 1993 film The Last Bolshevik (Le Tombeau d’Alexandre), a film about Alexander Medvedkin, one of the pioneers of early Soviet cinema. Medvedkin was the inspiration for the Groupe Medvedkine, a film collective founded by Chris Marker and made up of French militant filmmakers who, (...) in December 1967, decided to document the labor unrest that had erupted in factories near Besançon by making experimental films that involved the active participation of the workers themselves. Marker first met Medvedkin at a film festival in Leipzig .. (shrink)

The world of charlatans is a world of constantly shifting borders and redefinitions, a world of crossed lines and pushed boundaries. Can one even speak of “the world” of charlatans in the singular, when the examples we are given to read in this volume reveal such great diversity that they seem to defeat any attempt to define common traits, as Roy Porter tried to do in his time? Certainly, commercial interests and the lure of a quick and easy profit seem (...) to have motivated some charlatans. Certainly, the universal effects of the nostrum or therapeutic procedures were often put forward as a commercial argument. Certainly, many had an itinerant career; but this was not always the case. In fact, these traits are not shared, and the main reason is probably that, aside from a very particular context in early modern Italy, the qualification of charlatan was not claimed by the actors themselves, but was attributed to them by others, be they contemporaries or later historians. These features are therefore only common if we understand them as stigmata1 attributed to charlatans by those who wish to distinguish themselves from them or to draw a line between orthodoxy and heterodoxy. (shrink)

This paper discusses the establishment of a governance framework to secure the development and deployment of “good AI”, and describes the quest for a morally objective compass to steer it. Asserting that human rights can provide such compass, this paper first examines what a human rights-based approach to AI governance entails, and sets out the promise it propagates. Subsequently, it examines the pitfalls associated with human rights, particularly focusing on the criticism that these rights may be too Western, too individualistic, (...) too narrow in scope and too abstract to form the basis of sound AI governance. After rebutting these reproaches, a plea is made to move beyond the calls for a human rights-based approach, and start taking the necessary steps to attain its realisation. It is argued that, without elucidating the applicability and enforceability of human rights in the context of AI; adopting legal rules that concretise those rights where appropriate; enhancing existing enforcement mechanisms and securing an underlying societal infrastructure that enables human rights in the first place, any human rights-based governance framework for AI risks falling short of its purpose. (shrink)

In this chapter Nathalie Sigot argues that Bentham’s interest in international trade lies in the consideration of the redistributive effects of trade and its consequences on happiness for one’s society. Sigot demonstrates that Bentham’s view on international trade changed between 1786 and 1821, when the principle of the limitation of industry by capital disappeared from his writings. Sigot explains how Bentham’s approach is driven by a focus on security and on a calculus of gains and losses in terms of (...) happiness. (shrink)

Human language, hominin tool production modes, and multimodal communications systems of primates and other animals are currently well-studied for how they display compositionality or combinatoriality. In all cases, the former is defined as a kind of hierarchical nesting and the latter as a lack thereof. In this article, I extend research on combinatoriality and compositionality further to investigations of everyday primate skills. Daily locomotion modes as well as behaviors associated with subsistence practices, hygiene, or body modification rely on the hierarchical (...) nesting of different behavioral and cognitive actions into complex skills. I introduce a scheme which uses hierarchical organization to differentiate combinatorial from compositional skills. Combinatorial skills are defined either as aggregational or linearly hierarchical depending on whether the skill occurs momentarily in space or unfolds sequentially over time. Compositional skills are defined either as nested or interactionally hierarchical depending on whether the skill results in new constructs or in new interactions between existing constructs. The methodology I propose combines epistemological hierarchy theory with data from primatological field research and experimental and comparative psychological research and provides a means to integrate current constructionist and extended views on cognition and action with older research on behavioral logics in psychology and operational chain thinking in anthropology. The approach furthermore synchronizes with ongoing research on teleonomy, intentionality, and creativity. -/- . (shrink)

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:Philosophy and Rhetoric 36.3 (2003) 177-188 [Access article in PDF] Chaïm Perelman's "First Philosophies and Regressive Philosophy":Commentary and Translation David A. Frank Michelle K. Bolduc Chaïm Perelman's 1949 article, "First Philosophies and Regressive Philosophy," has remained unavailable to readers unable to read French. Our commentary and translation is intended to provide English readers access to the context, influences, and themes that make the article an extraordinarily important work (...) in the history of twentieth-century rhetoric. In this article, Perelman offers a powerful critique of first philosophies and anticipates the problems of radical postmodernity. "First Philosophies" remains a strikingly elegant attempt to foil what Foucault (1984, 41-42) has called the "Enlightenment blackmail of reason," the assumption held by logical positivists and radical skeptics that if reason does not yield absolute and eternal Enlightenment knowledge, there can be no knowledge.Perelman and Lucie Olbrechts-Tyteca's New Rhetoric project avoids Enlightenment blackmail by charting a third way between logical positivism and radical relativism, and "First Philosophies" sets forth the project's philosophical blueprint. Commencing in 1947 and culminating in 1958 with the publication of Traité de l'argumentation: La nouvelle rhétorique, Perelman and Olbrechts-Tyteca sought, discovered, and developed a philosophical system designed as a rapprochement between dialectic (reason and logic) and rhetoric (the art of adapting arguments to audiences). Historians of rhetoric judge the work a "grand revolution" (Meyer 1999, 259), believing it marks a rhetorical renaissance in Europe, and suggest nothing like it will appear for another 100 years after its publication (Johnstone 1971). The New Rhetoric project influenced Gadamer and a host of post-war European and American thinkers (Mootz 1998). Michael Leff calls the 1970 English translation of Traité a "bombshell" (1994, 510). Beyond its historical importance, Crosswhite suggests that the New Rhetoric project is "the single most important event in contemporary rhetorical theory" (1996, 35)and "First Philosophies" marks Perelman's turn from logical [End Page 177] positivism to rhetoric, offering prescient answers to the post-World War II crises of reason, and the ideas in the article provide the Traité'sphilosophical glue (see in particular the English translation, 62).Perelman joined many post-war theorists, including Horkheimer and Adorno (1972), in the resistance to the reign of a disembodied Enlightenment rationality. However, Perelman identified what Habermas (1987, 119) would later call the "performative contradiction" in the conclusion that radical skepticism was the only alternative to Enlightenment rationality. In "First Philosophies," Perelman responds directly to Sartre's 1943 Being and Nothingness (198; see translation below) by exposing the failure of radical skeptics to see that they had been held hostage by Enlightenment blackmail in accepting the Enlightenment criterion for truth, rejecting it, and then making skepticism an absolute. Indeed, "First Philosophies" navigates from this performative contradiction to chart a third way between Enlightenment rationality and radical skepticism with an approach that he labels regressive philosophy. Regressive philosophy, Perelman argues, provides the human community with a mode of philosophical reasoning located between the extremes of Enlightenment rationality and radical skepticism. In this space between extremes, Perelman identifies contingent truths and values dependent on a rhetorical mode of reasoning, one making moral judgments possible.To best understand "First Philosophies," we recognize the importance of historical context in the development of social theories of knowledge (see Delacampagne 1999; Kennedy 1999). The intellectual networks in which philosophers operate also influence the development of philosophical systems, as Randall Collins has aptly documented. In addition to historical context and intellectual networks, Frederick Beiser has recently noted: "[t] he best introduction to any philosophy is the biography of the person who created it" (1999, 5). He argues that textual analysis alone cannot illuminate the motivation or meaning of a philosophy. A sense of Perelman's biography and the cultural influences that gave rise to "First Philosophies" are necessary for a proper understanding of its themes. For Perelman, the primary intellectual exigencies of the post-war period were the interrelated crises of justice, philosophical reasoning, and responsibility to which "First Philosophies" is a... (shrink)

Manzo (2023/2020, this volume) objects to Nathalie Bulle's article with Denis Phan “Can Analytical Sociology Do Without Methodological Individualism?” (Philosophy of the Social Sciences, 2018) that the rationality associated with the understanding interpretation of MI cannot be taken to be trans-situational. This reply argues that either (1) this is a misunderstanding resulting from a confusion between the general rational capacity of human beings, to which Bulle and Phan refer, and the specific behavioral patterns associated with given situations and models (...) or (2) this objection supports a structural reductionism in which the structural level tends to “reduce” the individual level, so that the behavioral patterns are directly implied by the structures. (shrink)

A substantial portion of produce harvested around the world is wasted because it does not meet consumers’ shape expectations. Only recently has research begun investigating the causes underlying misshapen produce rejection by consumers. Generally, this limited research has concluded that misshapen produce is subject to an ugly penalty, leading consumers to form biased expectations regarding product attributes (e.g., healthiness, tastiness, or naturalness). In this research, we propose that this ugly penalty extends to the moral valuation of misshapen produce and that (...) this moral penalty is rooted in the feelings of disgust evoked by the visual appearance of such produce. Across five studies and two pilot studies, we show that misshapen fruits and vegetables are disgust elicitors, and that felt disgust causes consumers to make negative moral associations with produce which, in turn, leads to decreased preference. We also show that pairing misshapen produce with a positive unconditioned stimulus (i.e., an image of attractive individuals) is an efficient solution to counteract the effect of this stereotype. This research contributes to the growing body of work demonstrating the link between consumption behaviors, consumer preferences, and morality. (shrink)

Le travail de prévention auprès d’enfants en âge d’apprendre la propreté donne parfois à observer, lors de cette étape, un réveil aigu d’angoisses primitives d’assèchement et de liquéfaction qui entravent l’investissement normal de cette fonction et se relient à des vécus périnatals. En deçà de la symbolique d’échange et « d’objet-matières » à donner ou à garder telle que l’a définie Freud, les jeunes enfants associent également cette étape à la perte des eaux et à la naissance, et certains vécus (...) difficiles ayant entouré la naissance peuvent alors se raviver. Dans cet article, deux vignettes cliniques issues d’une pratique en crèche montrent que les notions théoriques d’angoisse de mort par écoulement et liquéfaction décrites dans le champ de la clinique de l’autisme peuvent éclairer cette étape de l’enfance. (shrink)

Das Problem der Sicherung von”Ethics in Public Service“ist in den vergangenen Jahren verstärkt ins Bewusstsein der internationalen Öffentlichkeit gedrungen. Bemühungen und Diskussionen um ethische Regeln und Standards haben dementsprechend Konjunktur. In diesem Buch werden Erklärungsfaktoren für die Einführung von Ethik-Maßnahmen in einem theoretischen Konzept systematisch zusammengeführt. Anhand eines dreistufigen Modells der Nachfrage nach Normen, ihrer Funktionen und des Angebots an verfügbaren Normen wird untersucht, warum und mit welcher Zielsetzung welche Ethik-Maßnahmen wann und wo eingeführt wurden. Grundlegende theoretische Annahme ist, dass (...) Personen in öffentlichen Ämtern und Mandaten in einem Treue- und Legitimationsverhältnis zum demokratischen Souverän stehen, welches sich als eine Kette von Principal-Agent-Beziehungen modellieren lässt. Empirisch wird das Modell entwickelt aus einem Vergleich der so genannten”Ethik-Infrastrukturen“- also des Bestandes an Normen und Regeln, die das Verhalten von Abgeordneten, Exekutivpolitikern und Verwaltungsmitarbeiter regeln - in Deutschland und USA. Korruption und Skandale spielen hierbei eine entscheidende Rolle, aber auch die politische und administrative Kultur eines Landes sowie die Setzung internationaler Standards. Die Studie wurde ausgezeichnet mit dem Nachwuchspreis 2005 der DVPW als beste Dissertation. (shrink)

In order to understand why Orlando was not published in Spain until 1977, almost forty years after the original publication in England, the Francoist regime context is analyzed in this reflection paper, as well as the editorial censorship and self-censorship procedures. It is assumed that this novel by Virginia Woolf is an example of the latter, based on the censorship criteria established by Abellán, since the text transgressed at least three of them. Moreover, the first translation of Orlando in Spain, (...) carried out by Enrique Ortenbach, is analyzed and compared to the one by Borges, not only the first translation of this novel to Spanish, but also the most popular and commercial to date, in order to determine the motivations to commission this retranslation to Ortenbach and the features of this text, in the light of the changes in the Spanish social context. To this end, the paper also draws from the concepts and practices of paratexts, retranslation, and translation criticism. It is concluded that the retranslation by Ortenbach is active, according to Pym’s proposal, and that it could have been dictated by the commercial success of the film adaptation of the novel in 1992. Also, although the translation decisions are not linked to the Spanish social changes, Ortenbach retrieves from the original the feature of Orlando’s gender distinction, through the use of the personal pronouns she/he when alluding to the character. (shrink)

Le problème de l'être-avec et de la socialité chez Heidegger a déjà une longue tradition de commentateurs. Ceux-ci se distinguent par la pluralité de leurs approches: se situant parfois à l'opposé de la méthode d'Être et temps, ils se portent alors à la défense d'autrui, insistent sur l'aspect dialogique et sur l'importance de la rationalité du discours dans le monde de la vie. D'autres encore, sans nécessairement remettre en question la méthodologie heideggérienne, défendent ou réinterprètent autrement sa phénoménologie de l'existence (...) d'autrui: parmi eux, certains s'en tiennent uniquement à l'analytique existentiale, tandis que d'autres élargissent l'horizon de leurs critiques en tenant compte du projet global de la pensée de Heidegger. Il y a enfin les commentateurs pour lesquels cette question n'est abordée que dans le contexte politique de sa pensée. (shrink)

(2005). The Bachelardian Tradition in the Philosophy of Science. Angelaki: Vol. 10, continental philosophy and the sciences the french tradition issue editor: andrew aitken, pp. 79-87.