Batu baraguang is music performed on massive stone gong chimes found ins Luhak 50 Koto, Minangkabau, Indonesia. Very little has been written nor investigated regarding much of the megalithic remains found throughout Sumatra and Nias. The researchers employed a qualitative methodology in this investigation. As the primary data collection instruments, they utilized observation, interviews, document analysis, and data interpretation. The study adopted an ethnographic approach, which placed a strong emphasis on observational techniques. The instrument consists of six stones placed on (...) a bamboo cushion. Rhythmic motifs are played by three people in a cross-legged sitting position. Each player hits two stone slabs that have different pitch levels. The interlocking tones produce cumulative short melodies which are recognized as discrete melodies or pieces. In this article we seek to describe the musical system as evidenced in these stone chimes, and the manner of batu baraguang performance. We deployed both qualitative descriptive methods coupled with quantitative techniques in pitch measurements. The ensemble consists of six talempong stone slabs which we call B1, B2, B3, B4, B5, and B6. The pieces are based on indigenous concepts called palau, tongah and panyudahi. Each of these corresponds to three pairs of stones performed by three players. We contend based on the findings of this research that the ancestors of the Minangkabau people in the Megalithic era already possessed an aesthetic musical identity as exemplified through the medium of this stone chime. (shrink)

Criticism on Javanese literary work of Sastra Jendra Hayuningrat, a partial story in Ramayana epic.

Essays on linguistics, women, and literature in Indonesia.

On development of literature criticism theory and philosophy; collection of articles.

RESUMO Este artigo pretende analisar o tópico das "Duas Verdades" na história do pensamento budista. Seu objetivo consiste em elucidar esse tópico a partir do ponto de vista do "Satya-siddhi-śāstra". Parte-se aqui de uma consideração metodológica referente ao problema das múltiplas tradições intelectuais do universo budista, desenvolvendo-se uma análise do conceito das "Duas Verdades" presente no "Satya-siddhi-śāstra". ABSTRACT This article hopes to analyze the topic of the "Two truths" in the history of Buddhist thought. The subject is to elucidate this (...) topic from the point of view of the "Satya-siddhi-śāstra". The starting point is the methodological considerations concerning the multiple intellectual traditions present in the Buddhist universe developing an analysis of the "Two truths" as present in the "Satya-siddhi-śāstra". (shrink)

Concept, definition, history and criticism of literature.

This work is an exposition of the philosophic conceptions basic to Mahayana Buddhism as found in the Maha-prajnaparamita-sastra a commentary on the Prajnaparamita-sutras and traditionally attributed to Nagarjuna. The sastra the earliest and most extensive work in this field is lost in its Sanskrit original and preserved only in a Chinese translation. Meaning of Sanskrit and Chinese terms are expounded concepts are made clear and supplementary materials are supplied in the notes. The study is prefixed with a short (...) historical account of the broad lines of Buddhist philosophy in its early stage. The aim of this work is to elucidate the meaning of the Middle Way, the way of comprehension. 'Everything stands in harmony with him who stands in harmony with Sunyata, which is not a rejection of existence or of understanding but of the misconstruction of the sense of the real or the error of misplaced absoluteness which is the origin of clinging and the root of conflict and suffering.'. (shrink)

Study and teaching on languages and literatures in Indonesia; festschrift in honor of Kosadi Hidayat S., a professor of Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia.

The present work is completely grounded in the methodology of textual analysis as present in buddhist studies and has three essential pretentions. The first one is to discuss the relationship between the conceptual and non-conceptual dimensions of buddhist practice from the standpoint of the concept of the three wisdoms. The second one is to define a central standpoint able to judge the difference between buddhist practice proper and the therapeutic and scientific approaches to meditation. The third one tries to think (...) the complete autonomy of the conceptual dimension from an analysis of the relationship between the three wisdoms and the three worlds in the Satya-siddhi-Sãstra. (shrink)

Patrick Olivelle’s two volumes presenting first the four oldest dharmasūtras, in updated and refurbished editions and new translations, and next his critical edition and translation of the Mānavadharmaśāstra are both meticulous works of fundamental scholarship that will stand as the normative forms of these five texts for decades to come. Olivelle’s contributions as an editor in each volume are very different, and these contributions are examined and discussed in some detail, particularly in the case of the critical edition of the (...) Manu, which presents a number of important issues of lower and higher textual criticism. In the case of the sūtra volume, the discussion turns to a general comparison of Olivelle’s translations of the sūtras to Bühler’s and then to a closer examination of Olivelle’s translational policies for the word dharma and two words in particular used by the sūtras to describe the good of doing dharma, kṣema and niḥśreyasa. In the discussion of the edition of Manu, particular attention is given to his assembly, analysis, and presentation of the fifty-three witnesses used for the new edition of the Manu. Following that, there is a discussion of the nature of the tradition that gave rise to the text and used it, a discussion that calls into question some of Olivelle’s basic conclusions about the formation and development of the text of the Manu śāstra. (shrink)

이 논문은 『대지도론』의 기술을 중심으로 대승적 관점이 투영되어 재구성된 선바라밀의 예비단계를 분석한 것이다. 선바라밀은 산란하지도 않음과 미착하지 않음에 의지하여 성취된 것이다. 그 기초 골격은 초기불전에서부터 정형화된 그 형식 그대로이지만 구체적 실천지침은 대비심의 적용과 반야바라밀의 부사의함 등으로 재구성된다. 이에 따라 그 예비단계도 거시적으로 선바라밀의 성취와 초선의 성취를 동등한 선상에서 다루면서 내용적으로는 보살의 실천지침으로서 매우 상세한 재해석[5欲, 5蓋]과 새로운 요소[5法]를 첨가하는 대승 통합주의 방식을 채택하고 있다. 이 과정에서 가장 주목되는 것은 감각적 욕망의 대상들에 대한 제거가 지나칠 정도로 강조되어 있다는 것이다. 그리고 5가지 (...) 감각적 욕망의 대상들과 5가지 덮개들을 제거하는 방법도 그 해로운 속성들과 그로 인한 환란을 반야에 의해 통찰하여 염리하는 방식이 그 주류를 이루고 있다. 더욱이 경전에 설해진 예화[佛說]나 관련 지식이 게송의 형태로 매우 다양하게 그 예비단계의 수습에서 나타나고 있다. 또한 그 수습하는 자가 재가보살임에도 그 수습 장소는 여전히 독거처이며, 그 목적은 일체중생을 위한 대비심의 차원에서 반야바라밀의 뛰어난 방편으로서 선바라밀을 성취하기 위해서이고, 그 구체적인 양상은 3가지 체계로 재해석되고 있다. (shrink)