Un ouvrage sur le temps et un ouvrage collectif, deux raisons qui dissuaderaient peut-être de se plonger dans la lecture de Temps de travail, travail du temps qu’éditent Sylvie Monchatre et Bernard Woehl aux Éditions de la Sorbonne. On aurait tort, car on se priverait alors d’une réflexion lentement mûrie au fil d’un séminaire de deux ans qui a réuni des spécialistes confirmés des difficiles questions que posent les rapports du travail aux temps. Spécialistes rarement réunis et qu’une journée..

This essay provides an account of how to distinguish between health and pathology of trait tokens in medical theory. It proposes to distinguish between two health/pathology concepts—health/pathology pertaining to survival and health/pathology pertaining to reproduction. It defines measures for survival-efficiency and reproduction-efficiency of performances of physiological functions. It provides an account of how, using the efficiency measures, to draw the line between health and pathology. The account draws, but seeks to improve, on Christopher Boorse’s biostatistical theory. In relation to that (...) theory, the suggested account has the advantages that it defines efficiency and that it harmonizes with judgments in medical theory in cases of common diseases and “normal aging.” Furthermore, the essay argues against a competing idea of how to improve on the biostatistical theory, advocated by Peter Schwartz and Daniel Hausman. (shrink)

The field of environmental ethics has been built as a response to environmental blindness [...].

Philosopher, c'est bien faire comprendre ce que l'on pense, mais ce que l'on pense n'est ni sensible, ni audible, ni lisible, mais intelligible, c'est-à-dire saisissable par la seule intelligence. La philosophie, comme éducation du sensible, est donc aussi dissolution des réalités apparentes et congédiement de l'opinion. La réalité n'est donc pas le sensible et l'idée commune de réel est plutôt une représentation. La représentation, en effet, est sans élaboration théorique ; entièrement passive, elle ne saurait être une idée ; mais (...) elle n'est pas non plus une idée du réel, puisqu'elle ne parle, en fait, que du sensible. (shrink)

Just like other experts, members of the professions develop their craft thanks to a deep internalisation of both complex cognitive structures and a mix of habits and intuitive understandings. These non-cognitive aspects of expertise can be what distinguishes the merely competent from the truly brilliant. Yet habits can also be what makes us blind to important features of the world we inhabit. In the life of a professional, these features include the vulnerability of those seeking her services, which in turn (...) grounds the professional's particular ethical responsibility. This book develops an in-depth account of habit to understand its impact upon the way moral decisions are made in a professional context. Its central thesis is the following: what most often stands in the way of a professional meeting her ethical responsibility is not so much stupidity (or character defects) but rather the deleterious aspects of habituation. This book calls for renewed attention to be paid to habits and their relationship to ethical agency. Mostly neglected in moral and legal theory, such an inquiry not only conditions an adequate understanding of the risks inherent in a legal system's institutional structure. It is also essential if we are to come to grips with the challenges raised by the professions' growing reliance upon automated systems."--Publisher description. (shrink)

The main purpose of this article is to bring into relief the difficulties faced by generous interpretations of the Kantian problem of poverty and to propose an alternative interpretation which (a) agrees with some generous interpretations that Kant's juridical treatment of poverty is to be understood by analogy with his juridical treatment of slavery, but which (b) departs from generous interpretations in general by arguing that this analogy is not to be understood in terms of “dependence” as such, but in (...) terms of “depersonification.” More specifically, it argues that what makes slavery and poverty unjust for Kant is not that they entail a human being finding herself (completely) dependent on the choice of another human being, but that they entail a human being being deprived of her juridical personality. The Kantian problem of poverty is ultimately a problem of juridical depersonification, and this problem of juridical depersonification does not arise in all (complete) dependence relations. (shrink)

Lady Lovelace’s notes on Babbage’s Analytical Engine never refer to the concept of surprise. Having some pretension to ‘originate’ something—unlike the Analytical Engine—is neither necessary nor sufficient to being able to surprise someone. Turing nevertheless translates Lovelace’s ‘this machine is incapable of originating something’ in terms of a hypothetical ‘computers cannot take us by surprise’ objection to the idea that machines may be deemed capable of thinking. To understand the contemporary significance of what is missed in Turing’s ‘surprise’ translation of (...) Lovelace’s insight, one needs to distinguish between trivial surprises and those events, propositions or encounters that lead us to question our understanding of ourselves or what surrounds us. Only some of these non-trivial surprises are the product of originality endeavours. Not only is it uncommon for surprises to track such endeavours, the type of autonomy that would be required on the part of ‘digital computers’ for originality and surprise to intersect in that way goes far beyond the operational autonomy that can be achieved by ‘learning machines’. This paper argues that a salient translation of Lovelace’s originality insight—for contemporary and future ‘learning machines’—is an upside-down version of Turing’s surprise question: can computers be surprised by us in a non-trivial, ‘co-produced’ way? (shrink)

De Lucien de Samosate à Liu Cixin en passant par H. G. Wells, Ursula K. Le Guin, Octavia Butler, Sylvie Lainé et tant d’autres auteurs et autrices, la littérature, le cinéma et les séries de science-fiction ont inventé une myriade hallucinante d’extraterrestres, amis ou ennemis, humanoïdes ou non. Tous interrogent l’Humanité, son éthique et son devenir.

Autant que la position de la femme dans la société, le principe de la matrilinéarité juive est révélateur des normes qui régissent le lien social. Le système de filiation matrilinéaire s’est installé dans le judaïsme sur la base de l’interprétation du dit talmudique affirmant Ton fils né d’une idolâtre n’est pas ton fils mais le sien (Qid. 68b). Il entérinait un processus enclenché quelques siècles plus tôt, à l’époque de la Mishna, autour du premier siècle de l’ère, mettant un terme (...) à la longue tradition biblique qui ne percevait de filiation que patrilinéaire, et instaurait, ce faisant, un modèle de transmission de la judéité qui perdure jusqu’à nos jours. Cette transformation majeure était-elle due à une évolution interne de la pensée rabbinique rationalisant la judéité au regard des affiliations? Ou à des contraintes extérieures liées à l’imposition de nouvelles réglementations du statut de la personne? Les deux hypothèses d’interprétations sont débattues – et parfois se rejoignent – dans les recherches menées sur la filiation ou l’identité juive. Cet article examine les conditions de la transmission de l’identité de la personne, telles qu’elles ont été traitées et définies au long des siècles par l’institution de normes juridiques et sociales régulant la filiation, la conversion et l’héritage, toutes normes qui éclairent les évolutions du statut de la femme dans l’histoire du judaïsme entre l’Antiquité tardive et le Moyen Âge. (shrink)

1. Argumentation, by considering arguments and their interactions, is a way of reasoning that has proven successful in many contexts, for instance, in multi-agent applications (Carrera & Iglesias,...

Susan Broomhall et Colette H. Winn nous proposent ici les récits autobiographiques de deux femmes de la première Modernité, Renée Burlamacchi (1568-1641) et Jeanne du Laurens (1563-1631). La première doit son prénom à sa marraine Renée de France, duchesse de Ferrare et protectrice des huguenots. Fille d’un banquier fortuné de Lucques, sa famille a émigré en France au moment des guerres de Religion, puis à Genève. La deuxième est Arlésienne, fille d’une bonne famille qui compte plusieurs médec...

Un siècle d’historiennes, c’est sous ce titre qu’André Burguière et Bernard Vincent ont convié vingt auteurs à dresser le portrait de vingt historiennes, dix françaises et dix étrangères. À bien des égards, l’entreprise échappe à toute tentative de classification dans un genre historiographique précis. Il ne s’agit pas, dans l’esprit des maîtres d’œuvre, d’établir un palmarès des personnalités vivantes ou disparues ayant marqué le xxe siècle. L’ouvrage n’est pas non plus une socio-histoire qu...

This Element argues that although Kant's political thought does not tackle issues of global poverty and inequality head on, it nonetheless offers important conceptual and normative resources to think of our global socioeconomic duties. It delves into the Kantian duty to enter a rightful condition beyond the state and shows that a proper understanding of this duty not only leads us to acknowledge a duty of right to assist states that are unable to fulfil the core functions of a state, (...) but also provides valuable hints at what just transnational trade relations and a just regulation of immigration should look like. (shrink)

This paper describes the construction method of a legal application ontology. This method is based on the merging of micro-ontologies built from European community directives. The terminae construction method from texts enhanced by an alignment process with a core legal ontology is used for building micro-ontologies. A merging process allows constructing the legal ontology.

This study seeks to gain knowledge about key conditions in the process of digitalization using a socio-technical systems design as a theoretical framework and a case-study approach. Semi-structured interviews with 15 relevant stakeholders are conducted to learn about barriers to and enablers of the development and implementation process in a manufacturing company. After conducting a thematic analysis, eight higher-ranked themes relevant to the digitalization process are identified. These are grouped to describe the overarching phenomena, resulting in four enablers and four (...) barriers. The study takes a holistic view of digitalization in its investigation of the development and subsequent implementation processes. The findings contribute to the literature via three key takeaways for stakeholders of a digitalization process in manufacturing. First, it is vital to understand and strengthen the role of the key enablers identified in this paper. Second, managers should observe and identify barriers in their own organizations, related both to technical and social aspects. Third, some of the enablers described in this paper can serve managers as helpful tools to approach the expected barriers to digitalization. This paper also challenges the research literature by arguing that research conducted on digitalization that sets new standards and premises for the working life in industry needs to use up-to-date socio-technical design concepts and theories. (shrink)

Depuis 1893 jusqu’à la fin de sa vie, la question de l’individualisme des sociétés modernes n’a cessé de hanter Durkheim. Dès De la division du travail social, il fait en effet le constat que la montée de l’individualisme, en faisant éclater les structures du monde traditionnel, a conduit à une profonde crise sociale qu’il interprète avant tout comme une crise morale. Dès lors, il s’agira pour lui de repenser les conditions d’un consensus renouvelé adapté à la dynamique de la modernité. (...) Dans cette étude, nous montrerons que la réponse apportée par Durkheim à cette crise des sociétés modernes n’a cependant pas été univoque. Si en 1893, il pensait pouvoir fonder la cohésion sociale sur la solidarité fonctionnelle liée à la division du travail, c’est un tout autre modèle qu’il mobilisera à partir de 1898 et de son célèbre texte sur L’individualisme et les intellectuels. Cet article veut mettre en évidence la logique de ces deux modèles en montrant que c’est seulement à partir d’une réflexion sur la double nature de l’individualisme moderne que Durkheim trouvera le fondement d’une nouvelle et authentique solidarité. (shrink)

This special theme issue of Big Data & Society presents leading-edge, interdisciplinary research that focuses on examining how health-related information is circulating on social media. In particular, we are focusing on how computational and Big Data approaches can help to provide a better understanding of the ongoing COVID-19 infodemic and to develop effective strategies to combat it.

Recent research suggests that women react to idealized female models in advertising as they would react to real-life sexual rivals. Across four studies, we investigate the negative consequences of this imaginary competition on consumers’ mate-guarding jealousy, indirect aggression, and drive for thinness. A meta-analysis of studies 1–3 shows that women exposed to an idealized model report more mate-guarding jealousy and show increased indirect aggression, but do not report a higher desire for thinness. Study 4 replicates these findings and reveals that (...) the main driver of aggression is the sexually provocative attitude of the model, rather than her thin body size. The ethical implications of these findings for advertising are discussed in light of recent concerns about female bullying, online, and in the workplace. (shrink)

This paper addresses the issue of the dynamic enforcement of a constraint in an argumentation system. The system consists in (1) an argumentation framework, made up, notably, of a set of arguments...

Hart's and Kelsen's respective outlooks on the concept of normativity not only differ by the way they explain this concept but also, more importantly, in what they seek to achieve when endeavouring to account for the normative dimension of law. By examining Hart's and Kelsen's models in the light of Korsgaard's understanding of the “normativity problem,” my aim is to emphasise not only their contrasted perspectives, but also the common limit they impose on their theories by dismissing as inappropriate any (...) question regarding the emergence of legal normativity. On the basis of my previous arguments, I shall explain why I deem Raz's analysis of the contrast between Hart's and Kelsen's conceptions of normativity to be misleading. (shrink)

L’auteur propose une approche originale de l’ordre public culturel, construit autour de trois piliers : la liberté de création, incluant le droit à la rémunération et à la diffusion de l’œuvre, la protection du vivre-ensemble, et notamment des plus faibles, le droit pour les générations présentes et futures d’accéder aux biens culturels composant le patrimoine artistique d’une nation.

Dès que Le Deuxième sexe de Simone de Beauvoir paraît en France en 1949, il est pris dans la division intellectuelle de la guerre froide. Mais est-ce le cas dans le reste de l’Europe à mesure que les traductions du livre paraissent? Une comparaison des réceptions et traductions du livre au cours de la guerre froide manque. Elle est pourtant rendue possible grâce à trois récents tournants historiographiques : la guerre froide au prisme du genre, l’étude des circulations transnationales du (...) Deuxième sexe et la traductologie féministe. (shrink)

_ Source: _Volume 38, Issue 1, pp 106 - 128 This paper is interested in the critical potential of the idea of original common possession of the Earth. On the basis of a comparative analysis of Hugo Grotius and Immanuel Kant, it shows how different the meaning of this idea can be within a theory of property or territory. The first part is devoted to Grotius’s account of why and how the institution of property was progressively introduced. It highlights the (...) importance this account attaches to the intention of the first distributors for a good understanding of property laws, and in particular, for an understanding of their non-application in situations of extreme necessity. The second part takes the opposite path and shows that although Kant rejects the very existence of a right of necessity, the idea that one might be liberated from a law is not completely absent from, and even plays a crucial role in, his account of property. Clarification of this role ultimately leads us back to the idea of original possession in common of the Earth. (shrink)

1. In this special issue of the Journal of Applied Non-Classical Logics, we aim to celebrate the recent retirement of Philippe Besnard as directeur de recherche in the Centre National de Recherche...

We extend the characterization of extremal valued fields given in [2] to the missing case of valued fields of mixed characteristic with perfect residue field. This leads to a complete characterization of the tame valued fields that are extremal. The key to the proof is a model theoretic result about tame valued fields in mixed characteristic. Further, we prove that in an extremal valued field of finitep-degree, the images of all additive polynomials have the optimal approximation property. This fact can (...) be used to improve the axiom system that is suggested in [8] for the elementary theory of Laurent series fields over finite fields. Finally we give examples that demonstrate the problems we are facing when we try to characterize the extremal valued fields with imperfect residue fields. To this end, we describe several ways of constructing extremal valued fields; in particular, we show that in every ℵ1saturated valued field the valuation is a composition of extremal valuations of rank 1. (shrink)

The present work finds in Heidegger's 'being towards death' the basis for theological-philosophical thinking. Only the one who embraces 'being towards death' has the courage to think and poetize. This thinking, in turn, makes 'being towards death' possible, and in this circular movement of thinking and being the mystery of being reveals itself and yet remains hidden. In other words, the work describes the human response to the divine gift that precedes every human initiation.

This article aims at a reconsideration and a reappraisal of the mystical nature of Martin Heidegger’s thought in juxtaposition with the mystical theology of Meister Eckhart. My purpose here is to d...

Phil Powrie _French Cinema in the 1980s: Nostalgia and the Crisis of Masculinity_ Oxford University Press, 1997 ISBN 0-10-871119-0 (pbk) 203 pp.

L’auteur se propose de revenir sur un aspect mineur mais néanmoins capital de l’histoire culturelle contemporaine de Cuba. Escamotée par le discours convenu développé dans la tradition romanesque des Guerres de l’Indépendance nationale entre 1850 et 1950, émerge la version très progressiste du projet anticolonial et républicain adossé à l’organisation des pratiques civiques, comme forme précoce d’éducation populaire et révolutionnaire par un peuple insurgé qui lutte pour s’extraire d’un système colonialiste et pour en modifier les rapports sociaux. Ce propos et (...) ce projet seront balayés par le régime établi en 1902, mais il n’est pas infondé de voir se dessiner dans cet imaginaire et cette mémoire la continuité avec les mouvements révolutionnaires cubains du xx e siècle. (shrink)