While recent studies have claimed that non-referential gestures (i.e., gestures that do not visually represent any semantic content in speech) are used to mark discourse-new and/or -accessible referents and focused information in adult speech, to our knowledge, no prior investigation has studied the relationship between information structure (IS) and gesture referentiality in children’s narrative speech from a developmental perspective. A longitudinal database consisting of 332 narratives performed by 83 children at two different time points in development was coded for IS (...) and gesture referentiality (i.e., referential and non-referential gestures). Results revealed that at both time points, both referential and non-referential gestures were produced more with information that moves discourse forward (i.e., focus) and predication (i.e., comment) rather than topical or background information. Further, at 7–9 years of age, children tended to use more non-referential gestures to mark focus and comment constituents than referential gestures. In terms of the marking of the newness of discourse referents, non-referential gestures already seem to play a key role at 5–6 years old, whereas referential gestures did not show any patterns. This relationship was even stronger at 7–9 years old. All in all, our findings offer supporting evidence that in contrast with referential gestures, non-referential gestures have been found to play a key role in marking IS, and that the development of this relationship solidifies at a period in development that coincides with a spurt in non-referential gesture production. (shrink)

Dirac's approach to gauge symmetries is discussed. We follow closely the steps that led him from his conjecture concerning the generators of gauge transformations {\it at a given time} ---to be contrasted with the common view of gauge transformations as maps from solutions of the equations of motion into other solutions--- to his decision to artificially modify the dynamics, substituting the extended Hamiltonian for the total Hamiltonian. We show in detail that Dirac's analysis was incomplete and, in completing it, we (...) prove that the fulfilment of Dirac's conjecture ---in the ``non-pathological" cases--- does not imply any need to modify the dynamics. We give a couple of simple but significant examples. (shrink)

Este artículo analiza cómo los modelos de producción y de consumo de los años veinte determinaron la obsesión cultural por la autenticidad. A partir de los análisis que hicieron Benjamin, Adorno y Kracauer se analiza el modo en que la industria cultural favorece la identificación estética con las estrellas de la conocida como sociedad de masas. A continuación, se explica por qué el origen de esta realidad hay que buscarlo en el proyecto literario y político de Rousseau y en el (...) modo en que éste, al mismo tiempo que rehabilita la novela en la institución literaria, asocia virtud moral y pasión natural. (shrink)

As part of a cluster of articles on religious exopraxis, within a larger symposium on xenophilia, this essay protests against the optimistic casting of exopraxis as a sign of fluidity, porosity, and openness. It argues instead that the pragmatic capacity to navigate alien practices and spaces of devotion can also be predatory. There are cases in which exopraxis amounts to an act of predation on what makes a religion to which one does not belong successful, and there are cases in (...) which it amounts to an act of appropriation, for one’s own purposes, of a sacred place belonging to another religion. This essay details examples found in Cape Verde, whose creole society developed from the admixture of its Portuguese settlers and its formerly enslaved African population. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, Cape Verde, like many other countries in the “global South,” emerged as a scene of fierce competition between campaigns of evangelization visited on the country from Europe, the United States, Africa, and Brazil. Most of the evangelists have been Christian, but since 2010, ascetic strains of Islam have also entered the local religious field. These emergent contexts are generating unprecedented forms of predatory exopraxis that this article details and evaluates. (shrink)

During the 2020, the pandemic caused by the massive spread of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus resulted in a global crisis. In Spain, the COVID-19 pandemic caused a lockdown for almost 100 days and forced the sudden stop of sport practices and competitions. This interruption had a negative impact on high-level athletes’ mental health. However, its impact on young athletes, who are intrinsically developing a high-demanding dual career, remains unclear. Therefore, this study aimed at describing and characterizing the general impact that COVID-19 (...) lockdown had on Spanish young athletes’ life-spheres and mental health, and identifying different profiles of athletes regarding life-conditions and sport-related variables. A sample of 544 young athletes participated in this study. Measures included life-conditions and sport-related information along with the Holistic Monitoring Questionnaire and the General Health Questionnaire. After the screening and description of the data, profiles were defined using a two-level cluster analysis using HMQ and GHQ-12 subscales. We explored differences in demographic and sports information between profiles using MANOVA and subsequent ANOVA. Results suggest a general negative impact of COVID-19 on young athletes’ life-spheres and mental health, but with three different clusters regarding the degree of such impact. Cluster 1 grouped the 54.78% of the sample and exhibited a low negative impact of COVID-19 lockdown on life-spheres and few mental health issues. Cluster 2 grouped a 29.96% of the participants who reported a medium negative impact on life-spheres and moderate mental health issues. Cluster 3 represented 15.26% of the sample including participants who showed a high negative impact of the COVID-19 lockdown with high mental health issues. The paradigmatic participant in this third group would be a female student-athlete from a medium or low socioeconomic status with high academic demands and poor or inexistent training conditions during lockdown. Current findings emphasize the need to pay attention to young athletes’ mental health and suggest possible influencing contextual variables. We suggest some applied recommendations aimed at helping clubs and sports institutions to mitigate the negative effects of such difficult circumstances on athletes’ mental health. (shrink)

Karl Rahner: quehacer teológico, necesidad del cambio, mirada renovada a Tomás de Aquino, Antropología transcendental, condiciones antropológicas de la escucha de la Palabra.

Partiendo de la constatación husserliana de la crisis filosófica como crisis vital de una humanidad que se ha desviado de su _télos_ al implantar el modelo tecno-científico del dominio del mundo, el artículo investiga el lugar de la filosofía en el sistema educativo, explorando las reformas propuestas en Baviera y Prusia por Niethammer y Humboldt a principios del siglo XIX y que plantean, cada una a su modo, la necesaria incorporación de la filosofía a una educación de Estado que, frente (...) a las pretensiones utilitarias del filantropismo, logre elevar al hombre a su humanidad. En este sentido, retorna al concepto humanista de formación (_Bildung_) al que se consagran ambas reformas y que Gadamer recupera precisamente en _Verdad y método_ como un ideal para enfrentar la pretensión de universalidad de la ciencia moderna en relación a las nociones de conocimiento y de verdad, así como para pensar el horizonte ontológico de la experiencia hermenéutica. Es precisamente este ideal el que permite localizar el lugar de la filosofía en el conjunto del saber y conducir al hombre a su humanidad. (shrink)

The present global financial crisis has revived the notion that competitive markets may lead some directors and executives to behave in opportunistic ways considered unethical and even illegal, through the pursuit of self-interest. This article proposes and tests an integrated model that offers new insights into the relationship between board structure, independence and firm value. By incorporating the proportion of independent directors on the board as a moderating factor in this relationship, this study contributes to a better understanding of the (...) entrenchment and convergence-of-interests hypotheses. Using empirical data obtained from 114 Spanish listed companies in a context of economic crisis, from 2007 to 2010, we conclude that having a board with a greater proportion of independent directors reduces the negative association existing between firm value and a large board size and significant board share ownership. (shrink)

When addressing the first principles of the science of the being and physics, Aristotle presents a special kind of proof in favor of the principle of non-contradiction and the principle of movement. This paper explores the nature of such proofs and tries to show important parallels between them. Indeed, in both cases Aristotle makes use of dialectical arguments which aim to demonstrate that whoever denies these principles necessarily assumes a series of commitments related to language that involve the very principles (...) in question. It is thus shown to what extent the principles which are discussed are a condition of possibility of the discourse itself. Thus, both series of arguments exhibit transcendental aspects, which, especially regarding disputes with the monist, have been often overlooked, and which illustrate the scope of dialectics when it comes to opening the way towards the first principles. (shrink)

This article argues that current data for the safety and efficacy of fecal microbiota transplants as a treatment for any indication, including recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection, is low-quality. It develops a governance proposal that encourages production of high-quality evidence by incentivizing well-designed RCTs of stool and stoolderived microbial products. The proposal would require that FDA change its current enforcement approach, but it would not require any change in statutes or regulations.

Los libros plúmbeos del Sacromonte forman un audaz intento de resistencia intelectual e intervención en el pensamiento cristiano por parte de la comunidad morisca granadina. Tomando elementos tanto de la proliferación pseudoprofética en la España del XVI como de la visión islámica de la historia de las religiones, se crean unos textos que aunque islámicos en su mensaje final, pueden ser aceptables tanto para cristianos como para musulmanes, especialmente a partir de las traducciones realizadas de los textos árabes. Este intento (...) cristalizaría con esa "Verdad del Evangelio" anunciada en el Sacromonte, que se materializa en el Evangelio de Bernabé, cuyas similitudes con los libros plúmbeos son numerosas, y que presenta lo que desde el punto de vista del Islam podría ser un relato de la vida y mensaje de Jesús antes de las alteraciones efectuadas por el cristianismo. (shrink)

La place de Giambattista Vico (1668-1744) dans le siècle des Lumières, comme dans l'histoire des idées, est difficile à déterminer. Tenu à l'écart des courants dominants de son époque, il n'a été lu et étudié que bien après sa mort. Sa pensée n'a cessé depuis de faire l'objet d'interprétations diverses et contradictoires : certains la jugent tournée vers le passé, nourrie de l'humanisme grec et latin revivifié par le christianisme ; d'autres y voient la préfiguration des grandes visions modernes de (...) l'histoire. Son oeuvre, écrit Alain Pons, dépasse l'opposition entre Anciens et Modernes ; elle a l'ambition de fonder une science nouvelle, non pas du monde naturel mais du monde des hommes, sous la forme d'une étude des nations. Pour ce faire, le philosophe napolitain unit intimement deux savoirs distincts : une philosophie de l'esprit humain qu'il ne veut pas réduire à la pure raison, et une philologie qui explore le savoir historique accumulé depuis la plus lointaine antiquité. Cette lecture met en lumière la façon dont, selon Vico, naissent, vivent et peuvent mourir les nations, et comment se construisent chez elles les "choses humaines" - religions, langages, coutumes, lois, institutions politiques. Elle donne son relief à l'intuition fondamentale qui fait l'originalité du philosophe : c'est dans le temps de l'histoire et dans la vie des nations que l'homme accomplit son humanité. La Science nouvelle (1744) ouvre certaines voies dans lesquelles vont s'engager la philosophie moderne et les sciences humaines. Elle aide à comprendre les interrogations, les espoirs et les craintes que le destin des nations fait toujours naître. (shrink)

Information from forensic genetic tests of crime scene samples has been used to make claims about suspects' race and appearance. This article discusses and critiques the techniques used to make such claims, and raises policy concerns about them.

Le droit applicable à l’exercice de l’autorité parentale a été remanié par la loi du 4 mars 2002. Il existe désormais un statut légal du couple parental, applicable quelle que soit la situation familiale des parents, conditionné par l’établissement du lien de filiation de l’enfant. Ce droit commun est gouverné par un principe supérieur : les père et mère exercent en commun l’autorité parentale. La consécration progressive d’un principe d’autorité parentale conjointe (1970,1987,1993, 2002) est certes un progrès en ce qu’elle (...) invite les parents à s’accorder et à se consulter dans l’exercice de l’autorité parentale, mais l’indifférenciation des situations familiales sur laquelle repose désormais la notion de « coparentalité » est excessive en ce qu’elle conduit à détacher le principe du modèle d’un couple uni. Une autre orientation pourrait être prise : celle consistant à rapprocher du mariage le concubinage avec vie maritale, ce qui supposerait de prendre en la matière le contre-pied de la loi de 1999. L’apport le plus apparent de la loi du 4 mars 2002 est de prévoir tout un arsenal de dispositions de nature à assurer l’effectivité du principe de coparentalité, en particulier les conventions et la résidence alternée. Les conventions marquent, sous l’angle de la notion d’ordre public, l’avènement du pluralisme familial, nouveauté encadrée par un corps de règles de plus en plus tentaculaire. Quant à la résidence alternée, cette modalité présente le défaut majeur d’être désormais légale, ce qui implique sa vocation à s’appliquer à tous. Il serait souhaitable pour cette raison de rétablir dans la loi le principe de la résidence habituelle de l’enfant chez l’un de ses parents et de réserver la résidence alternée à la pratique judiciaire, à titre très exceptionnel et expérimental, pour des enfants en âge de l’assumer. (shrink)

The aim of this study was to investigate the role of discrete emotions in lexical processing and memory, focusing on disgust and fear. We compared neutral words to disgust-related words and fear-related words in three experiments. In Experiments 1 and 2, participants performed a lexical decision task, and in Experiment 3 an affective categorisation task. These tasks were followed by an unexpected memory task. The results of the LDT experiments showed slower reaction times for both types of negative words with (...) respect to neutral words, plus a higher percentage of errors, this being more consistent for fear-related words than for disgust-related words. Furthermore, only disgusting words exhibited a higher recall accuracy than neutral words in the memory task. Moreover, the advantage in memory for disgusting words disappeared when participants carried out an affective categorisation task during encoding, suggesting that the superiority in memory for disgusting words observed in Experiments 1 and 2 could be due to greater elaborative processing. Taken together, these findings point to the relevance of discrete emotions in explaining the effects of the emotional content on lexical processing and memory. (shrink)

Este artículo aborda el concepto de discriminación algorítmica desde una perspectiva conjunta de la filosofía y la ciencia de la computación, con el propósito de establecer un marco de discusión común para avanzar en el despliegue de las inteligencias artificiales en las sociedades democráticas. Se presenta una definición no normativa de discriminación y se analiza y contextualiza el concepto de algoritmo usando un enfoque intencional, enmarcándolo en el proceso de toma de decisiones e identificando las fuentes de discriminación, así como (...) los conceptos detrás de su cuantificación para terminar exponiendo algunos límites y desafíos. (shrink)

Este ensayo defiende que la ética de los valores desarrollada a partir de la fenomenología clásica incluye una interesante teoría del deber. Desarrollando algunas tesis de Max Scheler, se ofrece aquí una noción fenomenológica de “deber”, que está ligado a un valor muy peculiar: el valor de lo “justo”. Esto permite alejar por completo la ética fenomenológica de los valores de todo tipo de “consecuencialismo” y la sitúa en las cercanías del “deontologismo”. Pero el deber de la ética fenomenológica no (...) es un deber formal, sino fundado en el valor, de modo que podríamos hablar de un “deontologismo material”, que aspira a servir de mediación entre los dos grandes paradigmas clásicos. (shrink)

El artículo tiene por objeto analizar la construcción del conocimiento mapuche según el discurso de kimches. Sostenemos que en la educación familiar existe un proceso de construcción de conocimientos propios como un sistema de saberes y contenidos educativos para la formación de personas. La metodología empleada es la investigación educativa. Los resultados parciales muestran una descripción acerca de la lógica de los conocimientos educativos propios, para contextualizar la enseñanza y el aprendizaje de las ciencias en el medio escolar, desde la (...) educación intercultural en contexto mapuche. The aim of this article is to analyze the construction of Mapuche knowledge based on the kimches speech. We argue that within family education, there exists a process of constructing their own knowledge, as a system of knowledge and educational contents for forming individuals. The research methodology applied corresponds to education research. Preliminary results describe the logic of individual educational knowledge from intercultural education in the Mapuche context, so as to contextualize the teaching and learning of Science in schools. (shrink)

En este ensayo se destaca fundamentalmente las aportaciones de T.S. Kuhn, quien al aproximarse al conocimiento científico a partir del quehacer o práctica científica, observando a los observadores científicos, apunta a dos aspectos centrales sobre el cambio radical que ha experimentado la concep..