The main aim of our study was to determinate whether a repeated bout (RB) (vs. first bout [FB]) of sprint interval cycling exercise (SIE) is sufficient to mitigate SIE-induced psychological and physiological biomarker kinetics within 48 h after the exercise. Ten physically active men (age, 22.6 ± 5.2 years; VO2max, 44.3 ± 5.7 ml/kg/min) performed the FB of sprint interval cycling exercise (12 repeats of 5 s each) on one day and the RB 2 weeks later. The following parameters were (...) measured: motor performance (voluntary, electrically induced and isokinetic skeletal muscle contraction torque, and central activation ratio [CAR]); stress markers (BDNF, cortisol, norepinephrine, and epinephrine); inflammatory markers (IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-); metabolic markers (glucose and lactate); muscle and rectal temperature; cycling power output; and psychological perceptions. The average cycling power output and neuromuscular fatigue after exercise did not differ between the FB and RB. There were significant decreases in cortisol and BDNF concentration at 12 h (P < 0.05) and 24 h (P < 0.001) after the FB, respectively. The decrease in cortisol concentration observed 12 h after exercise was significantly greater after the RB (P < 0.05) than after the FB. The immune-metabolic response to the RB (vs. FB) SIE was suppressed and accompanied by lower psychological exertion. Most of the changes in psychological and physiological biomarkers in the FB and RB were closely related to the response kinetics of changes in BDNF concentration. (shrink)

This paper joins the debate over changes in the role of health professionals when applying advance directives to manage the decision-making process at the end of life care. Issues in relation to advance directives occur in clinical units in Lithuania; however, it remains one of the few countries in the European Union where the discussion on advance directives is not included in the health-care policy-making agenda. To encourage the discussion of advance directives, a study was designed to examine health professionals’ (...) understanding and preferences related to advance directives. In addition, the study sought to explore the views of health care professionals of the application of Advance Directives in clinical practice in Lithuania. A cross-sectional survey was conducted by interviewing 478 health professionals based at major health care centers in Kaunas district, Lithuania. The design of the study included the use of a questionnaire developed for this study and validated by a pilot study. The collected data were analyzed using standard descriptive statistical methods. The analysis of knowledge about AD revealed some statistically significant differences when comparing the respondents’ profession and gender. The analysis also indicated key emerging themes among respondents including tranquility of mind, the longest possible life expectancy and freedom of choice. Further, the study findings revealed that more than half of the study participants preferred to express their will while alive by using advance directives. The study findings revealed a low level of knowledge on advance directives among health professionals. Most health professionals agreed that AD’s improved end-of-life decision making while the majority of physicians appreciated AD as the best tool for sharing responsibilities in clinical practice in Lithuania. More physicians than nurses preferred the presence of advance directives to support their decision making in end-of-life situations. (shrink)

The article reviews the developing studies of visuality with respect to their own focus on cultural and political fields in which visual communication unfolds. I found that that some of the academic interests related to visuality can be located within the broader or intersecting field of cultural and political studies and provide successful tools of analysing and describing the communicational interactions within local communities situated in broader contexts of mobility. Some light is shed on the visualisations of the current condition (...) of the nation-state with respect to globalizing or Europeanising tendencies. Also, I discuss a more general impact of mobility and novel visualisations of the public and cultural sphere. (shrink)

The article overviews and introduces the current issue of Filosofija. Sociologija. The topics include history of scientific and political thought, identity, (post-)truth, visuality and medialisation, imagination, creativity and fashion, etc. Issues in ethics and education are also discussed. The paper shows one way of uniting these disparate topics into a coherent whole.

This paper inquiries into the complex issue of informed consent applying artificial intelligence in medical diagnostic consultations. The aim is to expose the main ethical and legal concerns of the New Health phenomenon, powered by intelligent machines. To achieve this objective, the first part of the paper analyzes ethical aspects of the alleged right to explanation, privacy, and informed consent, applying artificial intelligence in medical diagnostic consultations. This analysis is followed by a legal analysis of the limits and requirements for (...) the explainability of artificial intelligence. Followed by this analysis, recommendations for action are given in the concluding remarks of the paper. (shrink)

Heidegger’s thinking should not be labelled rationalist or irrationalist. Because the definitions of rationality and irrationality, which can be seen as derived from Descartes’ or Cartesian philosophy, are deconstructed by Heidegger. The movement of this deconstruction is twofold: at the same time it is a thinking retrieval of the ontologico-historical origin of (Western) thought. The retrieval results in Heidegger’s notion of temporalising Being. This ‘notion’ can also be seen as informed by Nietzsche’s ‘will to power’ and, in turn, to inform (...) its understanding or interpretation itself. (shrink)

The article discusses the significance of Hegel’s and especially Schelling’s concepts for the formation of Heidegger’s conceptions of Being and ecstatic time. It is argued that the authors of German Idealism began to think about the Absolute in temporal and historical terms, and that this set the stage for Heidegger’s historical and temporal understanding of Being. Crucially, negativity is included in the structure of Being. The ecstatic structure of Being and time itself is shaped by Schelling’s thought on the dialectic (...) of ground and existence. (shrink)

The article offers a speculative comparison of two approaches to modern materialist science – that of Heidegger based on the understanding of ecstatic time and that of Bergson based on the notion of vital momentum, or pure duration. Bergson’s notion of vital momentum can be derived from the Heideggerian ecstasy of the future. The notion of fundamental material elements as well as the notion of their lawful movement can be derived from the Heideggerian ecstasies of the past and the present. (...) Bergson also sees modern science as based on the concept of what is finished (past) and of what is present (given). While Bergson opposes his vital momentum to the notion of matter which underlies modern materialist science, Heidegger shows the historical origin of these notions in the Greek understanding of Presence and also the ontological origin in Presence as ecstatic time. Bergson’s pure duration is a mode of the inauthentic understanding of temporality. The analysis and comparison draw on phenomenological-hermeneutical approach, fundamental ontology as well as ‘philosophy of life’. (shrink)

Straipsnyje nagrinėjamos bioetikos ir sociologijos tarpdalykinio diskurso galimybės sprendžiant šiuolaikines moralės dilemas. Apžvelgiant bioetikos ir sociologijos disciplinų raidą, atskleidžiami paradigminiai šių disciplinų skirtumai ir joms atstovaujančių mokslininkų požiūriai į etines sveikatos priežiūros problemas. Tradicinėmis laikytos klasikinės biomedicinos etikos temos, kaip, pvz., pacientų teisės medicinoje, eksperimentinių biomedicininių tyrimų su žmonėmis pagrįstumas, eutanazija ar klonavimas, vis dažniau yra analizuojamos empiriniu požiūriu pasitelkiant socialinių tyrimų metodus. Tačiau bioetikos diskurse socialinių tyrimų rezultatai (pvz., visuomenės nuomonės apklausos) yra ignoruojami, ir atvirkščiai – medicinos sociologijos tekstuose (...) vengiama normatyvinės etikos vartojamų teorinių nuostatų ar tuo labiau filosofinės sąvokų analizės. Straipsnyje aptariamos naujos tarpdalykinės nišos – bioetikos sociologijos ir sociologijos bioetikos teorinės perspektyvos. Nagrinėjama, kaip bioetikos ir socialinių mokslų tyrėjų bei ekspertų naudojami problemų sprendimo instrumentai galėtų būti integruojami į bendrą konstruktyvią mokslinę diskusiją ir kokios galimos (medicinos ar sveikatos) sociologijos ir bioetikos (ar medicinos etikos) bendradarbiavimo išdavos. (shrink)

The post-Soviet scene in Lithuania is one of rapid change in medical and nursing ethics. A short introduction to the current background sets the scene for a wider discussion of ethics in health care professionals' education. Lithuania had to adapt rapidly from a politicized nursing and ethics curriculum to European regulations, and from a paternalistic style of care to one of engagement with choices and dilemmas. The relationships between professionals, and between professionals and patients, are affected by this in particular. (...) This short article highlights these issues and how they impact on all involved. (shrink)

This article examines the national identity and the nature of patriotic attitudes of individuals with respect to their nation-state. It discusses the dialectic between the nation as a living community and the nation as an organisation based on abstract principles and situates the modern individual with its (non)patriotic attitudes in this dialectic. It seeks to unravel the complex relation between the modern individual consciousness and the modern experience of community and, by juxtaposing the classical and liberal nationalism and communitarianism, to (...) examine the origin of modern national identity. The investigation is informed by the ontological notion of a relation between unity and plurality. (shrink)

Two decades have passed since the first attempts were made to establish systematic ethical review of human research in the Baltic States. Legally and institutionally much has changed. In this paper we provide an historical and structural overview of ethical review of human research and identify some problems related to the role of ethical review in establishing quality research environment in these countries. Problems connected to (a) public availability of information, (b) management of conflicts of interest, (c) REC composition and (...) motivation of REC members, and (d) differing levels of stringency of ethical review for different types of studies, are identified. Recommendations are made to strengthen cooperation among the Baltic RECs. (shrink)

Two decades have passed since the first attempts were made to establish systematic ethical review of human research in the Baltic States. Legally and institutionally much has changed. In this paper we provide an historical and structural overview of ethical review of human research and identify some problems related to the role of ethical review in establishing quality research environment in these countries. Problems connected to (a) public availability of information, (b) management of conflicts of interest, (c) REC composition and (...) motivation of REC members, and (d) differing levels of stringency of ethical review for different types of studies, are identified. Recommendations are made to strengthen cooperation among the Baltic RECs. (shrink)

The paper aims to assess the effect of CSR on the performance of transnational corporations. The theoretical aspects of social responsibility and its relationship with the results of the activities of transnational corporations were highlighted based on the literature review. The empirical studies aimed at assessing the effect of social responsibility on the performance results of enterprises were analysed and systematised. The findings of the empirical studies showed that CSR has an impact on the operational and financial results of transnational (...) corporations. Ethical considerations are also discussed, especially with respect to the issue of genuine social contribution versus greenwashing. (shrink)