En este trabajo, después de contrastar la opinión de Kant y Aristóteles sobre la responsabilidad y la libertad ante la coacción, y tras unas sucintas consideraciones sobre el tema de la libertad en el pensamiento islámico, se pasa revista a lo que sobre la coacción han dicho los pensadores más representativos del área islámica clásica. Estos pensadores son, ante todo, los mutakallimíes, los “teólogos” del islam, distinguiéndose entre ellos un grupo, los muʿtazilíes, que son los que han dado mayor entrada (...) a la razón en sus especulaciones, y entre estos destacan los análisis de ‘Abd al-Jabbâr que es el autor que más se ha ocupado de este asunto. Finalmente se contrasta la opinión de este autor con las de al-Bâqillânî y Algazel, cuya solución es muy próxima a la de Kant. Sigue un breve Apéndice para ilustrar la cuestión tratada a través de las reflexiones de Semprun y Améry sobre su experiencia de la coacción sufrida. (shrink)

Estudio del termino sakina en su evolucion postcoranica en el que se muestra, en primer lugar, lo que la investigacion ha dicho sobre el, para, a continuacion, presentar, traducir y analizar cinco textos pertenecientes al ambito islamico y al filosofico en donde aparece dicho termino y que no habian sido tenidos en cuenta hasta ahora. Estos textos proceden de: Ibn Habib, al-Tawhidi, traduccion arabe de los Versos aureos, y Comentarios de Jamblico y de Proclo a estos Versos aureos. La sakina (...) coranica evoluciona en estos autores pasando a connotar una pacificacion en los animales violentos en Ibn Habib y un estado cercano a la divinidad de caracteres proximos al de los sufies en al-Tawhidi, mientras que en los Versos aureos se emplea sakina para traducir daim.n, con sus efectos de eliminacion de los males originados por la discordia innata a los hombres. En los Comentarios a los Versos aureos se dan explicaciones, de corte religioso y racionalista a la vez, de dicho termino. (shrink)

Los falasifa no se mantuvieron tan imparciales en el tema de la Su`ubiyya como sugiere Goldziher, pues, al menos, en el caso del médico y filósofo al-Razi (m. 932?) ataca éste el núcleo más genuinamente árabe al polemizar contra la `arabiyya, adab, zarf, nahw, si`r... y al situar por encima de las ciencias filológicas árabes a las ciencias filosófico-científicas características del Helenismo. Por ello puede considerarse este ataque de al-Razi como un capítulo más de la polémica de la Su`ubiyya. Todo (...) esto lo expone al-Razi en el capítulo cinco de su tratado Fi l-tibb al-ruhani, que es el que se presenta y traduce en este trabajo. (shrink)

In Part I of this series [A. Poveda, A. Rinot and D. Sinapova, Sigma-Prikry forcing I: The axioms, Canad. J. Math. 73(5) (2021) 1205–1238], we introduced a class of notions of forcing which we call [Formula: see text]-Prikry, and showed that many of the known Prikry-type notions of forcing that center around singular cardinals of countable cofinality are [Formula: see text]-Prikry. We showed that given a [Formula: see text]-Prikry poset [Formula: see text] and a [Formula: see text]-name for a (...) non-reflecting stationary set [Formula: see text], there exists a corresponding [Formula: see text]-Prikry poset that projects to [Formula: see text] and kills the stationarity of [Formula: see text]. In this paper, we develop a general scheme for iterating [Formula: see text]-Prikry posets and, as an application, we blow up the power of a countable limit of Laver-indestructible supercompact cardinals, and then iteratively kill all non-reflecting stationary subsets of its successor. This yields a model in which the singular cardinal hypothesis fails and simultaneous reflection of finite families of stationary sets holds. (shrink)

A recently proposed approach to relativistic quantum mechanics is applied to the problem of a particle in a quadratic potential. The methods, both exact and approximate, allow one to obtain eigenstate energy levels and wavefunctions, using conventional numerical eigensolvers applied to Schrödinger-like equations. Results are obtained over a nine-order-of-magnitude variation of system parameters, ranging from the non-relativistic to the ultrarelativistic limits. Various trends are analyzed and discussed—some of which might have been easily predicted, others which may be a bit more (...) surprising. (shrink)

This paper proposes a state-of-the-art methodology for the analysis of stakeholders and their role and performance related to SMEs in the mining industry in the Chilean region of Coquimbo. The relationships between the actors are studied and prioritized according to their support network position. An individual index for each actor based on their influence on solving problems is provided. The social network analysis was used to know the influence of the actors in the sector through the centrality measures. Furthermore, a (...) methodology to measure stakeholders’ influence based on the multicriteria method analytic network process approach is proposed. Both methods are used to identify the main stakeholders, study their relationships, and identify the most influential actors involved in executing strategies to boost the sector performance. The results show that the network remains cohesive thanks to certain actors, while the links between private actors must be strengthened; likewise, some public actors should assume a more proactive role in dealing with the problems of the sector. (shrink)

El propósito del artículo es explicar el genocidio de la Unión Patriótica en clave de la economía nacional y su ubicación estratégica a partir de una aproximación teórica desde algunos elementos propuestos por Antonio Negri y Michael Hardt. Como conclusión se destaca que el genocidio de la up fue consecuencia de su poderío local, que ponía en riesgo la continuidad de las clases políticas dominantes en razón de sus propuestas como colectivo político. Así mismo, este hecho produjo que a raíz (...) de su origen se construyera sobre ellos un relato negativo de enemigos de la sociedad civil. Por último, las propuestas de memoria que se identificaron son consecuencia de la conquista y de la lucha social por parte de las víctimas. (shrink)

Background: In Hospital Emergency Department and Emergency Medical Services professionals experience situations in which they face difficulties or barriers to know patient’s advance directives and implement them. Objectives: To analyse the barriers, facilitators, and ethical conflicts perceived by health professionals derived from the management of advance directives in emergency services. Research design, participants, and context: This is a qualitative phenomenological study conducted with purposive sampling including a population of nursing and medical professionals linked to Hospital Emergency Department and Emergency Medical (...) Services. Three focus groups were formed, totalling 24 participants. We performed an inductive-type thematic discourse analysis. Ethical considerations: This study was approved by ethical committees of Ethical Commitee of Clínic Hospital (Barcelona) and Comittee of Emergency Medical Services (Barcelona). The participants received information about the purpose of the study. Patients’ anonymity and willingness to participate in the study were guaranteed. Findings: There were four types of barriers that hindered the proper management of patients’ advance directives in Hospital Emergency Department and Emergency Medical Services: personal and professional, family members, organisational and structural, and those derived from the health system. These barriers caused ethical conflicts and hindered professionals’ decision-making. Discussion: These results are in line with those of previous studies and indicate that factors such as gender, professional category, and years of experience, in addition to professionals’ beliefs and the opinions of colleagues and family members, can also influence the professionals’ final decisions. Conclusion: The different strategies described in this study can contribute to the development of health policies and action protocols to help reduce both the barriers that hinder the correct management and implementation of advance directives and the ethical conflicts generated. (shrink)

An action research project was carried out, using theater workshops and basic digital fabrication technology workshops to improve social skills—such as the expression of emotions, communication, self-control, and teamwork—in a group of 10 young individuals with autism spectrum disorder. This article focuses on the digital fabrication workshops, where participants worked on the fundamentals of electronics and programming, as well as 3D design and printing, to make props that were later used on stage in the theatrical performances in which they participated. (...) These workshops were systematized through observation guides. According to the results, it was evident that the participants not only enjoyed and gained technological knowledge, but that their social skill development needs were addressed. Professionals from the Special Education Faculty and the Fab Lab Kä Träre, both from Universidad Estatal a Distancia in Costa Rica, were in charge of the study during its first phase, executed in 2016 and 2017. (shrink)

The dissertation under comment is a contribution to the area of Set Theory concerned with the interactions between the method of Forcing and the so-called Large Cardinal axioms.The dissertation is divided into two thematic blocks. In Block I we analyze the large-cardinal hierarchy between the first supercompact cardinal and Vopěnka’s Principle. In turn, Block II is devoted to the investigation of some problems arising from Singular Cardinal Combinatorics.We commence Part I by investigating the Identity Crisis phenomenon in the region comprised (...) between the first supercompact cardinal and Vopěnka’s Principle. As a result, we generalize Magidor’s classical theorems [2] to this higher region of the large-cardinal hierarchy. Also, our analysis allows to settle all the questions that were left open in [1]. Finally, we conclude Part I by presenting a general theory of preservation of $C^{}$ -extendible cardinals under class forcing iterations. From this analysis we derive several applications. For instance, our arguments are used to show that an extendible cardinal is consistent with “ $^{\mathrm {HOD}}<\lambda ^+$, for every regular cardinal $\lambda $.” In particular, if Woodin’s HOD Conjecture holds, and therefore it is provable in ZFC + “There exists an extendible cardinal” that above the first extendible cardinal every singular cardinal $\lambda $ is singular in HOD and $^{\textrm {{HOD}}}=\lambda ^+$, there may still be no agreement at all between V and HOD about successors of regular cardinals.In Part II and Part III we analyse the relationship between the Singular Cardinal Hypothesis with other relevant combinatorial principles at the level of successors of singular cardinals. Two of these are the Tree Property and the Reflection of Stationary sets, which are central in Infinite Combinatorics.Specifically, Part II is devoted to prove the consistency of the Tree Property at both $\kappa ^+$ and $\kappa ^{++}$, whenever $\kappa $ is a strong limit singular cardinal witnessing an arbitrary failure of the SCH. This generalizes the main result of [3] in two senses: it allows arbitrary cofinalities for $\kappa $ and arbitrary failures for the SCH.In the last part of the dissertation we introduce the notion of $\Sigma $ -Prikry forcing. This new concept allows an abstract and uniform approach to the theory of Prikry-type forcings and encompasses several classical examples of Prikry-type forcing notions, such as the classical Prikry forcing, the Gitik-Sharon poset, or the Extender Based Prikry forcing, among many others.Our motivation in this part of the dissertation is to prove an iteration theorem at the level of the successor of a singular cardinal. Specifically, we aim for a theorem asserting that every $\kappa ^{++}$ -length iteration with support of size $\leq \kappa $ has the $\kappa ^{++}$ -cc, provided the iterates belong to a relevant class of $\kappa ^{++}$ -cc forcings. While there are a myriad of works on this vein for regular cardinals, this contrasts with the dearth of investigations in the parallel context of singular cardinals. Our main contribution is the proof that such a result is available whenever the class of forcings under consideration is the family of $\Sigma $ -Prikry forcings. Finally, and as an application, we prove that it is consistent—modulo large cardinals—the existence of a strong limit cardinal $\kappa $ with countable cofinality such that $\mathrm {SCH}_\kappa $ fails and every finite family of stationary subsets of $\kappa ^+$ reflects simultaneously. (shrink)

This article analyzes process management and its financial impact on industrial companies in Ecuador and Latin America. Through a literature review and case analysis, process management practices, their benefits and challenges, and how these practices influence the financial results of companies are explored. It highlights the key aspects that contribute to improving operational efficiency and profitability, providing recommendations for successfully implementing process management in the industrial sector.

Se presenta en este trabajo la doctrina de la šafā‘a, esto es, la intercesión escatológica del Profeta por su comunidad, desde la perspectiva de los nuevos vínculos de cohesión social de la sociedad religiosa instaurada por el islam que sustituían a la aṣabiyya tribal, constituyéndose la šafā‘a en el colofón y broche final de esos nuevos vínculos. Tras estudiar dicha doctrina se constata la seguridad de la salvación final que ofrece, elemento valiosísimo de cohesión social, y se destaca la exclusividad (...) de la šafā‘a para solo el musulmán a través de la comparación de La disputa entre los animales y el hombre de los Ijwān al-Ṣafā’ con La disputa de l’ase de Turmeda y a través de la verdadera causa de la muerte de al-Ḥallāŷ según al-Rūmī. Hay, sin embargo, una excepción a esa exclusividad ya que existen musulmanes que quedan excluidos de la šafā‘a. Son estos, los herejes, quienes con la divulgación de sus nuevas doctrinas ponen en peligro la unidad y la cohesión de la comunidad. Se termina sugiriendo el posible calco de esta doctrina islámica en la devoción a la intercesión de la Virgen, pues la devoción mariana que con tanta fuerza irrumpe en el Occidente cristiano a partir del siglo XII, y que aparece reflejado en la Cantigas de Alfonso X el Sabio y en los Milagros de Nuestra Señora de Gonzalo de Berceo, es un fenómeno cuyo origen es todavía discutido. (shrink)

This study analyses Spinoza’s Tractatus theologico politicus from the point of view of the confrontation between revealed Scripture and philosophy, and links it with the history of this confrontation in Maimonides and the Arab philosophers, highlighting similarities and differences. The three key points of the analysis are the following: Salvation through philosophy; Salvation through religion; and the guarantor of Salvation: political power.

Quantitative study of the effects of war in the Cuban population. Analysis of the demographic variables used as source of the "Report on the Census of Cuba of 1899", lifted by the American government. It includes graphics about the number and evolution of the births, inarriages and deaths in Cuba by provinces, and the natural grohth in the Island. It is demonstrated a demographic disaster associated to war, with the death of 200.000 souls approximately.

According to kin selection theory, indirect reproductive advantages may induce individuals to care for others with whom they share genes by common descent, and the amount of care, including self-sacrifice, will increase with the proportion of genes shared. Twins represent a natural situation in which this hypothesis can be tested. Twin pairs experience the same early environment because they were born and raised at the same time and in the same family but their genetic relatedness differs depending on zygosity. We (...) compared the degree of willingness to fight and sacrifice for the co-twin among monozygotic and dizygotic pairs in a sample of 1443 same-sex and opposite-sex twins. We also analyzed the effect of the subject’s gender and that of the co-twin on those altruistic behaviors. Results partly supported the postulated explanation. MZ twins were significantly more likely than DZ twins to self-sacrifice for their co-twins, but zygosity did not affect willingness to fight for him/her. The genders of the subject and of the co-twin, not genetic relatedness, were the best predictors of aggressive altruistic intentions. (shrink)

In this paper we develop a general representation theory for MV-algebras. We furnish the appropriate categorical background to study this problem. Our guide line is the theory of classifying topoi of coherent extensions of universal algebra theories. Our main result corresponds, in the case of MV-algebras and MV-chains, to the representation of commutative rings with unit as rings of global sections of sheaves of local rings. We prove that any MV-algebra is isomorphic to the MV-algebra of all global sections of (...) a sheaf of MV-chains on a compact topological space. This result is intimately related to McNaughton’s theorem, and we explain why our representation theorem can be viewed as a vast generalization of McNaughton’s theorem. In spite of the language used in this abstract, we have written this paper in the hope that it can be read by experts in MV-algebras but not in sheaf theory, and conversely. (shrink)

The confrontation between Philosophy and Sufism —as systematized by Algazel— as a means for acquiring human knowledge and happiness, provoked differing reactions among Andalusian philosophers: Avempace totally denied the claims of the sufis and declared Philosophy as the only adequate study for achieving complete satisfaction in all human potentialities. Ibn Ṭufayl undertook the Sufi path within his philosophy, combining the ecstasy searched for the sufis with Plotinian ecstasy. Averroes recognized the validity of the Sufi path, but only for the few. (...) He believed that the only normal and accesible path for the intelligent man was Philosophy. The experience of ecstasy is not contemplated in his philosophy. The synthesis of Philosophy and Sufism developed by Ibn Ṭufayl had no continuity in the western Islamic world. Philosophy being finally eliminated from the intellectual horizon by Sufism, a phenomenon which is perfectly apreciable in Ibn Khaldūn. (shrink)

In “A new proof of the completeness of the Lukasiewicz axioms” Chang proved that any totally ordered MV-algebra A was isomorphic to the segment \}\) of a totally ordered l-group with strong unit A *. This was done by the simple intuitive idea of putting denumerable copies of A on top of each other. Moreover, he also show that any such group G can be recovered from its segment since \^*}\), establishing an equivalence of categories. In “Interpretation of AF C (...) *-algebras in Lukasiewicz sentential calculus” Mundici extended this result to arbitrary MV-algebras and l-groups with strong unit. He takes the representation of A as a sub-direct product of chains A i, and observes that \ where \. Then he let A * be the l-subgroup generated by A inside \. He proves that this idea works, and establish an equivalence of categories in a rather elaborate way by means of his concept of good sequences and its complicated arithmetics. In this note, essentially self-contained except for Chang’s result, we give a simple proof of this equivalence taking advantage directly of the arithmetics of the the product l-group \, avoiding entirely the notion of good sequence. (shrink)

Estudio del término sakīna en su evolución postcoránica en el que se muestra, en primer lugar, lo que la investigación ha dicho sobre él, para, a continuación, presentar, traducir y analizar cinco textos pertenecientes al ámbito islámico y al filosófico en donde aparece dicho término y que no habían sido tenidos en cuenta hasta ahora. Estos textos proceden de: Ibn Ḥabīb, al-Tawḥīdī, traducción árabe de los Versos áureos, y Comentarios de Jámblico y de Proclo a estos Versos áureos. La sakīna (...) coránica evoluciona en estos autores pasando a connotar una pacificación en los animales violentos en Ibn Habib y un estado cercano a la divinidad de caracteres próximos al de los sufíes en al-Tawhidi, mientras que en los Versos áureos se emplea sakīna para traducir daímōn, con sus efectos de eliminación de los males originados por la discordia innata a los hombres. En los Comentarios a los Versos áureos se dan explicaciones, de corte religioso y racionalista a la vez, de dicho término. (shrink)

In this paper, we provide a set-theoretic proof of the general representation theorem for MV-algebras, which was developed by Dubuc and Poveda in 2010. The theorem states that every MV-algebra is isomorphic to the MV-algebra of all global sections of its prime spectrum. We avoid using topos theory and instead rely on basic concepts from MV-algebras, topology and set theory.

Los falāsifa no se mantuvieron tan imparciales en el tema de la Šu‛ūbiyya como sugiere Goldziher, pues, al menos, en el caso del médico y filósofo al-Rāzī ataca éste el núcleo más genuinamente árabe al polemizar contra la ‛arabiyya, adab, zarf, naḥw, ši‛r... y al situar por encima de las ciencias filológicas árabes a las ciencias filosofico-científicas características del Helenismo. Por ello puede considerarse este ataque de Al-Rāzī como un capítulo más de la polémica de la Šu‛übiyya. Todo esto lo (...) expone al-Rāzī en el capítulo cinco de su tratado Fī l-ṭibb al-rūḥānī, que es el que se presenta y traduce en este trabajo. (shrink)

The nature of Spinoza’s third kind of knowledge still remains a matter of discussion as it has not been clarified yet. This paper offers a comparison between this knowledge in Spinoza and the superior knowledge to the rational discursive knowledge that Ibn Ṭufayl puts forward in his work translated in 1671 with the title Philosophus autodidactus, a work that Spinoza knew and recommended to his friends. Since this type of knowledge in Ibn Ṭufayl is a kind of rationalization of the (...) mystic experience, and given that Spinoza highly esteemed this work by Ibn Ṭufayl, we could infer from these two hints how the nature of Spinoza’s third kind of knowledge should be understood. (shrink)

Technoscience is increasingly present in our daily lives, establishing new social rules and patterns of communication and interaction in a physical space, which implements electronic devices and telematic systems in its design. In the race for scientific progress, the goal is making man a God, like Nietzsche’s Superman, without determining how the new human morphology will be fitted. This paradigm is treated by artists who warn of the possible fate of humanity while the technoscientific, as if he or she was (...) Prometheus, dares to defy the laws of nature. Art exposes the actual course of science, and some artists complain that the false promises of scientific discourse, which is dominated by male vision, fail to be aware of the impossibility that technology is going to improve the moral dimension of human being. Some artists say that the science sermon does not deal with humanity and that the building of our future is merely phallocentric, an excessive anthropocentric vision. (shrink)

We introduce a new compactness principle which we call the gluing property. For a measurable cardinal [Formula: see text] and a cardinal [Formula: see text], we say that [Formula: see text] has the [Formula: see text]-gluing property if every sequence of [Formula: see text]-many [Formula: see text]-complete ultrafilters on [Formula: see text] can be glued into an extender. We show that every [Formula: see text]-compact cardinal has the [Formula: see text]-gluing property, yet non-necessarily the [Formula: see text]-gluing property. Finally, we (...) compute the exact consistency strength for [Formula: see text] to have the [Formula: see text]-gluing property — this being [Formula: see text]. (shrink)

ABSTRACTWe introduce the variety of Many-Valued-Weak rigs. We provide an axiomatisation and establish, in this context, basic properties about ideals, homomorphisms, quotients and radicals. This new class contains the class of product MV-algebras presented by Di Nola and Dvurečenskij in 2001 and by Montagna in 2005. The main result is the compactness of the prime spectrum of this new class, endowed with the co-Zariski topology as defined by Dubuc and Poveda in 2010.