Un ouvrage sur le temps et un ouvrage collectif, deux raisons qui dissuaderaient peut-être de se plonger dans la lecture de Temps de travail, travail du temps qu’éditent Sylvie Monchatre et Bernard Woehl aux Éditions de la Sorbonne. On aurait tort, car on se priverait alors d’une réflexion lentement mûrie au fil d’un séminaire de deux ans qui a réuni des spécialistes confirmés des difficiles questions que posent les rapports du travail aux temps. Spécialistes rarement réunis et qu’une journée..

In six experiments, we investigated the role of resource valence in intergenerational attitudes and allocations. We found that, compared to benefits, allocating burdens intergenerationally increased concern with one’s legacy, heightened ethical concerns, intensified moral emotions (e.g., guilt, shame), and led to feelings of greater responsibility for and affinity with future generations. We argue that, because of greater concern with legacies and the associated moral implications of one’s decisions, allocating burdens leads to greater intergenerational generosity as compared to benefits. Our data (...) provide support for this effect across a range of contexts. Our results also indicate that the differential effect of benefits versus burdens in intergenerational contexts depends on the presence of two important structural characteristics that help enact concerns about legacies, including (1) future impact of decisions, and (2) a self-other tradeoff. Overall, our findings highlight how considering resource valence brings to the fore a number of key psychological characteristics of intergenerational decisions—especially as they relate to legacies and ethics. (shrink)

ABSTRACT:In this article, we review and build on intergenerational and behavioral ethics research to consider how the motive to build a lasting legacy can impact ethical behavior in intergenerational decision making. We discuss how people can utilize their relationships to organizations to craft their legacies. Further, we elucidate how the legacy motive can enhance business ethics, incorporating theory and empirical findings from research on intergenerational decision making, generativity, and terror management theory to develop the legacy construct and to outline the (...) psychological underpinnings of motivations to leave a positive legacy. We discuss the ways in which legacies can provide a link between life-meaning and pro-social motivation, and we consider the ways in which individuals’ social environments can moderate the intensity of the legacy motive and can impact legacy-building behavior by determining the types of legacies that are valued. Finally, we highlight the implications of these ideas for ethical behavior and sustainable decision making in business contexts. (shrink)

In _Ecological Ethics and the Human Soul: Aquinas, Whitehead, and the Metaphysics of Value_, Francisco J. Benzoni addresses the pervasive and destructive view that there is a moral gulf between human beings and other creatures. Thomas Aquinas, whose metaphysics entails such a moral gulf, holds that human beings are ultimately separate from nature. Alfred North Whitehead, in contrast, maintains that human beings are continuous with the rest of nature. These different metaphysical systems demand different ethical stances toward creation. (...) class='Hi'>Benzoni analyzes and challenges Thomas's understanding of the human soul, his primary justification for the moral separation, arguing that it is finally philosophically untenable. The author finds promising the alternative metaphysics of Whitehead, for whom human beings are a part of nature—even if the highest part; all creatures have a degree of subjectivity and creativity, and thus all have intrinsic value and moral worth, independent of subjective human valuation. Further, though there is difference, there is no moral gulf between God and the world. God is truly affected by the experience of creatures. Benzoni argues that if this vision of moral worth is articulated with sufficient force and clarity, it could help heal the human relation to our planet. “Eminently clear in concept and analysis, profound in insight, and precise in reasoning, this book not only contributes a distinguished study of Aquinas but also reshapes contemporary ecological ethics by relating it to basic issues of metaphysics. Both subsequent moral theory attentive to Aquinas and subsequent formulations of ecological ethics will be incomplete without taking account of Benzoni's argument.” —_Franklin I. Gamwell, Shailer Mathews Distinguished Service Professor of Religious Ethics, the Philosophy of Religion, and Theology, The University of Chicago Divinity School_ “In the introduction and conclusion, Francisco Benzoni makes clear the broader significance of this work for the field of ecological ethics and the future well-being of the human species on this earth. One can learn a great deal about the philosophy of both Aquinas and Whitehead in working through these pages.” —_Joseph Bracken, Xavier University _. (shrink)

This paper addresses the issue of the dynamic enforcement of a constraint in an argumentation system. The system consists in (1) an argumentation framework, made up, notably, of a set of arguments...

Alfred North Whitehead’s metaphysics provides a means for overcoming the dualism embedded in J. Baird Callicott’s “postmodern” axiology. Indeed, the lessons Callicott draws from the new physics and ecology imply Whitehead’s position. While Callicott holds that subjectivity and valuing require consciousness, Whitehead argues that subjectivity and valuing characterize all metaphysically basic entities, conscious and non-conscious. Removing the constraint that valuing requires consciousness is a slight shift, but it makes all the difference. By jettisoning this constraint, we can develop a robust (...) account of intrinsic value that overcomes Callicott’s duality, while retaining his insights that valuing requires a valuer and fluent energy is more fundamental than discrete entities. (shrink)

The centerpiece of Holmes Rolston, III’s environmental ethic is his objective value theory. It is ultimately grounded not in the Cartesian duality between subject and object, but in the divine. It is not his value theory, but rather his anthropology that is the weak link in an ethic in which he attempts to weave together the natural, human, and divine spheres. With a richer, more fully developed theological anthropology, Rolston could more deeply penetrate and critique those aspects of the present (...) ways of being-in-the-world that are environmentally destructive. (shrink)

After showing that Rolston's and Callicott's value theories are fundamentally flawed, I demonstrate that a value theory grounded in neoclassical, or process, metaphysics avoids the problems in, and incorporates insights from, these accounts. A fundamental thesis of neoclassical metaphysics is that individual creatures at all levels of reality are subjects of experience. Since individuals are subjects, this value theory meets Callicott's legitimate demand that value requires a valuer. And because such subjectivity does not depend on consciousness, this theory meets Rolston's (...) legitimate demand that intrinsic value not depend upon human valuation. (shrink)

Ce texte a été originellement publié sur le site du Centre d'Innovation et de Recherche en Pédagogie de Paris. Le constat du dernier billet selon lequel le chercheur collectif peinait à sauter le pas vers une réflexion moins orientée vers les questions pratiques a suscité le besoin de se replacer dans le cadre de recherche proposé par le CIRPP, de revenir aux axes fondamentaux et notamment à celui qui pose l'absence d'obligation de résultats. Le CC a pu revisiter tous les (...) thèmes discutés durant la - Sciences de l'éducation et de la formation. (shrink)

The objective of this study was to explore the participants’ processing strategies on the mere exposure effect, object decision priming and explicit recognition. In Experiments 1, we observed that recognition and the mere exposure effect for unfamiliar three-dimensional objects were not dissociated by plane rotations in the same way as recognition and object decision priming. However, we showed that, under identical conditions, prompting analytic processing at testing produced a large plane rotation effect on recognition and the mere exposure effect similar (...) to that observed for object decision priming. Furthermore, inducing a non-analytic processing strategy at testing produced a reduced plane rotation effect on recognition and object decision, similar to that observed for the mere exposure effect. These findings suggest that participants’ processing strategies influence performance on the three tasks. (shrink)

La percepción del estrés, el bienestar y la calidad del ambiente laboral son interdependientes y están influenciadas por factores individuales, económicos y culturales. En este estudio, el objetivo fue analizar comparativamente la percepción del estrés, el bienestar y el clima laboral en las regiones Norte y Sureste de Brasil. Participaron 235 trabajadores, 65,5% mujeres y 34,5% hombres, sin hijos (59,1%), con estudios superiores (43%), trabajando en servicios (42,1%) en régimen CLT (60,4%). Se utilizaron tres instrumentos para evaluar la percepción de (...) estrés, bienestar e incivilidad en el trabajo, en línea. Los análisis se realizaron mediante la prueba t para muestras independientes. No se observaron diferencias significativas en la percepción del estrés, el bienestar y el clima laboral entre regiones. Sin embargo, la región Sureste presentó promedios más altos en la percepción de estrés (Sureste = 1,39; Norte = 1,27) e incivismo en el trabajo (Sureste = 0,89; Norte = 0,67) y una menor percepción de buen estar (3,49) en comparación con la región Norte (3,64). En algunos ítems específicos, el Sureste tuvo medias significativamente superiores a las del Norte (p ≤ 0,05). Los datos sugieren que el ritmo de vida, las oportunidades laborales y de ingresos, el mayor riesgo de desempleo y otros factores socioeconómicos que difieren en estas regiones pueden estar afectando la percepción y la salud mental de estos trabajadores. (shrink)

n spite of their divergences, global justice thinkers tend to agree that fairness in international trade requires the removal of trade barriers and hence of protectionist measures, especially on the part of rich countries. Behind this agreement, we find different kinds of considerations, some of which related to the idea that trade liberalisation is not genuinely, or at least not wrongfully, harming members of rich countries. My main purpose in this paper is to examine this idea in more detail and (...) to show that it faces several difficulties which invite us to reconsider the moral acceptability of at least some protectionist policies. (shrink)

The doctors -- The patients -- "Misunderstandings".

This paper would like to contribute to the discussion on the formation of the idea of Europe and contextually shaping of the debate on the New World in early modern and modern history. Following an important Italian historiographic tradition, the paper discusses the eighteenth-century within a wider objective and subjective historical development.The first part of the paper focuses on the Eurocentric realigning of the relations in the Atlantic world. It argues that this realignment remains basically a middle period phenomenon. The (...) resistance by the Anglo and Hispano-American colonies to the “reforms” and the internationalisation of the crisis of American Empires actually caused a real caesura in the political history of the Atlantic.The second part of the paper focuses on the impact of the Eurocentric reorganisation of European/American relations on collective consciousness, political ideologies and historical discourses on both sides of the Atlantic. It argues that this impact was much more lasting and profound.The paper focuses finally on the anti-Eurocentrism matured in the Americas in the late eighteenth-century. It argues that this attitude declines to present the European cultural and ideological heritage, on the basis of an age-long American experience that historiography presents by now as multiethnic, multicultural and métisse. The paper suggests in particular that this American anti-Eurocentrism can be considered to some extent prototypical of a phenomenon destined to develop in nineteenth and twentieth century in the framework of the apogee, crisis and decline of Europe in the international world system and international world society. (shrink)

En 1989, une prospection archéologique de la plaine de Malia a permis la découverte d'une route à l'Est du site fouillé, conservée sur plus de 800 m entre la baie d'Haghia Varvara et le camping de Sissi. Une série d'arguments nous incite à proposer une date minoenne pour le tracé de cette route, sinon pour sa construction : la céramique récoltée en surface, les vestiges de bâtiments le long du tracé, l'itinéraire et l'aspect actuel de la route, qui trouve des (...) parallèles dans différents endroits du site archéologique de Malia, où des tronçons de routes sont attestés par des fouilles anciennes. (shrink)

Érotiques, le titre du dossier du numéro 31 de Clio HFS peut intriguer. D’emblée, disons qu’il ne s’agit pas d’un adjectif qui caractériserait les femmes et les hommes dont il sera question dans ce numéro, comme d’autres titres de la revue pourraient le suggérer. Pas davantage celles et ceux qui y ont contribué. Il ne dénote pas non plus le ton des articles du dossier qui reste, on le déplorera peut-être, d’autant plus marqué par l’austérité universitaire que le sujet paraît (...) ne pas l’être. En... (shrink)

Elle est assise le dos à un secrétaire de dame où l’on devine quelques lettres éparses et des boîtes de courrier. Elle a pris une pose sérieuse et sa main pointe négligemment vers deux livres abandonnés sur la tablette du meuble tandis que, sur son genou, s’ouvre un autre livre. Un air de gentillesse illumine son visage un peu penché, contredisant la raideur artificielle de la posture. L’enfant en costume bleu qui se pend à son bras est comme enveloppé dans (...) sa tendresse en même temps que dan... (shrink)

This paper describes the construction method of a legal application ontology. This method is based on the merging of micro-ontologies built from European community directives. The terminae construction method from texts enhanced by an alignment process with a core legal ontology is used for building micro-ontologies. A merging process allows constructing the legal ontology.

Autant que la position de la femme dans la société, le principe de la matrilinéarité juive est révélateur des normes qui régissent le lien social. Le système de filiation matrilinéaire s’est installé dans le judaïsme sur la base de l’interprétation du dit talmudique affirmant Ton fils né d’une idolâtre n’est pas ton fils mais le sien (Qid. 68b). Il entérinait un processus enclenché quelques siècles plus tôt, à l’époque de la Mishna, autour du premier siècle de l’ère, mettant un terme (...) à la longue tradition biblique qui ne percevait de filiation que patrilinéaire, et instaurait, ce faisant, un modèle de transmission de la judéité qui perdure jusqu’à nos jours. Cette transformation majeure était-elle due à une évolution interne de la pensée rabbinique rationalisant la judéité au regard des affiliations? Ou à des contraintes extérieures liées à l’imposition de nouvelles réglementations du statut de la personne? Les deux hypothèses d’interprétations sont débattues – et parfois se rejoignent – dans les recherches menées sur la filiation ou l’identité juive. Cet article examine les conditions de la transmission de l’identité de la personne, telles qu’elles ont été traitées et définies au long des siècles par l’institution de normes juridiques et sociales régulant la filiation, la conversion et l’héritage, toutes normes qui éclairent les évolutions du statut de la femme dans l’histoire du judaïsme entre l’Antiquité tardive et le Moyen Âge. (shrink)

Este artigo teve por objetivo identificar e compreender como as mulheres representam a maternidade. Para isso, foram realizadas, através de ligação telefônica, 15 entrevistas com mulheres entre 31 e 40 anos, que têm pelo menos um filho e inseridas no mercado de trabalho, utilizando para isto, um roteiro semiestruturado criado pelos pesquisadores. Através dos dados coletados, foi realizada uma análise qualitativa estruturada em duas categorias, a saber: o sentimento das participantes em relação à maternidade e a percepção da maternidade em (...) meio à outras funções, como esposa e profissional. A partir da articulação entre os relatos das entrevistas com a literatura científica utilizada, foi possível verificar que as mulheres identificam a maternidade como uma grande responsabilidade, que muitas vezes, as fazem abdicar de outras funções também importantes como esposa, profissional, ou a si mesmas enquanto pessoa. Por outro lado, também foi possível averiguar que algumas mulheres, além de representarem a maternidade como uma responsabilidade, também a entronizam como realização, expressando um sentimento de mudanças positivas em suas vidas. A partir do estudo foi possível ratificar o quanto a maternidade é valorizada pelas mulheres com filho, sendo necessário realizar mais estudos que relacionem a saúde mental de mães, com a sobrecarga e o sentimento de culpa citado por elas. (shrink)

This article explores the critical reception of The Second Sex in France in 1949. Situating debates about the book in the context of the Cold War and the intellectual hegemony of existentialism, the author analyzes the main points of disagreement among different political factions—traditional Catholics, communists, members of the noncommunist left, and progressive Christians. She argues that the sexual questions Simone de Beauvoir raised in the public sphere fueled the primary points of contention.

The field of environmental ethics has been built as a response to environmental blindness [...].

L’auteur propose une approche originale de l’ordre public culturel, construit autour de trois piliers : la liberté de création, incluant le droit à la rémunération et à la diffusion de l’œuvre, la protection du vivre-ensemble, et notamment des plus faibles, le droit pour les générations présentes et futures d’accéder aux biens culturels composant le patrimoine artistique d’une nation.

The main purpose of this article is to bring into relief the difficulties faced by generous interpretations of the Kantian problem of poverty and to propose an alternative interpretation which (a) agrees with some generous interpretations that Kant's juridical treatment of poverty is to be understood by analogy with his juridical treatment of slavery, but which (b) departs from generous interpretations in general by arguing that this analogy is not to be understood in terms of “dependence” as such, but in (...) terms of “depersonification.” More specifically, it argues that what makes slavery and poverty unjust for Kant is not that they entail a human being finding herself (completely) dependent on the choice of another human being, but that they entail a human being being deprived of her juridical personality. The Kantian problem of poverty is ultimately a problem of juridical depersonification, and this problem of juridical depersonification does not arise in all (complete) dependence relations. (shrink)

We study when the property that a field is dense in its real and p-adic closures is elementary in the language of rings and deduce that all models of the theory of algebraic fields have this property.

« Pricer », « marketer », « auto-fixing », curation, diffusion, réflexivité : cet article explore quelques-uns des innombrables ruses par lesquelles la raison de l’art jongle avec les valeurs du marché. Des travaux de Claude Rutault et Ben Kinmont servent de contre-exemples à certaines tendances dominantes.

Au volant de son taxi, Mori sillonne New York, la ville où il s’est installé après avoir vécu dans plusieurs autres pays, et qu’il aime et n’aime pas. Arrêté par les agents de contrôle de l’immigration clandestine, il est renvoyé en Afrique après un séjour en détention. Contre la frontière et ses cruautés, le récit, traversé par la pensée de Deleuze, de Derrida et de Tierno Bokar, suggère que seule la mise en œuvre d’une poétique de l’hospitalité peut redonner sens (...) à nos vies, redonner au parcours de chacun, migrants et sédentaires, le statut d’une histoire. (shrink)

In this paper, I will argue that Rawls’s duty of assistance offers an incomplete picture of our international social and economic responsibilities. I will start by presenting the two main interpretations of the ‘Rawlsian circumstances of egalitarian distributive justice’ – the first requiring the existence of a ‘certain kind’ of cooperation, the second the existence of a ‘certain kind’ of interaction with the will – and then show that none of them rules out the applicability of international principles of egalitarian (...) distributive justice. My argument will draw on societies’ participation in the World Trade Organisation (WTO). So, in the second section I will show that even though this organization is not endowed with a centralized coercive authority, its participants are asked to accept significant constraints on their behaviour and are therefore owed a special justification for these constraints. I will also suggest that the alleged voluntariness of this organization may not only be contested (especially when developing societies are involved), but may also not be sufficient to rule out requirements of distributive equality. In the third section, I will show that, as any system of cooperation, the WTO gives rise to requirements of fairness and that, given the purpose it claims to serve, not all inequalities that can be traced back to so-called ‘domestic’ factors can be considered justified. More specifically, I will argue that the fairness of the WTO requires that all its participants be given a fair chance of benefiting from global market competitions, and that this is likely to entail significant egalitarian distributive duties among societies. (shrink)

Nous vivons désormais dans un monde à la fois globalisé et culturellement différencié où les questions identitaires revêtent une importance singulière. C’est sur les différentes manières dont nous pouvons conceptualiser notre identité et nos communautés d’appartenance que sera mis l’accent dans cet article. Après avoir souligné les dangers d’une interprétation « communautarienne » de la communauté qui naturalise l’identité en la pensant comme une essence, ainsi que les apories d’une conception universaliste qui l’ouvre à l’ensemble de l’humanité sans tenir compte (...) des identités concrètes et situées, nous plaiderons ici en faveur d’une appréhension « cosmopolite » de la communauté permettant de concevoir l’identité comme plurielle et ouverte à la différence. (shrink)

Cette poupée est née le 25 décembre 1999 à Meynes. Elle est offerte par leur marraine [sic] la xviie reine d’Arles, Aurore Guibaud, et Mme Moreau Marie-José pour le passage au xxie siècle à la ville d’Arles. Bouen tous temps. Bonheur et prospérité sans fin. Souhait de bonne amitié que les anciens provençaux [sic], nos bons aïeuls, s’adressaient réciproquement en se visitant dans les grandes solennités de l’année, et dans certaines rencontres de réjouissance publique ou particulière. Aurore x...

Un siècle d’historiennes, c’est sous ce titre qu’André Burguière et Bernard Vincent ont convié vingt auteurs à dresser le portrait de vingt historiennes, dix françaises et dix étrangères. À bien des égards, l’entreprise échappe à toute tentative de classification dans un genre historiographique précis. Il ne s’agit pas, dans l’esprit des maîtres d’œuvre, d’établir un palmarès des personnalités vivantes ou disparues ayant marqué le xxe siècle. L’ouvrage n’est pas non plus une socio-histoire qu...