Este estudo é qualitativo-histórico-bibliográfico, pauta-se nos referenciais da análise crítico-dialética. Objetiva-se apontar as contribuições das socialistas Alexandra Kollontai e Rosa Luxemburgo para se pensar a condição da mulher na sociedade. A fundamentação téorica constitui-se especialmente ao redor do resgate historiográfico da produção matricial de Kollontai e Luxemburgo. Indaga-se: “historicamente, qual foi a contribuição das produções das mulheres socialistas, especialmente Kollontai e Luxemburgo e o que essas concepções e reflexões oferecem para a análise, a crítica e a (...) busca da superação da condição das mulheres na sociedade de classes?” Pressupõe-se que a teoria marxista e mais especificamente o pensamento de Kollontai e Luxemburgo nos ofereceram argumentos fundamentais para se pensar a condição da mulher na sociedade, a dominação do trabalho, a divisão sexual do trabalho e a exploração sexual, que é consequência desse embate. (shrink)

Este trabalho tem por objetivo analisar a figura de Rosa Luxemburgo como exemplo de ascensão das mulheres ao espaço público tal qual descrito por Hannah Arendt, e refletir sobre os motivos que permitiram seu negligenciamento histórico. Tendo em vista que apesar de ter tido grandes contribuições teóricas e práticas e ter ascendido ao espaço público, ainda assim Rosa Luxemburgo fora negligenciada, estereotipada por meio da figura ora sanguinária, ora romantizada, e por esses motivos Arendt acredita que (...) a política alemã não obteve o reconhecimento devido que mereceria nem em vida e nem em morte. Para tanto, utilizaremos a distinção entre espaço público e espaço privado de Arendt, presente na obra _A condição humana,_ bem como seu ensaio intitulado “Rosa Luxemburgo: 1871-1919”, presente na obra _Homens em tempos sombrios_ _ _e a obra _Rosa Luxemburgo ou o Preço da Liberdade_ de Jörn Schütrumpf_. _Por fim, corroboramos com Hannah Arendt e trazemos também Jörn Schütrumpf para reafirmar que apesar de ter ocorrido uma pequena mudança em sua reputação, e algumas pessoas até saberem o nome de Rosa Luxemburgo, diante de sua grande contribuição teórica e prática seu reconhecimento acadêmico e político ainda é insuficiente, e acreditamos ainda ser possível um reconhecimento ainda que tardio da importância da figura de Rosa Luxemburgo para o pensamento teórico/filosófico político contemporâneo. (shrink)

Resumo: Este texto busca abordar o pensamento de Rosa Luxemburgo a partir da idéia fundamental que sustenta toda sua concepção de política: a noção de que a participação ativa das massas é a base de qualquer processo político e é essencial nos processos revolucionários. Esta idéia nos encaminha para a compreensão da política em Rosa Luxemburgo como aquisição de autonomia popular e é também o cerne de suas idéias acerca de um modelo de socialismo democrático, atravessando (...) sua obra como um todo e repercutindo, até os dias de hoje, na dinâmica política de muitos movimentos sociais e em partes da esquerda contemporâneos.Palavras-chave: socialismo - marxismo - autonomia popular - revolução.: This work aims to approach Rosa Luxemburg's thought from the fundamental idea that sustains her entire political conception: the notion that the active participation of the masses in the foundation of any political process is essential to the revolutionary process. This idea leads to an understanding of Rosa Luxemburg's political advocations such as the acquisition of popular autonomy. It is also the center of her ideas about a model of democratic socialism, pervading her entire work and exerting its effect on the current political dynamics of many movements and sectors of the contemporary left. (shrink)

En este artículo, nos proponemos revisar la consigna “Socialismo o Barbarie” en el marco del pensamiento de Rosa Luxemburgo y de Cornelius Castoriadis en vistas a resignificar la acción política en el contexto del neoliberalismo contemporáneo. Consideramos al neoliberalismo, más que como un régimen político o económico, como una “forma de vida” que impacta sobre los modos de ser, de actuar y de pensar de nosotros, hombres y mujeres del siglo XXI. Esta nueva configuración del capitalismo, que se (...) afianza con sus guerras y su creciente pobreza, que deja “a la intemperie” a jóvenes, niños, mujeres, ancianos, hace del neoliberalismo una nueva figura de la barbarie. Por ello, se hace necesario volver a pensar la acción política, el quién, el cómo y el dónde ejercerla en vistas a “transformar la sociedad” y hacer de ella un espacio-tiempo habitable. (shrink)

ABSTRACT This article deals with the economic foundation of the critical theory presented by Guy Debord in “The society of the spectacle” (1967). At this point, the fundamental thesis of this theory is that advanced capitalism would have dominated the crisis tendencies through State action. This action would not express the autonomy of politics over the economy, but rather the autonomous movement of the fetishist economy acting consciously in the State. Following Debord, the article tries to show how this theoretical (...) conception retakes the philosophical terms of Rosa Luxemburg and Eduard Bernstein’s debate on the capitalist crisis, in the beginning of the 20th century, positioning itself in regard to this issue in a very unique way. (shrink)

Vanguarda Socialista, a newspaper edited by Mário Pedrosa in Rio de Janeiro from 1945 to 1948 elaborates a socialist and democratic political proposal as an alternative to the bolshevik conception, which was believed surpassed by history. The "Russian question" lies thus at the center of the group's preoccupations. This paper tries not only to analyse the newspaper's explanation for the origins of bureaucracy in the USSR, bringing to light the contradictions which run through it, but also to establish the group's (...) affiliation to Rosa Luxemburg's ideas, in the attempt to clarify those contradictions.Vanguarda Socialista, jornal editado por Mário Pedrosa no Rio de Janeiro, de 1945 a 1948, elabora uma proposta política socialista e democrática como alternativa à concepção bolchevique, que acredita superada pela história. Nessa medida, a "questão russa" encontra-se no centro das preocupações do grupo. Este artigo procura não só analisar a explicação do jornal para as origens da burocracia na URSS, mostrando as contradições que a perpassam, como também estabelecer a filiação do grupo às idéias de Rosa Luxemburgo, na tentativa de esclarecer as referidas contradições. (shrink)

El presente artículo plantea un análisis del sujeto revolucionario en Los condenados de la tierra de Frantz Fanon bajo la lente de las posteriores contribuciones teóricas de Antonio Negri y Ernesto Laclau a los modos y determinaciones de construcción de los sujetos políticos en general y a través de sus valoraciones de las tesis fanonianas en particular. En concreto, se argumentará que en Fanon se encuentran matizada y entrecruzadamente algunas de las consideraciones que permiten interpretar el sujeto político que se (...) alza en la lucha de liberación nacional, primero como un sujeto múltiple y espontáneo de características tangentes a la multitud negriana, y segundo como un sujeto articulado unificadamente en relación con el pueblo laclausiano que, eventualmente, acabará recalando en nuevas correspondencias exegéticas con Negri. Este cuerpo analítico será complementado con referencias a la postura divergente de Vladímir Lenin y de Rosa Luxemburgo en torno a la cuestión del espontaneísmo y la organización del sujeto revolucionario. (shrink)

This paper seeks to present in detail Silvia Federici's considerations about neoliberalism, having as a center of discussion the way in which the body, reproduction and daily life are mobilized by the author. In this perspective, a materialistic condition of the way of becoming possible of individuals will be presented to the extent that we are fundamentally bodies whose connection to social totality is mediated by rooting in the situated particularity of daily life. Therefore, also dialoguing with other authors such (...) as Simone de Beauvoir, Rosa Luxemburgo and Henri Lefebvre, it is a question of presenting the development of a perspective that places the daily reproduction of life as a central productive force for the social being and, sedimented as habits in the body, produces and reproduces ways of being, the basis from which considerations about neoliberal logic will be understood, and thus, the importance of Federici’s feminist critical approach to the capitalist mode of production will be marked. (shrink)

Les nombreux débats conflictuels entourant l’application du principe de grève de masse au sein du Parti social-démocrate allemand témoignent de la lente agonie des idéaux marxistes au sein de ce parti de masse. La fragile victoire des idéaux prônés par la faction radicale du Parti contre ceux des réformistes, entre 1900 et 1906, connaît un retour de balancier sans appel après la première révolution russe. De 1906 à 1910, la logique légalo-parlementaire allait progressivement devenir la seule voie légitime aux yeux (...) des dirigeants du Parti. Ce changement de tactique et de stratégie visant à conquérir le pouvoir, sera grandement contesté par plusieurs militants influents du Parti. Le conflit intellectuel entre Rosa Luxemburg et Karl Kautsky, qui éclata publiquement en 1910 alors que les mouvements contestataires en Allemagne étaient très forts, nous permet de comprendre, par l’analyse du discours de ces penseurs marxistes, les raisons qui conduisirent le SPD à ne pas appliquer la grève de masse. Ceci, alors qu’une motion favorable à ce principe avait été votée en 1905 lors du Congrès d’Iéna. Du point de vue pseudo-sérendipien qui était le sien, Luxemburg croyait fermement que la temporalité était favorable à l’application de la grève de masse. L’interprétation temporelle et électoraliste de Kautsky l’amènera plutôt à critiquer les effets pseudo-sérendipiens, non contrôlés par le SPD, entourant ce type d’action politique. (shrink)

Este libro se propone rescatar la mirada de mujeres filósofas silenciadas a lo largo de la historia. Se busca reflexionar sobre los principales acontecimientos que señalaron la trayectoria del pensamiento filosófico occidental, tomando como punto de partida a las mujeres filósofas en su contexto histórico. No es un libro sobre biografías femeninas, ni pretende limitarse al esquema de pensamiento de cada una de aquellas filósofas excluyendo a los varones. Se busca repensar las mismas cuestiones que aparecen con frecuencia en un (...) estudio introductorio a la filosofía social pero desde un enfoque epistemológico diferente. (shrink)

What I try to do in this paper is to analyze and probe what Rosa Luxemburg and Antonio Gramsci understand by pessimism and optimism. Luxemburg and Gramsci demonstrate how liberal capitalist ideology uses “a false form of hope to keep people yoked to the system that oppresses them.” In this “terrible world” and under the current capitalist circumstances which lead to economic, social, political and ecological crises, it may be difficult to be optimistic about the future. Besides, not only (...) the multiple crises but also the many defeats suffered by progressive movements in the different areas of struggles against ongoing economic and political regression bring along a depressive and desperate feeling that could also be called pessimism. The questions I am asking are very simple: What is pessimism and optimism for Luxemburg and Gramsci? For them, what sort of social conditions lead to pessimism or optimism? In this paper, I will try to demonstrate that both Rosa Luxemburg and Gramsci adopted a dialectical approach to pessimism and optimism, they were “pessoptimists” so to speak. Based upon what Hegel once said, “the negative is just as much positive”, I will explain this dialectical relationship by claiming that pessimism exists in optimism and vice versa. For this purpose, I will focus on some of Rosa Luxemburg’s texts in the recently published volumes on Revolution as well as in her letters. Furthermore, I will concentrate on some texts by Gramsci in which he makes particular reference to pessimism and optimism as symbolized by his famous “pessimism of the intelligence, optimism of the will”. (shrink)

Drawing inspiration from a well-attested historical tradition, I propose an account of cognition according to which knowledge is not only prior to belief; it is also, and crucially, not a kind of belief. Believing, in turn, is not some sort of botched knowing, but a mental state fundamentally different from knowing, with its own distinctive and complementary role in our cognitive life. I conclude that the main battle-line in the history of epistemology is drawn between the affirmation of a natural (...) mental state in which there is a contact between ‘mind’ and ‘reality’ (whatever the ontological nature of this ‘reality’) and the rejection of such a natural mental state. For the former position, there is a mental state which is different in kind from belief, and which is constituted by the presence of the object of cognition to the cognitive subject, with no gap between them. For the latter position, all our cognition is belief, and the question becomes how and when belief is permissible. (shrink)

This paper proposes a formal top-level model of explaining the outputs of machine-learning-based decision-making applications and evaluates it experimentally with three data sets. The model draws on AI & law research on argumentation with cases, which models how lawyers draw analogies to past cases and discuss their relevant similarities and differences in terms of relevant factors and dimensions in the problem domain. A case-based approach is natural since the input data of machine-learning applications can be seen as cases. While the (...) approach is motivated by legal decision making, it also applies to other kinds of decision making, such as commercial decisions about loan applications or employee hiring, as long as the outcome is binary and the input conforms to this paper’s factor- or dimension format. The model is top-level in that it can be extended with more refined accounts of similarities and differences between cases. It is shown to overcome several limitations of similar argumentation-based explanation models, which only have binary features and do not represent the tendency of features towards particular outcomes. The results of the experimental evaluation studies indicate that the model may be feasible in practice, but that further development and experimentation is needed to confirm its usefulness as an explanation model. Main challenges here are selecting from a large number of possible explanations, reducing the number of features in the explanations and adding more meaningful information to them. It also remains to be investigated how suitable our approach is for explaining non-linear models. (shrink)

Substructural approaches to paradoxes have attracted much attention from the philosophical community in the last decade. In this paper we focus on two substructural logics, named ST and TS, along with two structural cousins, LP and K3. It is well known that LP and K3 are duals in the sense that an inference is valid in one logic just in case the contrapositive is valid in the other logic. As a consequence of this duality, theories based on either logic are (...) tightly connected since many of the arguments for and objections against one theory reappear in the other theory in dual form. The target of the paper is making explicit in exactly what way, if any, ST and TS are dual to one another. The connection will allow us to gain a more fine-grained understanding of these logics and of the theories based on them. In particular, we will obtain new insights on two questions concerning ST which are being intensively discussed in the current literature: whether ST preserves classical logic and whether it is LP in sheep’s clothing. Explaining in what way ST and TS are duals requires comparing these logics at a metainferential level. We provide to this end a uniform proof theory to decide on valid metainferences for each of the four logics. This proof procedure allows us to show in a very simple way how different properties of inferences (unsatisfiability, supersatisfiability and antivalidity) that behave in very different ways for each logic can be captured in terms of the validity of a metainference. (shrink)

The purpose of the present paper is to reply to a misleading paper by M. Sachs entitled “Einstein's later view of the Twin Paradox” (TP) (Found. Phys. 15, 977 (1985)). There, by selecting some passages from Einstein's papers, he tried to convince the reader that Einstein changed his mind regarding the asymmetric aging of the twins on different motions. Also Sachs insinuates that he presented several years ago “convincing mathematical arguments” proving that the theory of relativity does not predict asymmetrical (...) aging in the TP. Here we give a definitive treatment to the clocks problem showing that Sachs' “convincing mathematical arguments” are non sequitur. Also, by properly quoting Einstein, we show that his later view of the TP coincides with the one derived from the rigorous theory of time developed in this paper. (shrink)

This paper advances the view that the history of philosophy is both a kind of history and a kind of philosophy. Through a discussion of some examples from epistemology, metaphysics, and the historiography of philosophy, it explores the benefit to philosophy of a deep and broad engagement with its history. It comes to the conclusion that doing history of philosophy is a way to think outside the box of the current philosophical orthodoxies. Somewhat paradoxically, far from imprisoning its students in (...) outdated and crystallized views, the history of philosophy trains the mind to think differently and alternatively about the fundamental problems of philosophy. It keeps us alert to the fact that latest is not always best, and that a genuinely new perspective often means embracing and developing an old insight. The upshot is that the study of the history of philosophy has an innovative and subversive potential, and that philosophy has a great deal to gain from a long, broad, and deep conversation with its history. (shrink)

In this paper I will discuss certain aspects of Leibniz's theory and practice of 'soft reasoning' as exemplified by his defence of two central mysteries of the Christian revelation: the Trinity and the Incarnation. By theory and practice of 'soft' or 'broad' reasoning, I mean the development of rational strategies which can successefully be applied to the many areas of human understanding which escape strict demonstration, that is, the 'hard' or 'narrow' reasoning typical of mathematical argumentation. These strategies disclose an (...) 'other' reason, i.e. a complementary set of arguments and methods developed by Leibniz in order to deal with crucial issues such as the 'weighting' of probabilities and truths of fact. I will argue that one of the most compelling examples of the importance and fertility of Leibniz's 'other' reason is provided by his solution to the problems posed by the unique epistemological status of theological mysteries. (shrink)

Resenha referente ao artigo: ZAGZEBSKI, Linda Trinkaus. Virtues of the Mind: An Inquiry into the Nature of Virtue and the Ethical Foundations of Knowledge. Cambridge, Inglaterra: Cambridge University Press, 1996.

Since March 2020, many countries throughout the world have been in lockdown in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. In Italy, the quarantine began on March 9, 2020, and containment measures were partially reduced only on May 4, 2020. The quarantine experience has a significant psychological impact at all ages but can have it above all on adolescents who cannot go to school, play sports, and meet friends. In this scenario, this study aimed to provide a general overview of the perceived (...) risk related to COVID-19 and the psychological experience of quarantine in a large sample of Italian adolescents. 978 adolescents (males = 339; females = 639) living in 13 Italian regions and attending upper secondary school (age range: 13–20, M = 16.57, SD = 1.20), responded to an internet-based questionnaire about perceived health risk related to COVID-19, knowledge and information on measures to control the pandemic, beliefs and opinions on stage two of the quarantine, and psychological experiences related to quarantine. 31.1% of the participants lived in "red zones," which are places where the government has imposed stricter measures of containment due to exponential and uncontrolled growth in contagion cases compared to other areas in Italy. According to our results, Italian adolescents had a low perception of risk of COVID-19. Perceived comparative susceptibility and perceived seriousness were also very low. However, they were aware of the restriction measures necessary to contain the spread of the virus, and they agreed with the limitations imposed by the government. Females and adolescents living in a “red zone” showed more significant psychological negative feelings about the quarantine experience. However, no significant differences were found about the regions where the teenagers of our sample live and the other variables related to the COVID-19 experience. This is very interesting data, leading us to hypothesize that the participants' negative feelings may be more related to the adolescent period than to the pandemic itself. (shrink)

While the notion of chance has been central in discussions over the probabilistic nature of natural selection and genetic drift, its role in the production of variants on which populational sampling takes place has received much less philosophical attention. This article discusses the concept of chance in evolution in the light of contemporary work in evo-devo. We distinguish different levels at which randomness and chance can be defined in this context, and argue that recent research on variability and evolvability demands (...) a causal understanding of variational probabilities under which development acquires a creative, rather than a constraining role in evolution. We then provide a propensity interpretation of variational probabilities that solves a conceptual confusion between causal properties, variational probabilities and extant variation present in the literature, and explore some metaphysical consequences that follow from our interpretation, specifically with regards to the nature of developmental types. (shrink)

Resumo: Palavras-chave: : Keywords: Child literature. Female subject. Representation. The child literature is inhabited by female characters as central figures of the narrative, some of them famous and popular. The decade of 1980 saw the raise of authors who introduce works that have recognized aesthetic value in which female characters play a prominent role. For example, Isabel (Bel), narrator character from the work Bisa Bia, Bisa Bel (1981), by Ana Maria Machado, who is lead through a path toward her autonomy. (...) This paper is concerned with the representation of a female subject who even in its early age is able to establish a dialogue between different epochs, presenting different women perspectives, the old one, Bisa Bia, XIX century representative, and the other one, modern, independent, from the late XX century. Literatura infantil. Sujeito feminino. Representação. A literatura infantil encontra-se povoada de personagens femininas como figuras centrais de narrativas, algumas delas, famosas e populares. A partir de 1980, surgiram autores que apresentam obras de reconhecido valor estético, nas quais personagens femininas mirins têm um lugar de destaque. Fala-se, por exemplo, de Isabel (Bel), personagem narradora da obra Bisa Bia, Bisa Bel (1981), de Ana Maria Machado, que percorre um caminho rumo à autonomia. O presente trabalho volta-se para a representação de um sujeito feminino que, ainda em tenra idade, consegue estabelecer um diálogo entre épocas diferentes, apresentando visões diversas da mulher, uma antiga, Bisa Bia, típica do século XIX, e outra, Bel, moderna, independente, do fim do século XX. (shrink)

Aristotle’s influence on D’Arcy Thompson was praised by Thompson himself and has been recognized by others in various respects, including the aesthetic and normative dimensions of biology, and the multicausal explanation of living forms. This article focuses on the relatedness of organic forms, one of the core problems addressed by both Aristotle’s History of Animals (HA), and the renowned chapter of Thompson’s On Growth and Form (G&F), “On the Theory of Transformations, or the Comparison of Related Forms.” We contend that, (...) far from being an incidental inspiration stemming from Thompson’s classicist background, his translation of HA played a pivotal role in developing his theory of transformations. Furthermore, we argue that Thompson’s interpretation of the Aristotelian method of comparison challenges the prevailing view of Aristotle as the founder of “typological essentialism,” and is a key episode in the revision of this narrative. Thompson understood that the method Aristotle used in HA to compare animal forms is better comprehended as a “method of transformations,” leading to a morphological arrangement of animal diversity, as opposed to a taxonomical classification. Finally, we examine how this approach to the relatedness of forms lay the foundation for a causal understanding of parts and their interconnections. Although Aristotle and Thompson emphasized distinct types of causes, we contend that they both differ in a fundamental sense from the one introduced by Darwin’s theory of natural selection, which was formulated as a solution to the species problem rather than the form problem. We conclude that Thompson’s interpretation of Aristotle’s approach to form comparison has not only impacted contemporary scholarship on Aristotle’s biology, but revitalized a perspective that has regained significance due to the resurgence of the problem of form in evo-devo. (shrink)

Detendo-se na investigação dos dois grandes modelos que caracterizam o pensamento político, a saber, o modelo clássico e o modelo jusnaturalista, o artigo em questão, distinguindo no âmbito daquele as teorias idealistas e realistas, empreende uma abordagem que nas fronteiras deste último sublinha desde a questão que envolve Como nasceu o Estado?, proposta pela perspectiva historicista, que traz como fundamento o homem como animal político, até a leitura racionalista, que acena com o problema Por que existe o Estado?, identificando o (...) homem como um ser naturalmente antissocial, salientando que se o bem comum determina a visão platônico-aristotélica, a leitura hobbesiana instaura uma lógica que emerge através do contrato social e assinala a tendência natural da autopreservação como fundamento da ação humana, consistindo, em suma, na transição da ordem mecânica da matéria à ordem final da vontade. (shrink)

Previous functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have demonstrated digit somatotopy in primary somatosensory cortex (SI), and even shown that at high spatial resolution it is possible to resolve within-digit somatotopy. However, fMRI studies have failed to resolve the spatial organisation of digit representations in secondary somatosensory cortex (SII). One of the major limitations of high spatial resolution fMRI studies of the somatosensory system has been the long acquisition time needed to acquire slices spanning both SI and SII. Here, we (...) exploit the increased blood oxygenation level dependent contrast of ultra-high-field (7 Tesla) fMRI and the use of multiband imaging to study the topographic organisation in SI and SII with high spatial resolution at the individual subject level. A total of n = 6 subjects underwent vibrotactile stimulation of their face, hand digits and foot (body imaging) and their individual hand digits (digit mapping) for each left and right sides of the body. In addition, n = 2 subjects participated only in the body imaging experiment on both their left and right sides. We show an orderly representation of the face, hand digits and foot in contralateral primary cortex in each individual subject. In SII, there is clear separation of the body areas of the face, hand and foot but the spatial organisation varies across individual subjects. However, separate representation of the individual digits of the hand in SII could not be resolved, even at the spatial resolution of 1.5 mm due to largely overlapping representations. (shrink)

ABSTRACT Educating in a convulsed political context demands a detailed analysis of the new circumstances of our times, especially the current democracy crisis. According to the latest reports issued by international evaluation organisations, one of the greatest challenges for democratic citizenship is the emergence and rise of authoritarianism within the framework of the so-called post-democracy, and also in the manifestations known as illiberal democracy. Moral and civic education has to respond to this challenge. With this in mind, we propose revitalising (...) a participative and deliberative democracy model, rethinking the basic values in citizens' education, redefining the relation between what is public and what is private, and empowering sensitivity and free creation in the new maker culture. (shrink)

Background Compulsory treatments represent a legal means of imposing treatment on an individual, usually with a mental illness, who refuses therapeutic intervention and poses a risk of self-harm or harm to others. Compulsory outpatient treatment in psychiatry, also known as community treatment order, is a modality of involuntary treatment that broadens the therapeutic imposition beyond hospitalization and into the community. Despite its existence in over 75 jurisdictions worldwide, COT is currently one of the most controversial topics in psychiatry, and it (...) presents significant ethical challenges. Nonetheless, the ethical debate regarding compulsory treatment almost always stops at a preclinical level, with the different ethical positions arguing for or against its use, and there is little guidance to support for the individual clinicians to act ethically when making the decision to implement COT. Main body The current body of evidence is not clear about the efficacy of COT. Therefore, despite its application in several countries, evidence favouring the use of COT is controversial and mixed at best. In these unclear circumstances, ethical guidance becomes paramount. This paper provides an ethical analysis of use of COT, considering the principlist framework established by Ross Upshur in 2002 to justify public health interventions during the 2002–2004 severe acute respiratory syndrome outbreak. This paper thoroughly examines the pertinence of using the principles of harm, proportionality, reciprocity, and transparency when considering the initiation of COT. Conclusion Ross Upshur’s principlist model provides a useful reflection tool for justifying the application of COT. This framework may help to inform sounder ethical decisions in clinical psychiatric practice. (shrink)

In the last decades, scientific laws and concepts have been increasingly conceptualized as a patchwork of contextual and indeterminate entities. These patchwork constructions are sometimes claimed to be incompatible with traditional views of scientific theories and concepts, but it is difficult to assess such claims due to the informal character of these approaches. In this paper, we will show that patchwork approaches pose a new problem of theoretical terms. Specifically, we will demonstrate how a toy example of a patchwork structure (...) might trivialize Carnap’s semantics for theoretical terms based upon epsilon calculus. However, as we will see, this new problem of theoretical terms can be given a neo-Carnapian solution, by generalizing Carnap’s account of theoretical terms in such a way that it applies also to patchwork constructions. Our neo-Carnapian approach to theoretical terms will also demonstrate that the analytic/synthetic distinction is meaningful even for patchwork structures. (shrink)

Animal models of human diseases are often used in biomedical research in place of human subjects. However, results obtained by animal models may fail to hold true for humans. One way of addressing this problem is to make animal models more similar to humans by placing human tissue into animal models, rendering them chimeric. Since technical and ethical limitations make neurological disorders difficult to study in humans, chimeric models with human neural tissue could help advance our understanding of neuropathophysiology. In (...) this article, we examine whether the introduction of human neural tissue and any consequent cognitive change is relevant to the way we ought to treat chimeras. We argue that changes in cognitive abilities are morally relevant to the extent that they increase the capacities that affect the moral status of any entity, including awareness, autonomy, and sociability. We posit that no being, regardless of species, should be treated in a way that is incommensurate with its moral status. Finally, we propose a framework that can be used to guide ethical assessment of research involving chimeras with advanced cognitive capacities. We advance this framework as a useful tool for bringing relevant considerations to the forefront for those considering the ethical merit of proposed chimeric research. In doing so, we examine concepts relevant to the question of how any entity may be treated, including moral status, dignity, and capacities. (shrink)

Con un altero de filósofos contemporáneos y sus obras, el Dr. Mario Teodoro Ramírez Cobián se asoma al cambio del paradigma nomológico al sistémico, sin declararlo. Hablar de sistemas es hablar de relaciones, hablar de quiasmo es hablar del entrecruce entre lo natural y lo cultural; entre lo fenoménico y los productos humanos; entre el sujeto y el objeto; entre facultades y emociones... Enamorado de la estética y de las artes, Merleau- Ponty. Para llegar a estos hallazgos, este filósofo francés (...) analizado bajo la lupa de Mario Teodoro, se colocó al lado de la corporalidad que toma sus formas intensasen las percepciones y el juicio del gusto. El quiasmo (chiasmón, del griego), intermedio. En retórica es el entrecruce de dos estructuras paralelas donde la segunda invierte el orden de la primera. Quiasmo también es el vínculo entre el lector y el texto o herme-néutica. Como historicista y fenomenólogo, llega al holon, a la gestalt, a la vida la creación y auto creación que revela el determinismo, del azar. Merleau-Ponty toma el lado de la corporalidad que construye y destruye con el quiasmo semiótico, entre cruza sentido, y al arte cuyo centro está en todas partes y su circunferencia en ninguno. Considera el cuerpo como la potencia que ve, toca, oye; de lo consciente e inconsciente. Leer los escritos de Mario Teodoro sobre Merleau- Ponty nos enseña el holon, el vitalismo histórico, lo consciente e inconsciente. (shrink)

Leibniz's repeated interventions in the Trinitarian polemics widespread throughout Europe in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries cannot merely be read as scholastic exercises or concessions to the conventions of his time. On the contrary, they involved reflection on issues fundamental to Leibniz's philosophical doctrines: issues such as the relationship between faith and reason, the limitations of the human intellect and the various grades of human knowledge, and the significance of the ' analogia Trinitatis' reconsidered in light of the concept of (...) harmony. This paper concentrates on the writings of the young Leibniz before his visit to Paris and aims to examine the role played by contemporary discussions concerning the Trinity and the Incarnation in the formation of Leibniz's thought. (shrink)

O transtorno obsessivo-compulsivo submete o portador a um ciclo de pensamentos e comportamentos em busca de uma satisfação momentânea. Os sintomas são semelhantes, independente da faixa etária, e as repercussões se dão nos principais setores da vida dos acometidos por transtorno. Por isso, o tratame..

Este ensayo considera, dentro de un contexto narrativo, el asunto de cómo llegar a saber de nuestro amor a partir de una comparación entre el comportamiento escéptico y desconfiado del lector de filosofía y el abierto y confiado del lector de relatos. El artículo explica cómo la filosofía permite clarificar la idea del conocimiento del amor por medio del análisis de los conceptos, descubriendo específicamente que es el amor en el alma y como es su conocimiento; y cómo el relato, (...) señala que el carácter las multiples formas de los aspectos en desarrollo y la evolución temporal de lo narrado, no están presentes en las teorías explícitas y reflexivas. Martha Nussbaum afirma que el corazón humano necesita de la reflexión activa, y que para poderle abrir un espacio a las historias de amor, la filosofía debe ser más literaria, debe tener una relación más estrecha con las narraciones y considerar respetuosamente el misterio y los finales abiertos de las mismas. (shrink)