José Antonio Valdivia Fuenzalida | Résumé : Pendant le xiiie siècle, plusieurs auteurs scolastiques ont adopté des théories aristotéliciennes pour expliquer la connaissance humaine. Ces théories supposent que l’homme est capable d’acquérir la science en se servant de ses forces naturelles. Notre âme est capable de saisir l’essence des choses en obtenant une connaissance certaine à leur propos. Pourtant, un bon nombre de ces auteurs estimaient que, même en admettant les théories mentionnées, on ne saurait se passer de l’assistance (...) de Dieu afin d’expliquer l’acquisition des connaissances scientifiques. Cet article s’interroge sur les raisons qui ont conduit lesdits auteurs à adopter une telle position. L’analyse de certains textes de saint Bonaventure permet de comprendre ce que la doctrine de l’illumination divine veut expliquer, à savoir : que nous pouvons obtenir de la certitude malgré le fait que les choses créées ne possèdent qu’une « nécessité conditionnelle ». En effet, même l’essence des choses créées n’aurait pas le degré minimum de nécessité qui est requis pour fonder la certitude absolue présupposée dans le concept médiéval de scientia. |: During the 13th century, several scholastic authors adopted Aristotelian theories to explain human knowledge. These theories assume that man is capable of acquiring science by using his natural powers. Our soul is able to grasp the essence of things by obtaining a knowledge that is certain about them. Yet, many of these authors believed that even admitting those theories, God’s assistance could not be dispensed with in order to explain the acquisition of scientific knowledge. This paper examines the reasons that led these authors to such a position. The analysis of several texts by St. Bonaventure allows one to understand what the doctrine of divine illumination aims to explain : namely that we can obtain certainty in spite of the fact that created things only possess a “conditional necessity”. Indeed, even the essence of created things would not have the minimum level of necessity that is required to be the foundation of the absolute certainty presupposed in the medieval concept of Scientia. (shrink)

John Bayley’s Elegy for Iris, his memoir about living with Iris Murdoch after the onset of dementia, unsettles models of mind and agency that ignore human relationship, dependency, and the vulnerabilities of the cared for and the carer. Experiencing Iris as ambiguously absent and present while he attentively cares for her, Bayley frames his memoir as an elegy, a reflection on love and loss that conventionally represents two subjects—the author and the one he lost. Bayley’s acts of care and his (...) stories about his wife, both as she was and as she has become, sustain her moral worth as a person. Writing as an elegist, a survivor entitled to be heard, Bayley moves his experience of caring and loss from personal to social realms, from speaker to listener, opening ethical space for consolation and for social responsibility for the vulnerable. (shrink)

Thomas d’Aquin défend, contre saint Augustin, la thèse selon laquelle l’homme peut enseigner sa propre science à quelqu’un d’autre. Sa théorie sur l’enseignement de la science est développée dans la Somme de théologie, I, q. 117, a. 1 et dans les Questions disputées sur la vérité, q. 11, a. 1. À la lumière de cette doctrine, la présente étude explique pourquoi saint Thomas admet la thèse aristotélicienne du livre I de la Métaphysique selon laquelle la marque distinctive de la science (...) est qu’elle peut être enseignée. On soutient que, selon Thomas, la science peut être enseignée, d’une part, à cause de son caractère dérivatif et, d’autre part, parce qu’elle est fondée sur des principes vrais, évidents et certains. (shrink)

Frente al déficit de visión territorial a escala nacional, que devele el patrón de los conflictos ambientales vigentes en Chile, se propone la construcción de un índice sintético de vulnerabilidad social, con soporte en la unidad de análisis político-administrativa de administración local, junto a la localización de los conflictos ambientales denunciados por ONG’s. Ello posibilitará estudiar la relación espacial existente, de modo de determinar qué perfil de unidades territoriales soportan mayor carga de externalidades negativas generadas por proyectos de inversión privada. (...) Asimismo, el planteamiento adoptado posibilita cuantificar los niveles de justicia ambiental en el país. (shrink)

Ce travail propose une analyse détaillée d’un argument de Pierre de Jean Olivi utilisé dans l’article 19 de son Impugnatio quorundam articulorum Arnaldi Galliardi (1282) contre une thèse professée par Thomas d’Aquin à propos de la connaissance que l’âme humaine a d’elle-même. Le texte d’Olivi cherche à prouver que l’homme peut connaître directement des réalités immatérielles, dont son âme. Le but de cette analyse est double. D’une part, il s’agit de mettre en évidence une difficulté suscitée par la théorie thomasienne (...) de la connaissance que l’âme humaine a d’elle-même, tout du moins selon la façon dont cette théorie apparaît dans les textes disponibles ; d’autre part, de comparer l’argument et la thèse olivienne à l’interprétation que certains thomistes ont élaborée à propos de la doctrine thomasienne. Cette comparaison révèle une similitude qui suscite un questionnement critique à propos de telles interprétations. (shrink)

This study is an attempt to show that demonstration was conceived by medieval commentators as an instrument for advancing knowledge of the world. Although the theory of demonstration is not a “logic of discovery”, its specific aim would be to describe the characteristics that should have a discourse to be able to express the causal articulation of things belonging to the same genre. From the analysis of some texts by Thomas Aquinas on the distinction between knowledge propter quid and knowledge (...) quia, it will be shown that the causal articulation represents the very novelty which is supposed to be acquired by a demonstrative syllogism. This conclusion will be confirmed by the analysis of some texts of the al-Ghazālī’s Logica which seem to reveal presuppositions of the writings of Latin commentators like Thomas Aquinas. (shrink)

Bajo el presupuesto de que la gnoseología medieval es realista, este artículo examina una de sus características. A través del estudio de Tomás de Aquino Suma de Teología, I, q. 84, a. 1 y Enrique de Gante, Suma, a. 1, q. 1, se intenta mostrar cómo algunos problemas gnoseológicos son resueltos utilizando el argumento que asume que nuestras facultades cognitivas sirven para conocer la realidad tal cual es. Nos enfocamos especialmente en Enrique de Gante, por emplearlo para deslegitimar la pregunta (...) por la posibilidad del conocimiento. (shrink)

The coronavirus pandemic has stirred interest in viruses. This has been accompanied by a proliferation of popular works trying to explain how viruses fit into the Christian worldview. In an anthropocentric perspective, viruses are easily regarded as malicious entities. This article, however, shows that a proper understanding of the biology of viruses actually adds another level of complexity to our perception of good and evil. Interestingly, this additional layer of complexity might help us solve some of the most urgent difficulties (...) in the discussion about good and evil, if we recognize the subjective nature of what we call natural evil. We need to be more nuanced not merely in our theological discussion about good and evil, but also in the way we talk about viruses. (shrink)

Originally published in 1963.This volume provides a rigorous interpretation that portrays science and religion in their actualities as personal, communal and cultural phenomena involving different concerns, conceptions and modes of inquiry. The role of key aspects of their life and thought are investigated. They are found to be remarkably alike and their basic differences, far from making them mutually exclusive, reveal them as potentially complimentary and mutually helpful.

The adoption of the French Duty of Vigilance law has been celebrated as a milestone for advancing the transnational business and human rights regime. The law can contribute to harden corporate accountability by challenging the “separation principle” of transnational companies and by obligating companies to report on their duty of vigilance. However, the question of whether the law actually contributes to human rights and environmental protection along global supply chains requires empirically grounded research that connects processes in home and host (...) state countries. This paper contributes to such a new research agenda by linking political ecology literature and empirical insights from the Global South to research on due diligence regulations. With reference to field research data on contestations between the oil and gas company Total E&P and indigenous communities in Bolivia, I argue that the burden of proof and contestations over valid knowledge represent major obstacles when trying to establish legal liability. (shrink)

Edición de la Akademie, por Benno Erdmann. Esta edición esta basada en la edición original B de 1787 y presenta las partes de la edición A que no coinciden con B en un volumen aparte (creo que el 4 de los Gesammelte Schriften). Impresa en caracteres góticos.

We propose that a principled understanding of meta-learning, as aimed for by the authors, benefits from linking the focus on learning with an equally strong focus on structure, which means to address the question: What are the meta-structures that can guide meta-learning?

A jury needs “proof beyond a reasonable doubt” in order to convict a defendant of a crime. The standard is vexingly difficult to pin down, but some legal epistemologists have given this account: knowledge is the standard of legal proof. On this account, a jury should deliver a guilty verdict just in case they know that the defendant is guilty. In this paper, I’ll argue that legal proof requires more than just knowledge that a defendant is guilty. In cases of (...) “merely predictive evidence,” a jury knows that the defendant is guilty but does not have legal proof. What are they missing? Evidence that is causally downstream from the crime. Legal proof requires a “smoking gun.” The point generalizes outside of the courtroom. A professor needs to read a term paper before assigning a grade, even if she knows the student will produce A + work. You may know that your roommate will forget to water the plants while you are away—she is scatterbrained and always forgets these things—but you can’t blame her until you get back home and see that the plants are wilting. In order to have appropriate reactions or reactive attitudes, we must respond causally to what other people have done. (shrink)

We give positive answers to two open questions from [15]. (1) For every set C countably determined over A, if C is Π 0 α (Σ 0 α ) then it must be Π 0 α (Σ 0 α ) over A, and (2) every Borel subset of the product of two internal sets X and Y all of whose vertical sections are Π 0 α (Σ 0 α ) can be represented as an intersection (union) of Borel sets with (...) vertical sections of lower Borel rank. We in fact show that (2) is a consequence of the analogous result in the case when X is a measurable space and Y a complete separable metric space (Polish space) which was proved by A. Louveau and that (1) is equivalent to the property shared by the inverse standard part map in Polish spaces of preserving almost all levels of the Borel hierarchy. (shrink)