En un libro reciente, Maurizio Viroli sostiene que en El Príncipe Maquiavelo delinea la imagen del fundador que la teoría política republicana necesita, la que recibe su encarnación paradigmática en Moisés y sus acciones. Aquí propongo que para una comprensión adecuada del Moisés de Maquiavelo resulta clave la interpretación que éste ofrece del incidente del becerro de oro (Discursos III, 30), al que interpreta como una revuelta contra Moisés motivada por la envidia. Este episodio, sugiero, ejemplifica las acciones necesarias para (...) asegurar las instituciones de un estado libre recién constituido en el contexto del conflicto permanente entre grandes y pueblo. (shrink)

The historical avant-gardes showed that it is in the syntactic space where the mutations of art occur, where the creative potentialities in contemporary art are played. Hence the need to accentuate the syntactic creation registers in the works of the Estridentistas. There is no creation of images, rhythms, words, atmospheres, sound orientations, planes or political-literary postures that are valid apart from the syntax effects in which the poems of Manuel Maples Arce, Germán List, Salvador Gallardo and Kyn-Taniya take place, the (...) paintings, engravings and sculptures by Fermín Revueltas, Ramón Alva de la Canal, Germán Cueto and Leopoldo Méndez, the novels and essays by Arqueles Vela, the pieces from the Estridentista period by Silvestre Revueltas, the plays by Salvador Gallardo and Germán Cueto. The syntax is the tracing of indirect paths created in each poem, installation, plastic or musical work, to show life in things; those forces, paths and paths that, when going from life to language, create a work. It is, therefore, a speed. I don't use "speed" as a metaphor. It is the speeds that interdigitate events, images, objects; those that relate and stress semantic, sound, semiotic and social forces, paths and trajectories. Velocity is the gradient of the syntax, the relationship between phenomena, the variation of the elements according to a certain direction, the trajectory medium, the semantic loads and the systems of signs: it is not necessary to think that the syntactic effects are something like general mechanisms that precede poems, plastic and musical works. A new syntactic speed detaches itself as much as it can from what is constituted and seeks to bring poetic, pictorial, musical language to its threshold of meaning, informational or communication, to its referential, rhythmic, constructive threshold. Therefore, it should not be confused with acceleration. Slowness is a speed, as in Handke's writing or in some sections of Tarr's films. (shrink)

A number of biologists and philosophers have noted the diversity of interpretations of evolvability in contemporary evolutionary research. Different clusters of research defined by co-citation patterns or shared methodological orientation sometimes concentrate on distinct conceptions of evolvability. We examine five different activities where the notion of evolvability plays conceptual roles in evolutionary biological investigation: setting a research agenda, characterization, explanation, prediction, and control. Our analysis of representative examples demonstrates how different conceptual roles of evolvability are quasi-independent and yet exhibit important (...) relationships across scientific activities. It also provides us with the resources to detail two distinct strategies for how evolvability can help to synthesize disparate areas of research and thereby potentially serve as a unifying concept in evolutionary biology. (shrink)

This paper investigates how the introduction of AI to decision making increases moral distance and recommends the ethics of care to augment the ethical examination of AI decision making. With AI decision making, face-to-face interactions are minimized, and decisions are part of a more opaque process that humans do not always understand. Within decision-making research, the concept of moral distance is used to explain why individuals behave unethically towards those who are not seen. Moral distance abstracts those who are impacted (...) by the decision and leads to less ethical decisions. The goal of this paper is to identify and analyze the moral distance created by AI through both proximity distance (in space, time, and culture) and bureaucratic distance (derived from hierarchy, complex processes, and principlism). We then propose the ethics of care as a moral framework to analyze the moral implications of AI. The ethics of care brings to the forefront circumstances and context, interdependence, and vulnerability in analyzing algorithmic decision making. (shrink)

We extend the gap 1 cardinal transfer theorem → to any language of cardinality ≤λ, where λ is a regular cardinal. This transfer theorem has been proved by Chang under GCH for countable languages and by Silver in some cases for bigger languages . We assume the existence of a coarse -morass instead of GCH.

Induction, conceived as the class of rational non-truth preserving inferences, has been a perennial problem in philosophy. Aside from the problem of justification of induction, a less debated issue is the problem of properly describing inductive inferences. The purpose of this book is to conceptually investigate this descriptive problem of induction from the standpoint of the nonmonotonic logical tradition raised inside the field of Artificial Intelligence in the last thirty years. As we try to show, an essential part of this (...) enterprise involves the analysis of a pragmatically oriented notion of probability, called by us inductive plausibility. This in turn is made from the viewpoint of paraconsistency ? which according to some is the unavoidable companion of nonmonotonicity ? and modal logic. We therefore put forward a nonmonotonic, paraconsistent and modal approach to induction and plausibility. The book shall be useful to philosophers, logicians and computer scientists interested in the problem of induction in general and in the logical analysis of induction and plausibility in particular. (shrink)

In this paper I present a formalization of the theory of ideal concepts applied to the concept of God. It is done within a version of the Simplest Quantified Modal Logic (SQML) and attempts to solve three meta-problems related to the concept of God: the unicity of extension problem, the homogeneity/heterogeneity problem and the problem of conceptual unity.

This paper applies philosophical tools from the causalists/statisticalists debate to the evo-devo idea of variational tendencies as propensities biasing phenotypic change. It contends that variational properties are present in a statistical sense in some population dynamics models, particularly quantitative genetics ones, providing ultimate variational explanations. It further argues that these properties, contrary to some recent views, cannot be subsumed under natural selection. Finally, it advocates for a causalist interpretation of these explanations, where variational statistical properties indirectly refer to evo-devo’s variational (...) propensities. (shrink)

La finalidad de este trabajo es mostrar las similitudes entre el proceder matemático, concretamente en la geometría, y la metodología desarrollada por Vico en la Scienza nuova ; pues, aunque los objetos de estudios sean distintos , los procedimientos para formar el objeto cognitivo son paralelos.The aim of this work is to show the similarities between mathematical method, concretely geometry, and Vico's methodology developed in the New Science. Even if the objects of study are so different , procedures to shape (...) the cognitive object are parallels. (shrink)

When faced with the charge that a given concept of God is contradictory, the standard move among philosophers and theologians has been to try to explain away the contradiction and show that the concept of God in question is consistent. This has to do, of course, with the Law of Non-Contradiction (LNC). Another option, which has recently generated interest among logicians and analytic philosophers of religion, is to reject such a move as unnecessary and defend what might be called the (...) contradictory God thesis. To be sure, something close to that can be found in philosophers such as Pseudo-Dionysius, Thomas Aquinas and Nicolaus de Cusa. However, it is only recently that this approach has gained momentum, certainly driven by the contemporary advance of dialetheism and glut theoretic approaches in general, and paraconsistent logic. Needless to say, a standard move among defenders of the contradictory God thesis is to challenge the LNC. The argumentation, however, is seldomly framed in conceptual terms. Instead, it is mostly framed in ontological terms, as God being a contradictory entity. From this perspective, the contradictory God thesis is the thesis that God is a contradictory object. My goal in this paper is to provide a conceptual assessment of the discussion surrounding the contradictory God thesis. To achieve this, I make use of a general and hopefully non-controversial meta-theory of concepts and adopt a semantic approach rather than a metaphysical one. Within this framework, I address the following questions: What are the different ways we can understand the contradictory God thesis? What grounds are there for rejecting a contradictory concept of God? What standard moves are available to defend oneself from such criticisms and how do they relate to the LNC? What challenges do they present? As a secondary goal, the paper introduces a novel defense of the contradictory God thesis, drawing on a specific interpretation of the theology of the 16th-century Indian thinker Jīva Gosvāmī, which avoids the need to challenge the LNC. I term this approach ‘non-dialetheic mystical contradictory theism.’. (shrink)

In this chapter, Ricardo Silvestre and Alan Herbert offer a reconstruction of the Gītā’s concept of God with a focus on the relationship between God and the world. They try to explain the claim that the Gītā is panentheistic. This is done with the help of some key notions of contemporary metaphysics (such as ontological dependence and fundamentality) along with the Indic notion of prakṛti, considered as a metaphysical primitive denoting the intimate relationship that exists between matter and conscious (...) living beings on the one hand, and God on the other. (shrink)

RESUMEN El objeto de este trabajo es, por un lado, recopilar los principales estudios teóricos y filosóficos que han servido para diferenciar entre reglas regulativas y reglas constitutivas y, por otro, realizar una revisión de dichas propuestas para efectos de cuestionar la posibilidad de una distinción tajante entre ambos tipos de reglas. La primera parte del texto corresponde a una exposición de los postulados de los autores enunciados. En seguida, se formulan cuestionamientos a los criterios que se advierten en el (...) apartado precedente. Finalmente, se expone la viabilidad de una distinción concluyente entre ambos tipos de reglas. ABSTRACT The aim of this article is, on the one hand, to compile the main theoretical and philosophical studies that has been used to differentiate between regulative norms and constitutive norms, and on the other hand, to make a review of these proposals to question the possibility of a sharp distinction between both types of rules. The first part of this work is an exposition of the postulates of the mentioned authors. The second part of the text introduces questions against the criteria noted in the previous section. Finally, the feasibility of a conclusive distinction between both types of rules is exposed. (shrink)

The contribution aims to investigate the influence of Max Scheler’s _Wesen und Formen der Sympathie_ on Ernesto De Martino’s thought, during the elaboration period of _Il mondo magico_’s theoretical framework. The paper claims that De Martino’s approach to Scheler’s phenomenology can be included among the conditions of possibility of the Italian philosopher’s detachment from idealism and of the formulation of his original epistemological stance. Within this framework, tracing _Sympathiebuch_’s line of influence on De Martino would make possible to read the (...) problem of the experience of magic from a phenomenological standpoint. In the first section, the paper provides an outline of the philosophical and cultural environment in which De Martino came into contact with phenomenology and, specifically, with Scheler’s philosophy. In the second section, the paper presents the features of Scheler’s philosophy that would influence De Martino’s thougt in the first half of the 1940s. To this purpose, the contribution takes into account _Sympathiebuch_’s main conceptual cores, taking as its guiding thread the definition of the phenomenological concept of _Mit-fühlen_ and the possibility to extend its potentialities to an ethnological project. In the third section, the paper presents an interpretation of _Il mondo magico_ in the light of Scheler’s categories, highlighting the argumentative junctures in which the phenomenological conceptual toolkit seems to be most effectively employed by De Martino in the study of magic and ritual phenomenona. (shrink)

The origin of Being as a live concept is one of the most difficult questions in history of metaphysics and ontology. This work analyses the postulate that being is constructed by the interaction of terms. In fact, being and the idea of Being has come from the possibility of relations. It is known that metaphysics and ontology has overestimated think Being like something that never change, a substance unchangeable. Reduce Being as ousía, translated as substance, does not understand central affirmation (...) of Aristotle that “The term “being” is used in various senses, but with reference to one central idea and one definite characteristic, and not as merely a common epithet.”. The usually interpretation of relations make them one of those ways, however the concept of Being is always under a relation. Is reconsidered the role of relations in the basis of ontological thinking, taking the renewal of metaphysics, of the French philosopher Jean Wahl, and postulating that Being as totality is the relation that involves beings, Change and Time. (shrink)

Resumen: El presente artículo explora los rendimientos de la teoría de la justicia de Axel Honneth para comprender las experiencias del sujeto en las sociedades contemporáneas. Para esto primeramente define la teoría de la justicia a través de las esferas del reconocimiento y posteriormente construye un modelo analítico posible considerando la justicia social a través de grados. Se proponen tres grados de justicia, que no son camisas de fuerza a lo social, sino puntos de partida para pensar la constitución y (...) las prácticas de los sujetos. Se concluye que las esferas del reconocimiento, pensadas a través de grados de justicia social permiten analizar las disímiles experiencias de los sujetos, pero comprendiendo las esferas y finalmente la justicia, a la luz de relaciones de poder y dominación que configuran ciertos contenidos morales de la justicia, pero no necesariamente contenidos que favorecen un mayor progreso moral en los órdenes sociales que prevalecen. El modelo analítico presentado permite considerar cómo se institucionalizan órdenes morales que definen formas de justicia que coactan la crítica, la lucha y el cambio.: This article explores the performances of Axel Honneth’s theory of justice to understand the subject’s experiences in contemporary societies. For this, it first defines the theory of justice through the spheres of recognition and then builds a possible analytical model considering social justice through degrees. Three degrees of justice are proposed, which are not social straitjackets, but starting points for thinking about the constitution and practices of the subjects. It is concluded that the spheres of recognition, thought through degrees of social justice, allow to analyze the different experiences of the subjects, but understanding the spheres and finally justice in the light of relations of power and domination that configure certain moral contents of the justice, but not necessarily content that will favor greater moral progress in the prevailing social orders. The analytical model allows us to consider how institutionalized moral orders, which define forms of justice that coerce criticism, struggle and change. (shrink)

Hablar de estética musical en el Medievo cristiano es hablar de las condiciones de lo bello en las formas musicales litúrgicas y, en definitiva, de la estética en una música que, con el tiempo, llegará a denominarse "canto gregoriano". Y porque la belleza de una obra musical reside en su forma, recorreremos los elementos que la identifican. Es, por tanto, un estudio filosófico-estético-poético, que tratará de descubrir las manifestaciones humanas contenidas en este repertorio: la música no es otra cosa que (...) la expresión alegre o dolorida de los sentimientos humanos, porque en ella, igual que en el alma humana, todo tiene cabida. (shrink)

Unlike many dominant images of thought that are centered on searching for foundations whose coherence is found in binary logics or biunivocal relations, Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari’s philosophy constitutes a way of thinking through machines that produce pure multiplicities by virtue of intensive differences. What is important with regards to machines is to refrain from any attempt at defining or understanding them—they cannot be delimited and are a-signifying—and to try to make them work, such that various flows of thought (...) may circulate through them, intermingling with and interrupting each other. Even though any machine groups together many heterogeneous elements, literary machines are interesting insofar as they can reach a level of the fragmentary whereby the determinant potency of intensive differences can be expressed. This article experiments with Maurice Blanchot’s literary machine—especially with his idea of the neuter—to discover operations that could help to dismantle the foundations of dominant images of thought. (shrink)

The first clear and precise statement of the axioms of qualitative probability was given by de Finetti ([1], Section 13). A more detailed treatment, based however on more complex axioms for conditional qualitative probability, was given later by Koopman [5]. De Finetti and Koopman derived a probability measure from a qualitative probability under the assumption that, for any integer n, there are n mutually exclusive, equally probable events. L. J. Savage [6] has shown that this strong assumption is unnecessary. More (...) precisely, he proves that if a qualitative probability is only fine and tight, then there is one and only one probability measure compatible with it. No property equivalent to countable additivity has been used as yet in the development of qualitative probability theory. However, since the concept of countable additivity is of such fundamental importance in measure theory, it is to be expected that an equivalent property would be of interest in qualitative probability theory, and that in particular it would simplify the proof of the existence of compatible probability measures. Such a property is introduced in this paper, under the name of monotone continuity. It is shown that, if a qualitative probability is atomless and monotonely continuous, then there is one and only one probability measure compatible with it, and this probability measure is countably additive. It is also proved that any fine and tight qualitative probability can be extended to a monotonely continuous qualitative probability, and therefore, contrary to what might be expected, there is no loss in generality if we consider only qualitative probabilities which are monotonely continuous. At the present time there is still a controversy over the interpretation which should be given to the word probability in the scientific and technical literature. Although the present writer subscribes to the opinion that this interpretation may be different in different contexts, in this paper we do not enter into this controversy. We simply remark that a qualitative probability, as a numerical one, may be interpreted either as an objective or as a subjective probability, and therefore the following axiomatic theory is compatible with both interpretations of probability. (shrink)

The Hoffmann reflex (H-wave) is produced by alpha-motoneuron activation in the spinal cord. A feature of this electromyography response is that it exhibits fluctuations in amplitude even during repetitive stimulation with the same intensity of current. We herein explore the hypothesis that physical training induces plastic changes in the motor system. Such changes are evaluated with the fractal dimension (FD) analysis of the H-wave amplitude-fluctuations (H-wave FD) and the cross-covariance (CCV) between the bilateral H-wave amplitudes. The aim of this study (...) was to compare the H-wave FD as well as the CCV before and after track training in sedentary individuals and athletes. The training modality in all subjects consisted of running three times per week (for 13 weeks) in a concrete road of 5 km. Given the different physical condition of sedentary vs. athletes, the running time between sedentary and athletes was different. After training, the FD was significantly increased in sedentary individuals but significantly reduced in athletes, although there were no changes in spinal excitability in either group of subjects. Moreover, the CCV between bilateral H-waves exhibited a significant increase in athletes but not in sedentary individuals. These differential changes in the FD and CCV indicate that the plastic changes in the complexity of the H-wave amplitude fluctuations as well as the synaptic inputs to the Ia-motoneuron systems of both legs were correlated to the previous fitness history of the subjects. Furthermore, these findings demonstrate that the FD and CCV can be employed as indexes to study plastic changes in the human motor system. (shrink)

This paper aims to conduct a conceptual analysis of induction, starting with the issue of inductive ambiguities. We will argue that there are two equally valid approaches to addressing these ambiguities. By examining certain logical aspects of the two concepts of plausibility that emerge from these approaches, we can clarify much of the debate surrounding inductive ambiguities. Key to this analysis is the relationship between these notions of inductive plausibility and the concepts of paraconsistency and paracompleteness. Our exploration is grounded (...) in a paraconsistent and paracomplete modal logic designed to address the fundamental elements of both approaches to induction. To illustrate the controversy and our proposed solution, we focus on a notable example of inductive inconsistencies: the lottery paradox. (shrink)

Panentheism has seen a revival over the past two decades in the philosophical literature. This has partially triggered an interest in Indian models of God, which have traditionally been seen as panentheistic. On the other hand, panentheism has been often associated with panpsychism, an old ontological view that sees consciousness as fundamental and ubiquitous in the natural world and which has also enjoyed a renaissance in recent decades. Depending on where one places fundamentality (whether on the microlevel or on the (...) cosmic-level) there will be two types of panpsychism: micropsychism and cosmopsychism. Despite the apparently rich connection between Indian traditions and panpsychism, especially in its cosmopsychist version, recent work within cross-cultural analytic philosophy of mind seems to be mostly focused on atheistic traditions, such as Advaita Vedānta and Buddhism. My goal in this paper is to contribute to the cross-cultural debate over panentheism and Indian models of God, as well as to the debate on the connections between panpsychism, cosmopsychism and Indian traditions, by examining one of the most important and often quoted texts in Indian religious and philosophical traditions: the theistic Bhavagad Gītā. From a more specific standpoint, the paper has a threefold goal: to offer a panentheistic reconstruction of the Gītā’s concept of God, to show how this panentheistic model of God entails a form of theistic cosmopsychism, and to locate the Gītā’s cosmopsychism within a broader map of cosmopsychist views. Based on this reconstructive analysis of the Gītā’s cosmopsychism, I also outline some few reflections on the philosophical prospects of theistic cosmopsychism. (shrink)

The aim of this study is to present the influence that Marx’s philosophy of praxis had on the formation and consolidation of Henry’s phenomenology of subjective praxis. From Marx’s philosophical work, Henry emphasizes the primacy of the practical over the theoretical. This is a theme that he had been developing in his works, but a new perspective opens up with Marx. He shows that work is carried out by a living subjectivity, therefore, subjectivity performs the action and is carried out (...) in it, and thus culture is born. The study presents the connection between praxis, life and culture and from this is born a phenomenology that aims to enable the self-realization of each individual. (shrink)

En este ensayo propongo una aproximación al contenido de Del arte de la guerra de Maquiavelo desde la pregunta por el enemigo: ¿quién es el enemigo en Del arte de la guerra? ¿Quién es el adversario del ejército que Maquiavelo busca organizar en el libro? Dentro de la literatura secundaria sobre el florentino identifico tres tipos de respuesta a esta pregunta, lo que llamo aquí tres diferentes manifestaciones del enemigo. Según estas lecturas, el enemigo de la milicia maquiaveliana es a) (...) el cristianismo, el modo de vida instituido por esta religión; b) lo imprevisible, los accidentes cuya ocurrencia no se puede anticipar, es decir, la fortuna, y c) los grandes, cuyo deseo es el de dominar al pueblo. (shrink)

When hiring for an open position, the branch manager of Intermountain Trust Bancorp was challenged with an ethical dilemma he was not anticipating. An internal applicant challenged the hiring manager's ethical values by insisting that their friendship and other external employment factors be taken into consideration in the hiring decision. This is a classic case of a candidate using undue influence1 to manipulate a colleague and gain employment. In what started as a routine decision, the manager was faced with an (...) unforeseen ethical quagmire. This case describes a real situation that had local impact on the stakeholders of a regional bank, and provides a true example of the types of difficult situations that can affect candidate selection in hiring decisions. (shrink)

El artículo examina un aspecto relevantede la interpretación heideggeriana deltiempo como temporeidad del Dasein: sudeterminación como horizonte trascendentalde la comprensión del ser en general. Sibien es cierto que Heidegger abandonael proyecto ontológico, diseñado en Sery tiempo, de una interpretación temporariadel sentido del ser, el artículo intentamostrar que, en textos posteriores, mantieney profundiza su concepción de latemporeidad como horizonte trascenden-tal de comprensión. Para ello, ofrece unareconstrucción de la noción de esquemahorizontal de los éxtasis tempóreos, a fin deaclarar en qué sentido el (...) tiempo constituyeel origen ontológico del ser-en-el-mundo como ámbito abierto demanifestación significativa.This article examines a eminent aspect ofthe Heideggerian interpretation of the timeas temporality of Dasein: its determinationas transcendental horizon of the comprehensionofBeingingeneral.InspiteofthefactthatHeidegger abandons the on Beingand Time designed ontological project ofa temporal interpretation of the meaningof Being, the article tries to show that inposterior texts maintains and deepenshis conception of the temporality as tran-scendental horizon of comprehension. Inorder to do so, it offers a reconstruction ofnotion horizontal schema of the temporalEcstases, in order to explain how the timeis the ontological origin of the being-inthe-world as open spacefor the sense apparition. (shrink)

La somatización se considera como uno de los más frecuentes y problemáticos fenómenos que encaran los médicos a nivel de atención primaria. Es un término genérico que incluye un amplio rango de fenómenos clínicos, una variedad de procesos que conducen al paciente a buscar ayuda médica por síntom..

La mirada del envejecimiento, desde una visión de derechos, tiene como antecedente la Segunda Asamblea Mundial sobre Envejecimiento, de la cual se derivó el Plan Internacional de Acción en Envejecimiento de Madrid, que ha sido un documento clave de seguimiento en las reuniones regionales intergubernamentales y no gubernamentales sobre envejecimiento en la región latinoamericana. Adicionalmente, existen dos instrumentos claves a considerar en las políticas de envejecimiento de la región: el Consenso de Montevideo y la Convención Interamericana para la Protección de (...) los Derechos de las Personas Mayores. En todos estos documentos, se abordan las siguientes áreas prioritarias: la situación económica de las personas mayores; salud y bienestar; y entornos sociales y físicos favorables. En este artículo, se analiza cómo ha sido el tratamiento, en las distintas reuniones regionales, del tema de cuidados, el cual se inserta en el área sobre salud y bienestar, además de discutir cómo se han traducido los distintos señalamientos sobre cuidados en la normativa de México. (shrink)

Review of: Marino, Stefano, Terzi, Pietro, Kant’s “Critique of Aesthetic Judgment” in the 20 th Century. A Companion to Its Main Interpretations, Berlin/Boston, Walter De Gruyter, 2020, pp. 361, ISBN 978-3-11-059613-7.

O objetivo desse estudo é apresentar a arte como ferramenta para superação da violência a partir da fenomenologia da vida. Michel Henry mostra que a vida é Energia que se impõe como uma verdadeira força e se revela a si mesma. No entanto, nos perguntamos: Por que então existe a barbárie e a violência? Por que a violência se impõe com tanta força em todos os lugares e inclusive no ambiente escolar? Sustentaremos a tese de que a vida tem seus (...) poderes, mas ela precisa se manifestar como na arte, caso contrário, cairemos no obscurantismo. Por isso, iremos considerar que o caminho que nos leva para a manifestação da vida e a superação da violência só pode ser conduzido através da educação. (shrink)