This research lies within the scientific and pedagogic scope of Philosophy for Children, more specifically its implementation in a community of philosophical inquiry, the pedagogic and epistemological model of the Philosophy for Children, with pre-school children. The purpose was to research the type of answer this community of inquiry would give to some logic problems by resorting to Venn Diagrams. Specifically, the observation of problem-solving through the intersection of sets was under scrutiny, and the conclusion was that this logic resource (...) is not only viable in the context of pre-schooling, as well as relevant for the formation of thinking. (shrink)

Andrey Sequeira Cordero (a,b) y Jaime Fornaguera Trías (a,c) (a) Centro de Investigación en Neurociencias, Universidad de Costa Rica (b) … Read More →.

Resumo: Buscando preservar a unidade entre o estético e o político, o artigo propôs-se a criar tramas e zonas de contato entre o conteúdo e as formas de funcionamento das tragédias, particularmente as de Eurípedes, e as percepções das manifestações daquilo que se convencionou chamar de loucura. Para isso, sem a pretensão de transpor a modernidade à Antiguidade Grega, a hermenêutica empregada intentou produzir pontos de tensionamento e de convergência entre aspectos pertinentes à formação das práticas e das conceitualizações que (...) envolvem as representações da loucura nesses períodos. Tratada ora como Manía, ora como Lyssa, para receber os contornos da Melancholaō, ela desenvolveu-se com facetas variadas até chegar a ser capturada e fixada pela modernidade como sinal e símbolo de patologia mental. Rompendo com a tradição cartesiana, o retorno aos gregos não poderia trazer outras formas de repensar e reatualizar o conceito de Loucura? Palavras-Chave: Manía; Melancolia; Lyssa; Loucura Madness: from the manifestations in the tragedy of Euripides to the expression of the black bill Abstract: Aiming to preserve the unity between the aesthetic and the political, the article proposed to create plots and areas of connection between the content and the ways in which tragedies work, particularly those of Euripides, and the perceptions of the manifestations of what is conventionally called folly. For this, without intending to transpose the Modernity to Greek Antiquity, the hermeneutics employed tried to produce points of tension and convergence between aspects relevant to the formation of practices and conceptualizations that involve the representations of madness. Treated sometimes as Manía, sometimes as Lyssa, to receive the contours of Melancholaō, it developed with varied facets until it was captured and fixed by modernity as a sign and symbol of mental pathology. Breaking with the Cartesian tradition, couldn't the return to the Greeks bring other ways of rethinking and updating the concept of Madness? Keywords: Manía; Melancholy; Lyssa; Madness Locura: de las manifestaciones en la tragedia de Euripides a la expresión del bilis negro Resumen: Buscando preservar la unidad entre lo estético y lo político, el artículo propone crear tramas y zonas de contacto entre el contenido y las formas en que funcionan las tragedias, particularmente las de Eurípides, y las percepciones de las manifestaciones de lo que convencionalmente se llama locura. Para ello, sin pretender trasponer la modernidad a la Antigüedad griega, la hermenéutica empleada trató de producir puntos de tensión y convergencia entre aspectos relevantes para la formación de prácticas y conceptualizaciones que involucran las representaciones de la locura en estos períodos. Tratada a veces como Manía, a veces como Lyssa, para recibir los contornos de Melancholaō, se desarrolló con variadas facetas hasta que fue captada y fijada por la modernidad como signo y símbolo de la patología mental. Rompiendo con la tradición cartesiana, ¿la vuelta a los griegos no podría traer otras formas de repensar y actualizar el concepto de Locura? Palabras Clave: Manía; Melancolía; Lyssa; Locura Data de registro: 23/03/2023 Data de aceite: 20/09/2023. (shrink)

This study provides empirical evidence on how corporate sustainability performance (CSP), as proxied by membership of the Dow Jones sustainability index, is reflected in the market value of equity. Using a theoretical framework combining institutional perspectives, stake-holder theory, and resource-based perspectives, we develop a set of hypotheses that relate the market value of equity to CSP. For a sample of North American firms, our preliminary results show that CSP has significant explanatory power for stock prices over the traditional summary accounting (...) measures such as earnings and book value of equity. However, further analyses suggest that we should not focus on corporate sustainability itself. Our findings suggest that what investors really do is to penalize large profitable firms with low level of CSP. Firms with incentives to develop a high level of CSP not engaging on such strategy are, thus, penalized by the market. (shrink)

David hume is sometimes viewed as a skeptic who argues that none of our beliefs about the world are justified. this paper challenges that view by developing and explicating an account of justified belief that is compatible with hume's theories about belief formation, inference, and principles governing the association of ideas. it is noted that the resultant account bears some resemblance to contemporary causal/reliability views of justification.

Food retailers are powerful actors of the agro-industrial food system. They exert strong lock-in effects that hinder transitions towards more sustainable agri-food systems. Indeed, their marketing practices generally result in excluding the most sustainable food products, such as local, low-input, small-scale farmers’ products. Recently in Belgium, several initiatives have been created to enable the introduction of local products on supermarket shelves. In this article, we study three of those initiatives to analyse if the development of local sourcing in supermarkets opens (...) up an opportunity for a transition towards more sustainable agri-food systems. We conceptualise transitions as a shift in governance and ethical values and adopt a pragmatist approach of ethics combined with the systemic perspective of transition studies, to evaluate the impact of these initiatives. Our analysis shows that they mainly contribute to the reproduction of the incumbent agri-food system. It also highlights that first, to be a driver for sustainability transitions, food ethics need to be systemic i.e. relate to a systemic understanding of problems and perspective of sustainability, including social justice. And second, it highlights that governance arrangements involving not only representative organisations of the various agri-food and non-agricultural actors, but also actors upholding ethical values that are currently missing in conventional supply chains and representing excluded and marginalised interests, favour the uptake of such systemic ethics by incumbent actors. Hence, systemic ethics and inclusive governance are key features for initiatives to contribute to a sustainability transition. (shrink)

Despalavrares (2021), de Wilbett Oliveira, é como o próprio título paratextual e no plural encaminha uma lição de poesia. É também jogo, pergunta que se justifica como espelho e de onde o poeta tira suas lições. O título é sugestivo porque direciona e está diretamente relacionado com um projeto estético de Wilbett, uma vez que expõe, de maneira criativa, um roteiro de possibilidades para o leitor compreender a própria palavra e suas manifestações do belo. Esse roteiro confirma, como nas palavras (...) de Paul Celan, que “a poesia não se impõe, expõe-se”. (shrink)

Karel Kosík’s book Dialectics of the Concrete. A Study on Problems of Man and World, elaborated under the impact of the de-Stalinization process, is one of the important attempts to rethink Marxist philosophy; it was an attempt to overcome the theoretical stagnation caused by the Stalinist period. It considers the state of Marxist theory, its relations to the past theoretical tradition, as well as it attempts to develop a critical and creative dialogue with different contemporary theoretical conceptions, then hegemonic. Through (...) his reading of Marx and his A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy project, Kosík searches for ways of discussing different relationships between philosophy and economics in the contemporary world, and, in particular, he analyzes different theoretical or ideological forms of the reified characteristics of the pseudoconcrete world of care, homo oeconomicus and economic factor. (shrink)

Abstract A general framework is proposed for accommodating the recent results of studies into ?natural? decision making. A crucial element of this framework is the notion of a ?partial structure?, recently introduced into the semantic approach to scientific theories. It is through the introduction of this element that connections can be made with certain problems regarding inconsistency and rationality in general.

In this paper we study the systemsP andP * (see Arruda and da Costa,O paradoxo de Curry-Moh Shaw-Kwei, Boletim da Sociedade Matemtica de São Paulo 18 (1966)) and some related systems. In the last section, we prove that certain set theories havingP andP * as their underlying logics are non-trivial.

One of the central elements of John Rawls’ argument in support of his two principles of justice is the intuitive normative ideal of citizens as free and equal. But taken in isolation, the claim that citizens are to be treated as free and equal is extremely indeterminate, and has virtually no clear implications for policy. In order to remedy this, the two principles of justice, together with the stipulation that citizens have basic interests in developing their moral capacities and pursuing (...) their conceptions of the good life, are meant to provide a more precise interpretation of what is involved in treating citizens as free and equal. Rawls’ critics, however, have argued that satisfying the two principles of justice is not the most appropriate or plausible way to respect the status of citizens as free and equal. In relation to this debate, the present paper has two aims. The first is to examine Rawls’ account of the type of freedom that a just society must guarantee equally to its citizens. I will argue that those who think of Rawls as a theorist of freedom as non-interference are mistaken, because his notion of liberty resembles in important respects the republican notion of freedom as non-domination. Second, I will consider the extent to which Rawls’ principles of justice successfully protect the freedom as non-domination of all citizens so as to effectively treat them as free and equal. (shrink)

This paper is concerned with the particular problems raised by observations of phenomena outside the common course of nature for their validation as knowledge. It examines to what extent the content of the reports and, in particular, their lack of intrinsic plausibility affected the methods used in their authentication and the assessment of testimony at the Royal Society in the first half of the eighteenth century. I show that literary strategies were usually necessary but not sufficient for the validation of (...) these kinds of observations. Next, I discuss why visual representations were especially useful in establishing the singularity of the observations, but I point out that their high costs and other restrictions meant that they were not so widespread. In contrast I show that, for a long period of time, testimony was used in the majority of the reports as the true stamp of authenticity. I note, however, that the Royal Society accepted reports by authors of varied social status, level of education and occupation, and I discuss some of the factors responsible for the complexity of the handling of testimony at the Society. I argue against Shapin that in the case of reports of extraordinary phenomena, the competence of the reporter and witnesses was often more important than their social status. The increasing role of expertise in the assessment of observations at the Society become especially apparent by the middle of the eighteenth century.Author Keywords: Authentication; Competence; Monstrous births; Singular; Testimony; Royal Society of London. (shrink)

Partindo do concretismo subjacente ao texto poético de Ernesto Manuel de Melo e Castro, e que está na origem do tratamento da linguagem a partir dos seus modos de materialização, o presente texto procura traçar um possível caminho interpretativo para a função da poesia visual determinada pelo autor, a saber: sintetizar a comunicação visual. Para tal, é explorado o percurso percorrido pelo cruzamento de sistemas sígnicos levado a cabo pela prática poética de Melo e Castro, especialmente aquela que diz respeito (...) a questões de intermedialidade, e que se prende com o modo de materialização da densidade sígnica do fenómeno textual. (shrink)

Os textos reunidos nesta obra analisam a chamada crise de valores contemporâneos a partir de fenômenos como o culto ao corpo e à aparência, o consumismo e a cultura de imagem. São textos marcados ao mesmo tempo pela erudição, pelo rigor e pela ética. Embora pontuado pela filosofia, pelas ciências sociais e pela psicanálise, este não é um livro apenas para acadêmicos ou especialistas. A escritura de Jurandir Freire torna seu pensamento acessível a todos os que se interessam pelas grandes (...) questões da existência humana e pelos impasses do mundo de hoje. (shrink)

One of the main applications of the logic of theory change is to the epistemic analysis of conditionals via the so-called Ramsey test. In the first part of the present note this test is studied in the “limiting case” where the theory being revised is inconsistent, and it is shown that this case manifests an intrinsic incompatibility between the Ramsey test and the AGM postulate of “success”. The paper then analyses the use of the postulate of success, and a weakening (...) of it, generating axioms of conditional logic via the test, and it is shown that for certain purposes both success and weak success are quite superfluous. This suggests the proposal of abandoning both success and weak success entirely, thus permitting retention of the postulate of “preservation” discarded by Gärdenfors. (shrink)

I discuss some questions of quantum physics, for instance the validity and limitations of the basic language of set theory to deal with problems related to elementary particles. I also present a sketch of a formalization of a “metaphysics of structures”, which might be useful for a kind of “ontic structural realism”, and briefly review the concept of quasi-truth, which underlies my way of understanding scientific theories and the scientific activity.

Al modo como Gadamer desarrolla la "tensión" existente entre método y verdad, este artículo pretende desarrollar la tensión entre dos conceptos centrales de la hermenéutica gadameriana: 'aplicación' y 'lingüisticidad'(Sprachlichkeil). La naturaleza práctica, siempre particular y situada, de la comprensión es confrontada con la consideración del lenguaje como medio universal del comprender, en tanto instaura un 'acuerdo previo', un 'diálogo efectivo', en toda comunidad lingüística. Sin embargo, la asimetría entre estos dos conceptos hace difícil la comprehensión de la contradicción (y hasta (...) exclusión) entre prejuicios e interpretaciones diversas que no necesariamente se enfrentan en términos dialógicos o de 'acuerdo que nos precede'. (shrink)

Aos estudos em filosofia antiga deparam-se algumas dificuldades na articulação entre a crítica de Platão à escrita e o cuidado que ele concedia precisamente aos seus textos escritos. Tais desafios intensificam-se quando se concede ênfase aos traços cênicos na apresentação das ideias e da Ideia nos diálogos platônicos. Se não chega a ser um paradoxo, dimensionam-se tensões e impasses nesse percurso. Examinamos neste ensaio um caminho explicativo possível: a de que o filósofo grego teria elaborado um grande drama (Drama) do (...) conhecimento, que marcaria por vias diversas o percurso da escrita filosófica ao longo da sua história, num enredamento fino de forma e conteúdo, ele mesmo matriz de uma resposta teórica e crítica no âmbito do conhecimento. (shrink)

This article shows that although Fitch’s paradox has been extremely widely studied, up to now no correct formalization of the problem has been proposed. The purpose of this article is to present the paradox front the viewpoint of combining logics. It is argued that the correct minimal logic to state the paradox is composed by a fusion of modal frames, and a fusion of modal languages and logics.

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Paraconsistent Logic and Latin America Thinking about Logic The Nature of Paraconsistent Logic A History of Paraconsistent Logic Philosophical Aspects of Paraconsistent Logic References Further Reading.

O presente texto visa abordar a pertinência crítica da filosofia kantiana da história tentando assinalar o lugar transcendental da noçáo de fio condutor da natureza, para nós urn princípio regulativo passível de ser usado pelo discurso filosófico da história, que por isso náo se toma urn conhecimento teórico, mas nem por isso deixa de ser uma espécie de conhecimento, de cunho prático.

What are human rights? What makes a particular human rights claim ‘genuine’ or ‘valid’? These are difficult questions with which current philosophical literature on human rights is concerned. They are also the same kind of questions that legal philosophers asked about Law throughout the 20th century. Drawing from the similarities between the two fields, I attempt to do with the concept of human rights something similar to what Ronald Dworkin accomplished with that of Law in Law’s Empire. First, I offer (...) a critique of the two dominant perspectives on human rights—the Orthodox and Political views—that is similar in character to Dworkin’s Semantic Sting objection to Legal Positivism. Second, I sketch an alternative, Dworkinian-inspired framework that seeks to develop the notion of human rights as an interpretive concept. According to this framework, different accounts of human rights are to be understood as expressing different interpretations of the point (or purpose) of human rights practice. (shrink)