The general aim of this book is to provide an elementary exposition of some basic concepts in terms of which both classical and non-dassicallogirs may be studied and appraised. Although quantificational logic is dealt with briefly in the last chapter, the discussion is chiefly concemed with propo gjtional cakuli. Still, the subject, as it stands today, cannot br covered in one book of reasonable length. Rather than to try to include in the volume as much as possible, I have put (...) emphasis on some selected topics. Even these could not be roverrd completely, but for each topic I have attempted to present a detailed and precise t’Xposition of several basic results including some which are non-trivial. The roots of some of the central ideas in the volume go back to J. Luka siewicz’s seminar on mathematicallogi. (shrink)

The COVID-19 pandemic is global and affects all countries in the world. The difference in the financial impact assessment of its outbreak concerns, inter alia, the state of preparation of the public sector in the previous period. The article assumes that countries which coordinated the structure of sovereign assets and liabilities before 2020 were less exposed to the negative effects of financial risks resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic. The study uses data and methodology of the International Monetary Fund and the (...) authors’ measures dedicated to the public sector to assess the sovereign asset and liability management (SALM). As part of the results, the negative value of net worth and the national net welfare index for the studied countries, including Poland in the period before the pandemic crisis, were indicated. In addition, the level of the loans mismatch on the public balance sheet and the scale of the increase in financial risk in the first year of COVID-19 are presented. Conclusions of research make it possible to assess the impact of COVID-19 on Sovereign Asset and Liability Management. (shrink)

The role of classical logic as the base of formalized scientific theories seems to be unshakable. Yet legitimate doubts about its universal applicability in science have resulted in the development of alternative systems, among which constructive and modal logic are discussed in syntactic and semantic terms.

An Antique Prototype of the Modern Mathematisation of Psychology Ryszard Stachowski. (1) matter or that which is not in itself a particular thing, (2) form or essence, which is that precisely in accordance with which a thing is called a this, and ...

The subject of the article is social responsibility of business and the role of social responsibility in the daily activity of companies as reliable partners in business.The paper consists of two parts: the theoretical one and the empirical one. In the theoretical part the author describes the areas of social responsibility and the examples of socially responsible actions. In the empirical part the author presents the research study carried out in the following groups of respondents: managerial staff and employees of (...) Polish and French medium—sized companies.The results of the study show that both in Poland and in France there is awareness of the importance and the rank of the phenomenon in question. In Poland, however, socially irresponsible actions are usually ignored as “natural”. (shrink)

Relations between individual traits and frequency of causing accidents have been analyzed. On the basis of results from 465 women and 277 men it has been found that the causing of accidents correlates with risk propensity and with risk taking influenced by self-destructive motivation. Persons often causing accidents are also absent minded to a greater degree, and experience depressive moods more frequently than persons rarely involved in accidents.

The difference between what's possible and what's not is a construct of the human mind, a matter of perspective, and it's one that can be changed. Working Wonders explains the fundamentals that shape the mind: how it builds walls to protect itself and how a person can tear those walls down to tackle challenges that would have previously been discounted as unrealistic. This volume shares case studies featuring people making the impossible a reality and, in doing so, changing the world (...) for the better. On a deeper level and yet still using non-technical language, the book identifies possible neurological and psychosocial mechanisms that limit the brain, and techniques that may open it up to exploring the seemingly unachievable. Praszkier also introduces the concept of 'possibilitivity', a personality trait that reflects the propensity to perceive insurmountable challenges as doable, and concludes by presenting a portfolio of 'Do It Yourself' techniques. (shrink)

In a departure from traditional Western political theory that is reminiscent of left?wing anarchism, contemporary libertarianism rejects the necessity of making political choices based on a value hierarchy, instead claiming that it is possible for all individuals to pursue their divergent values simultaneously?as long as each respects the equal rights of others to do the same. The caveat, however, hides a conflict of loyalties that would plague a libertarian society: on the one hand are the particular loyalties of one's preferred (...) Utopian community; on the other hand, loyalty to the larger ?framework for utopias?; within which one's utopia exists. The second loyalty implies a value relativism incompatible with the first one, meaning either that loyalty to the libertarian framework will undermine the utopias within it, or that the particular values of the utopias will destabilize the libertarian framework. The durability of a libertarian society, then, requires a mentality best characterized as nihilistic. In this, libertarianism differs from liberalism but is surprisingly similar to the cultural diversity movement. The thesis is illustrated by examining John Gray's attempt to eschew both a hierarchy of values and moral relativism. (shrink)

In Society as a Department Store Ryszard Legutko wrestles with the emancipatory ideology promulgated by postmodernists, libertarians, and liberal thinkers. Legutko argues that modern Western liberals have embraced a revolutionary ethic; they have turned their backs on their own cultural heritage, and used its political and ideological apparatus to destroy classical metaphysics and epistemology. The book considers the paradoxical implications of this state of affairs for Eastern European intellectuals arguing that, with the triumph of liberalism over communism, these intellectuals (...) feel compelled to digest an ideology that shares many elements with the oppressive system from which they just liberated themselves. Based on hubris rather than genuine humane concerns, Legutko mourns not simply the loss of faith in classical Western culture, but the way in which that loss is becoming a central point of identity. (shrink)

The article reviews the book Breaking the Spell: Religion as a Natural Phenomenon, by Daniel C. Dennett.

Niniejszy tekst, poświęcony problematyce metafilozoficznej, jest zadedykowany Profesorowi Stanisławowi Judyckiemu. Artykuł składa się z dwu części. W pierwszej dokonuję charakterystyki metodologicznej filozofii, a w tej perspektywie analizuję zagadnienie jej stosunku do dyscyplin szczegółowych, światopoglądu i religii. Swoistość metodologiczna filozofii przemawia za potrzebą odróżnienia jej od każdej z tych trzech sfer. W części drugiej podejmuję z kolei problem roli i znaczenia filozofii w sytuacji zachodzących zmian kulturowych i technologicznych. Rodzi to pytania, czy refleksja filozoficzna nie utraci w przyszłości swojej pozycji i (...) roli w kulturze. W tym kontekście wskazuję na racje przemawiające za tym, że przyszła pozycja filozofia może być nie mniej istotna niż obecna. Zarazem analizuję cechy, które taka filozofia przyszłości winna posiadać. (shrink)

W złożonej argumentacji Jacka Wojtysiaka przeciwko argumentowi z ukrytości znajduje się przesłanka o istnieniu rzetelnie niewierzących. W niniejszym artykule przedstawiam powody, dla których klasyczny teista nie powinien akceptować tej przesłanki. W przeciwnym razie musiałby założyć, że wina za istnienie „rzetelnie niewierzących” tkwi po stronie Boga. A to prowadzi do destrukcyjnego dla teisty wniosku, że Bóg chrześcijański nie jest Bogiem wszech-przymiotów.

Autor podejmuje próbę rekonstrukcji heglowskiej filozofii człowieka. Człowiek w ujęciu Hegla to byt istniejący w czasie, skończony. samotworzący się w wyniku własnego działania, zakorzeniony w historii i społeczeństwie jako właściwych sobie mediach egzystencji. Istotnym momentem samorozwoju człowieka jest stopniowe zdobywanie przezeń samowiedzy. W prooesie tym jednakże człowiek ostatecznie utożsamia się z absolutem, tracąc swą samoistność bytową. Świadczy to, że refleksja filozoficzna nad człowiekiem w ramach heglowskiego systemu jest o tyle możliwa, o ile pewien jego fragment zostanie wyodrębniony w całości (ten (...) mianowicie, który dotyczy ludzkich form istnienia i działania), gdy intencja podstawowa myśli Hegla skierowana jest nie na człowieka, ale na absolut. (shrink)

Der Verfasser unterzieht sich dem Versuch, den Charakter der Kultur und des gesellschaftlichen Lebens in der Heqelschen Anthropologie zu charakterisieren. Den Ausgangspunkt der Betrachtung bildet Hegels Anthropogenese. Im Bereich der Kultur schreitet der Mensch über seine Naturalität hinaus in dem Sinne, daß er sie als Triebhaftigkeit in den Dienst der Rationalität einschließt. Das bedeutet eine Bändigung und deshalb unterdückt die Kultur die Natur des Menschen. Hegel versucht, Natur und Kultur in der neuzeitlichen Form des gesellschaftlichen Lebens in Einklang zu bringen, (...) wobei die partikularen Bestrebungen der Individuen zugelassen werden. Diese Bestrebungen werden von den Funktionsmechanismen der modernen Gesellschaft für allgemeine Zwecke nutzbar gemacht. (shrink)