The beliefs of the agents in a multi-agent system have been formally modelled in the last decades using doxastic logics. The possible worlds model and its associated Kripke semantics provide an intuitive semantics for these logics, but they commit us to model agents that are logically omniscient. We propose a way of avoiding this problem, using a new kind of entities called subjective situations. We define a new doxastic logic based on these entities and we show how the belief operators (...) have some desirable properties, while avoiding logical omniscience. A comparison with two well-known proposals (Levesque's logic of explicit and implicit beliefs and Thijsse's hybrid sieve systems) is also provided. (shrink)

En este ensayo se revisan algunos de los planteamientos de Imre Lakatos. El examen historiográfico, nos dice Lakatos, ha permitido comprobar que la comunidad científica, ha evaluado como importantes progresos del conocimiento y la investigación a programas que presentaban serias inconsistencias ..

`Authority', `competence' and other related concepts are determined on the basis of the concept of law as a dynamic order of norms. The norms which regulate the processes of norm creation establish empowerments (Ermächtigungen). The material domain of validity of the empowering norm is called `competence'. The concept of `person' in relation to empowering norms yields the concepts of `organ' and `authority'. The spatial domain of the validity of these norms is the spatial or territorial jurisdiction. This paper analyses the (...) basic norm and its legal functions; it considers the irregularity of legal acts and norms, as well as the legal consequences thereof, namely nullity and annulment. Additionally, the Kelsenian `Tacit Alternative Clause' is criticized and a possible solution to the problem of irregular norms is offered through new definitions of the existence, validity and legitimacy of norms. (shrink)

In the last decades, it has been argued extensively about the possibilities and merits of Social Work to apply at the recognition of its disciplinary character, which -in mind of his defenders- it would overcame the technological and ideological arguments. At the same time, it has been in play h..

Consideramos que el Ereignis tiene como condición de posibilidad la experiencia del abandono del ser. Por ello, en el centro del viraje no habría ni un giro teológico ni solamente la reciprocidad entre el arrojamiento de lo Dasein por el ser y el proyecto del ser por lo Dasein. Experimentar el abandono del ser exige un salto al abismo, a la nada del ser, lo que abre el esenciar del ser desde su ausencia, tal como se muestra en la figura (...) de la tierra. Este salto implica la transformación del hombre en Dasein: no habría una identidad entre ellos pues lo Dasein no es un ente. Por último, describiremos cómo no habría en esto último una negación de la acción ni de las consideraciones ónticas. (shrink)

En este artículo examino dos excedencias descritas en Totalidad e infinito: el elemento y el rostro. Expongo en primer lugar cómo éstas desbordan lo perceptible, comprensible o domeñable. Mientras que la filosofía del elemento, de acuerdo con mi lectura, permite describir el modo en que hay aquello que es, i.e., el acontecer material de la presencia, el rostro del Otro expone una presencia que no es constituida, sino que se expresa y significa por sí misma. En segundo lugar, explicaré algunos (...) problemas en ambas excedencias que me llevarán a concluir con el carácter teológico de la filosofía levinasiana tanto respecto del Otro como respecto del elemento. Aun así, considero que los análisis levinasianos del elemento son muy fecundos para una fenomenología de la excedencia. (shrink)

The song of Diotima. Hölderlin and music.- Hölderlin's work Hyperion shows itself to be eminently musical. On the one hand, it is an exalted form of human communication (the song of Diotima). On the other hand, it is an integral part of the nature which it describes. This paper is devoted to a study of the function of music and the interpretation of its meaning.

En una visita que hice a Kelsen en su bella casa en Berkeley, California, en el curso de la conversación, muy interesante, que duró un poco más de tres horas, escuché de sus labios que consideraba a la Ética de la Voluntad Pura de Hermann Cohen como un libro muy importante, del que él, Kelsen, había aprendido muchas cosas, más de las que podía expresarme en ese momento.

The increasing presence of women, especially university women, in risky alcohol consumption such as Binge Drinking, which is associated with gender-specific biopsychosocial problems, makes it necessary to analyze the variables underlying BD in order to adjust possible interventions more in line with their reality. The motives and expectancies of this pattern of consumption, as well as the consequences derived from it, are some of the variables that are shown to have the greatest weight in the prediction of BD. In the (...) present study we analyze, on the one hand, the performance of these variables among college women with alcohol use, and on the other hand, which of these variables allow us to classify BD. A total of 501 female university consumers of alcohol were assessed. Specifically, they completed a self-report of alcohol consumption, the Expectancy Questionnaire, the Drinking Motives Questionnaire and the Alcohol Consumption Consequences Evaluation. BD female students scored significantly higher on these instruments, except for compliance motives. The logistic regression analysis carried out to estimate the probability of performing BD using the social and conformity motives, the ACCE and positive expectancies correctly estimated have a 3.55-fold increase in the probability of having BD, compared to women classified as low risk by the ACCE. On the other hand, women classified as moderate risk by the ACCE have a 4.77-fold increase in the probability of having BD. In the case of social motives and positive expectancies, their increase multiplies by 1.165 and 1.024, respectively, the probability of having BD. The results of this study highlight the importance of adapting preventive measures to the consequences experienced by BD university students, especially in relation to the social motives and positive expectancies that modulate decision-making when engaging in this pattern of consumption. (shrink)

Human Resources Practices and unions coexist in some organisations to manage the employment relationships of the workers. In this study, we analyse how the presence/absence of unions and HRPs are combined in private European organisations, and which of these combinations are related to higher levels of wellbeing and the quality of labor relations. Data come from 24,503 workers of private organisations, obtained from the Sixth European Working Conditions Survey. Latent profiles analysis and different analyses of the variance suggested four different (...) profiles. The profile with the greatest presence of HRPs and union presence is related to the highest levels of employees' wellbeing and quality of labor relations in organisations, whereas those organisations with a low level of union presence or HRPs reached the worst levels in employees' wellbeing and quality of labor relations indicators. The results and their practical implications are discussed. (shrink)

The Multiple Reality theory represents a key piece to understand the socio-phenomenology. It is sustained by a triangulation of the phenomenology of Edmund Husserl, the vitalism of Henry Bergson and the pragmatism of William James (and it has as a background the praxeology of Ludwig Von Mises and ..

Juan-Vicente Cortés-Cuadra1 | : Cet article propose un examen de l’exemple du suicide de Sénèque dont Spinoza se sert pour rendre compte du type de causalité à l’oeuvre dans le suicide. S’agissant toujours, d’après Spinoza, d’une causalité externe, celui qui se suicide est un « impuissant d’âme » qui a été « vaincu » par une cause plus forte et contraire à sa nature. Toutefois, le cas de Sénèque met en cause cette généralisation puisque le sage stoïcien semble se (...) conduire rationnellement et être pris dans un rapport politique d’obéissance dont il ne peut se défaire. Ainsi, il semble bien être à l’opposé de l’impuissance. Enfin, nous essaierons de montrer quelle peut être une position proprement spinoziste face à quelques-uns des aspects de la question du suicide. | : This article focuses on the example of Seneca’s suicide, which Spinoza uses in order to explain what sort of causality is involved in suicide. According to Spinoza, suicide is always determined by an external cause and the person who kills herself is therefore a “weakminded” ; she has been “completely conquered” by an external force contrary to her nature. Nevertheless, the case of Seneca puts this generalization into question because the wise stoic appears to behave rationally and, moreover, is situated within political relationship of obedience from which he cannot escape. Thus, he seems to be representing the polar opposite of a weak person. Finally, we will attempt to conceptualize what a properly spinozistic position concerning suicide is and how it may face some of the issues pertaining to the problem of suicide. (shrink)

It is well known that the formal system developed by Frege in Begriffsschrift is based upon the distinction between function and argument—as opposed to the traditional distinction between subject and predicate. Almost all of the modern commentaries on Frege's work suggest a semantic interpretation of this distinction, and identify it with the ontological structure of function and object, upon which Grundgesetze is based. Those commentaries agree that the system proposed by Frege in Begriffsschrift has some gaps, but it is taken (...) as an essentially correct formal system for second-order logic: the first one in the history of logic. However, there is strong textual evidence that such an interpretation should be rejected. This evidence shows that the nature of the distinction between function and argument is stated by Frege in a significantly different way: it applies only to expressions and not to entities. The formal system based on this distinction is tremendously flexible and is suitable for making explicit the logical structure of contents as well as of deductive chains. We put forward a new reconstruction of the function-argument scheme and the quantification theory in Begriffsschrift. After that, we discuss the usual semantic interpretation of Begriffsschrift and show its inconsistencies with a rigorous reading of the text. (shrink)

Firm managers play an important role in the implementation of corporate social responsibility (CSR) actions. Education is emerging as the key factor in developing a sense of moral responsibility amongst the business students who will eventually become company managers and decision makers. The aim of this research is, thus, twofold. First, to analyze the existence of a direct positive correlation between university students’ perception of CSR and its impact on business performance; and second, to examine the extent to which two (...) factors (advantages brought by CSR and responsibilities toward stakeholders) act as mediation variables in the aforementioned correlation. The analysis was performed with a sample of 390 business‐related university students. Amongst the potential contributions made by this study we can highlight the possibility of knowing future managers’ way of thinking and of knowing the aspects where educational centers might improve their CSR teaching. (shrink)

Ethical theories grounded in utilitarianism suggest that social welfare is improved when agents seek to maximize others' welfare in addition to their own (i.e., are altruistic). However, I use a simple game-theoretic model to demonstrate two shortcomings of this argument. First, altruistic preferences can generate coordination problems where none exist for selfish agents. Second, when agents care somewhat about others' utility but weight their own more highly, total social welfare may be lower than with selfish agents even in the absence (...) of coordination problems. (Published Online April 18 2006) Correspondence:c1 105 St. George St., Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E6; [email protected]. Footnotes1 I thank Adam Brandenburger and Mara Lederman for helpful comments. (shrink)

El presente artículo presenta una serie de apuntes que buscan una aproximación a la dimensión política del concepto de ritornelo en Deleuze, por ello, no posee un carácter concluyente sino que su única pretensión es mostrar una problemática implícita, nos parece, en el ritornelo y su dimensión política, es decir, la expresión de la dimensión política en la relación del ritornelo con el cuerpo, dicha relación, nos mostraría al acto de resistencia como una alternativa política. Para ello; en el primer (...) apartado se revisan algunas características del ritornelo que, a nuestro criterio, son imprescindibles para comprender su dimensión política. En el segundo apartado presentamos una serie de apuntes que permiten aproximarnos a su dimensión política y al modo como ésta se relaciona con la creación de un Cuerpo sin Órganos problematizando dicha relación y mostrando que ésta se articula a partir de la resistencia como una alternativa política. Este recorrido nos permitirá mostrar en la conclusión que efectivamente existe una relación entre el ritornelo y el cuerpo sin órganos y que es solo a partir de su manifestación en el cuerpo que puede expresarse su dimensión política. (shrink)