Results for 'Variables'

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  1. A Cognitive Approach to Temporal Information Processing.an Independent Variable - 1990 - In Richard A. Block, Cognitive Models of Psychological Time. Lawrence Erlbaum.
  2. Hacia Una descripción basada en la conjunción de variables jerarquizadas no linealmente José padua Gabriel.En la Conjunción de Variables - 2005 - Ludus Vitalis 13 (23):117-129.
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  3.  24
    Anafora ako premenná?M. Kosterec & Anaphora as A. Variable - 2012 - Filozofia 67 (3):221.
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  4.  29
    La variable ideológica como elemento central para la constitución y desarrollo de capital social.Jorge Brower Beltramin - 2011 - Polis: Revista Latinoamericana 29.
    El concepto de capital social ha sido abordado con gran interés en las últimas décadas por la sociología y las teorías del desarrollo en general. Todas las investigaciones tanto teóricas como aplicadas, reconocen en esta forma de capital la ayuda recíproca y la cooperación como sus componentes fundamentales. Este artículo tiene por objetivo, desarrollar una reflexión respecto a la importancia de la variable ideológica para la constitución y desarrollo de capital social. En este contexto, la literatura especializada concuerda en la (...)
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  5. Variable Objects and Truthmaking.Friederike Moltmann - 2020 - In Mircea Dumitru, Metaphysics, Meaning, and Modality: Themes From Kit Fine. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
    This paper will focus on a philosophically significant construction whose semantics brings together two important notions in Kit Fine’s philosophy, the notion of truthmaking and the notion of a variable embodiment, or its extension, namely what I call a ‘variable object’. This is the construction of definite NPs like 'the number of people that can fit into the bus', 'the book John needs to write', and 'the gifted mathematician John claims to be'. Such NPs are analysed as standing for variable (...)
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  6.  87
    Pure Variable Inclusion Logics.Francesco Paoli, Michele Pra Baldi & Damian Szmuc - forthcoming - Logic and Logical Philosophy:1-22.
    The aim of this article is to discuss pure variable inclusion logics, that is, logical systems where valid entailments require that the propositional variables occurring in the conclusion are included among those appearing in the premises, or vice versa. We study the subsystems of Classical Logic satisfying these requirements and assess the extent to which it is possible to characterise them by means of a single logical matrix. In addition, we semantically describe both of these companions to Classical Logic (...)
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  7.  67
    Hidden variables and bell inequalities on quantum logics.Pulmannova Sylvia - 2002 - Foundations of Physics 32 (2).
    In the quantum logic approach, Bell inequalities in the sense of Pitowski are related with quasi hidden variables in the sense of Deliyannis. Some properties of hidden variables on effect algebras are discussed.
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  8.  29
    Revisiting variable-value population principles.Walter Bossert, Susumu Cato & Kohei Kamaga - 2023 - Economics and Philosophy 39 (3):468-484.
    We examine a general class of variable-value population principles. Our particular focus is on the extent to which such principles can avoid the repugnant and sadistic conclusions. We show that if a mild limit property is imposed, avoidance of the repugnant conclusion implies the sadistic conclusion. This result generalizes earlier observations by showing that they apply to a substantially larger class of principles. Our second theorem states that, under the limit property, the axiom of mere addition also conflicts with avoidance (...)
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  9. Personal Variables and Their Impact on Promoting Job Creation in Gaza Strip through Business Incubators.Maram O. Owda, Rasha O. Owda, Mohammed N. Abed, Samia A. M. Abdalmenem, Samy S. Abu-Naser & Mazen J. Al Shobaki - 2019 - International Journal of Academic Accounting, Finance and Management Research (IJAAFMR) 3 (8):65-77.
    The study aimed at identifying the personal variables and their effect in promoting job creation in Gaza Strip through business incubators. The researchers used the descriptive analytical approach to achieve the study objectives. The study population consisted of 92 of the pilot projects benefiting from the three business incubators in Gaza Strip (Palestinian Information Technology Incubator, UCAS Technology Incubator and Business and Technology Incubator). The study reached a number of results, the most important of which are the existence of (...)
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  10. Iconic variables.Philippe Schlenker, Jonathan Lamberton & Mirko Santoro - 2013 - Linguistics and Philosophy 36 (2):91-149.
    We argue that some sign language loci (i.e. positions in signing space that realize discourse referents) are both formal variables and simplified representations of what they denote; in other words, they are simultaneously logical symbols and pictorial representations. We develop a 'formal semantics with iconicity' that accounts for their dual life; the key idea ('formal iconicity') is that some geometric properties of signs must be preserved by the interpretation function. We analyze in these terms three kinds of iconic effects (...)
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  11.  24
    One-Variable Fragments of First-Order Logics.Petr Cintula, George Metcalfe & Naomi Tokuda - 2024 - Bulletin of Symbolic Logic 30 (2):253-278.
    The one-variable fragment of a first-order logic may be viewed as an “S5-like” modal logic, where the universal and existential quantifiers are replaced by box and diamond modalities, respectively. Axiomatizations of these modal logics have been obtained for special cases—notably, the modal counterparts $\mathrm {S5}$ and $\mathrm {MIPC}$ of the one-variable fragments of first-order classical logic and first-order intuitionistic logic, respectively—but a general approach, extending beyond first-order intermediate logics, has been lacking. To this end, a sufficient criterion is given in (...)
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  12. Spatial variability of plankton composition and biomass on the eastern continental shelf of the Bay of Biscay (north-east Atlantic Ocean).L. Lambert, B. Queguiner, T. Labasque, A. Pichon & N. Lebreton - 2002 - Continent. Shelf Res 22:1225-1247.
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  13. Contextual hidden variables theories and Bell’s inequalities.Abner Shimony - 1984 - British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 35 (1):25-45.
    Noncontextual hidden variables theories, assigning simultaneous values to all quantum mechanical observables, are inconsistent by theorems of Gleason and others. These theorems do not exclude contextual hidden variables theories, in which a complete state assigns values to physical quantities only relative to contexts. However, any contextual theory obeying a certain factorisability conditions implies one of Bell's Inequalities, thereby precluding complete agreement with quantum mechanical predictions. The present paper distinguishes two kinds of contextual theories, ‘algebraic’ and ‘environmental’, and investigates (...)
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  14.  32
    Variability and control in dichotic memory.Stanley R. Parkinson - 1974 - Journal of Experimental Psychology 102 (1):67.
  15.  22
    Variability of Practice, Information Processing, and Decision Making—How Much Do We Know?Stanisław H. Czyż - 2021 - Frontiers in Psychology 12.
    Decision-making is a complex action requiring efficient information processing. Specifically, in movement in which performance efficiency depends on reaction time, e.g., open-loop controlled movements, these processes may play a crucial role. Information processing includes three distinct stages, stimulus identification, response selection, and response programming. Mainly, response selection may play a substantial contribution to the reaction time and appropriate decision making. The duration of this stage depends on the number of possible choices an individual has to “screen” to make a proper (...)
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  16.  91
    Free-variable tableaux for propositional modal logics.Bernhard Beckert & Rajeev GorÉ - 2001 - Studia Logica 69 (1):59-96.
    Free-variable semantic tableaux are a well-established technique for first-order theorem proving where free variables act as a meta-linguistic device for tracking the eigenvariables used during proof search. We present the theoretical foundations to extend this technique to propositional modal logics, including non-trivial rigorous proofs of soundness and completeness, and also present various techniques that improve the efficiency of the basic naive method for such tableaux.
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  17. Service Variability and Consumer Perceptions of Value and Quality.S. McQuitty, M. R. Hyman, R. Oliver, P. Sautter & A. Stratemeyer - forthcoming - Nmsu Department of Marketing Working Paper Series.
     
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  18.  34
    Geographical variability, pheromones.Edward M. Miller - 2000 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 23 (4):614-614.
    The worldwide variation in mating strategies can be explained by differential paternal investment theory, which traces the differences back to the climates where the various peoples (races) evolved. Male provisioning is necessary for women and children to survive cold winters, which is less essential for tropical women. Androstenone may be the substance that makes symmetrical men smell better to fertile females.
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  19. Hidden Variables and the Two Theorems of John Bell.N. David Mermin - 1993 - Reviews of Modern Physics 65:803--815.
    Although skeptical of the prohibitive power of no-hidden-variables theorems, John Bell was himself responsible for the two most important ones. I describe some recent versions of the lesser known of the two (familiar to experts as the "Kochen-Specker theorem") which have transparently simple proofs. One of the new versions can be converted without additional analysis into a powerful form of the very much better known "Bell's Theorem," thereby clarifying the conceptual link between these two results of Bell.
     
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  20. Genetic variability of lucerne landraces from central Italy detected by RAPD markers.L. Russi, G. Barcaccia, M. Falcinelli & F. Veronesi - 1997 - Between Species 26:297-302.
     
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  21.  37
    Variability, continuity and trust – towards an understanding of uncertainty in health and health care.Joachim P. Sturmberg - 2010 - Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice 16 (3):401-402.
  22. Interaction variables of interpersonal trust.Kim Giffin - 1973 - Humanitas 9 (3):297-315.
     
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  23. Reference variables and the empty universe.H. G. Callaway - 1979 - Logique Et Analyse 22 (85):85.
    In this early paper I set out an argument in favor of the standard semantics of first-order logic, to the effect that (Vx)(Ey)x=y. Though my arguments from the paper have since been revised in details, The conclusion of the paper seems still viable and acceptable.
     
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  24. Using Variability to Guide Dimensional Weighting: Associative Mechanisms in Early Word Learning.Keith S. Apfelbaum & Bob McMurray - 2011 - Cognitive Science 35 (6):1105-1138.
    At 14 months, children appear to struggle to apply their fairly well-developed speech perception abilities to learning similar sounding words (e.g., bih/dih; Stager & Werker, 1997). However, variability in nonphonetic aspects of the training stimuli seems to aid word learning at this age. Extant theories of early word learning cannot account for this benefit of variability. We offer a simple explanation for this range of effects based on associative learning. Simulations suggest that if infants encode both noncontrastive information (e.g., cues (...)
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  25. (1 other version)Variable-Binders as Functors.Achille C. Varzi - 1995 - Poznan Studies in the Philosophy of the Sciences and the Humanities 40:303-19.
    This work gives an extended presentation of the treatment of variable-binding operators adumbrated in [3:1993d]. Illustrative examples include elementary languages with quantifiers and lambda-equipped categorial languages. Some remarks are also offered to illustrate the philosophical import of the resulting picture. Particularly, a certain conception of logic emerges from the account: the view that logics are true theories in the model-theoretic sense, i.e. the result of selecting a certain class of models as the only “admissible” interpretation structures (for a given language).
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  26. The Variable Value of US Legal Education in the Global Legal Services Market.Carole Silver - 2011 - Georgetown Journal of Legal Ethics 24 (1):35-36.
  27. Control variables and mental causation.John Campbell - 2010 - Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 110 (1pt1):15-30.
    I introduce the notion of a ‘control variable’ which gives us a way of seeing how mental causation could be an unproblematic case of causation in general, rather than being some sui generis form of causation. Psychological variables may be the control variables for a system for which there are no physical control variables, even in a deterministic physical world. That explains how there can be psychological causation without physical causation, even in a deterministic physical world.
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  28.  50
    Variable Population Poverty Comparisons.Nicole Hassoun & S. Subramanian - 2012 - Journal of Development Economics 98 (2):238-241.
    This paper demonstrates that the property of Replication Invariance, generally considered to be an innocuous requirement for the extension of fixed-population poverty comparisons to variable-population contexts, is incompatible with other plausible variable- and fixed-population axioms. This fact raises questions about what constitutes an appropriate headcount assessment of poverty, in terms of whether one should focus on the proportion, or the absolute numbers, of the population in poverty. This observation, in turn, has important implications for tracking poverty and setting targets for (...)
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  29. The problem of variable choice.James Woodward - 2016 - Synthese 193 (4):1047-1072.
    This paper explores some issues about the choice of variables for causal representation and explanation. Depending on which variables a researcher employs, many causal inference procedures and many treatments of causation will reach different conclusions about which causal relationships are present in some system of interest. The assumption of this paper is that some choices of variables are superior to other choices for the purpose of causal analysis. A number of possible criteria for variable choice are described (...)
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  30. Phenomenal Variability and Introspective Reliability.Jakob Hohwy - 2011 - Mind and Language 26 (3):261-286.
    There is surprising evidence that introspection of our phenomenal states varies greatly between individuals and within the same individual over time. This puts pressure on the notion that introspection gives reliable access to our own phenomenology: introspective unreliability would explain the variability, while assuming that the underlying phenomenology is stable. I appeal to a body of neurocomputational, Bayesian theory and neuroimaging findings to provide an alternative explanation of the evidence: though some limited testing conditions can cause introspection to be unreliable, (...)
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  31.  33
    Logics of variable inclusion and the lattice of consequence relations.Michele Pra Baldi - 2020 - Journal of Applied Non-Classical Logics 30 (4):367-381.
    In this paper, first, we determine the number of sublogics of variable inclusion of an arbitrary finitary logic ⊢ with a composition term. Then, we investigate their position into the lattice of co...
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  32.  75
    Variables as stacks.C. F. M. Vermeulen - 2000 - Journal of Logic, Language and Information 9 (2):143-167.
    The development of the dynamic semantics of natural languagehas put issues of variable control on the agenda of formal semantics. Inthis paper we regard variables as names for stacks of values and makeexplicit several control actions as push and pop actions on stacks. Weapply this idea both to static and dynamic languages and compare theirfinite variable hierarchies, i.e., the relation between the number ofvariable stacks that is available and the expressivity of the language.This can be compared in natural languages (...)
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  33. Topic Transparency and Variable Sharing in Weak Relevant Logics.Thomas Macaulay Ferguson & Shay Allen Logan - forthcoming - Erkenntnis:1-28.
    In this paper, we examine a number of relevant logics’ variable sharing properties from the perspective of theories of topic or subject-matter. We take cues from Franz Berto’s recent work on topic to show an alignment between families of variable sharing properties and responses to the topic transparency of relevant implication and negation. We then introduce and defend novel variable sharing properties stronger than strong depth relevance—which we call cn-relevance and lossless cn-relevance—showing that the properties are satisfied by the weak (...)
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  34.  43
    Scientific Variables.Benjamin C. Jantzen - 2021 - Philosophies 6 (4):103.
    Despite their centrality to the scientific enterprise, both the nature of scientific variables and their relation to inductive inference remain obscure. I suggest that scientific variables should be viewed as equivalence classes of sets of physical states mapped to representations (often real numbers) in a structure preserving fashion, and argue that most scientific variables introduced to expand the degrees of freedom in terms of which we describe the world can be seen as products of an algorithmic inductive (...)
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  35. The Antinomy of the Variable: A Tarskian Resolution.Bryan Pickel & Brian Rabern - 2016 - Journal of Philosophy 113 (3):137-170.
    Kit Fine has reawakened a puzzle about variables with a long history in analytic philosophy, labeling it “the antinomy of the variable”. Fine suggests that the antinomy demands a reconceptualization of the role of variables in mathematics, natural language semantics, and first-order logic. The difficulty arises because: (i) the variables ‘x’ and ‘y’ cannot be synonymous, since they make different contributions when they jointly occur within a sentence, but (ii) there is a strong temptation to say that (...)
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  36. Introducing Variable-Rate Rule-Utilitarianism.Michael Ridge - 2006 - Philosophical Quarterly 56 (223):242 - 253.
    The basic idea of rule-utilitarianism is that right action should be defined in terms of what would be required by rules which would maximize either actual or expected utility if those rules gained general acceptance, or perhaps general compliance. Rule-utilitarians face a dilemma. They must characterize 'general acceptance' either as 100% acceptance, or as something less. On the first horn of the dilemma, rule-utilitarianism in vulnerable to the charge of utopianism; on the second, it is open to the charge of (...)
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  37.  17
    Stimulus variables and subject variables: A caution.George Mandler - 1959 - Psychological Review 66 (3):145-149.
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  38. Environmental Variability and the Emergence of Meaning: Simulational Studies across Imitation, Genetic Algorithms, and Neural Nets.Patrick Grim - 2006 - In Angelo Loula, Ricardo Gudwin & Jo?O. Queiroz, Artificial Cognition Systems. Idea Group Publishers. pp. 284-326.
    A crucial question for artificial cognition systems is what meaning is and how it arises. In pursuit of that question, this paper extends earlier work in which we show that emergence of simple signaling in biologically inspired models using arrays of locally interactive agents. Communities of "communicators" develop in an environment of wandering food sources and predators using any of a variety of mechanisms: imitation of successful neighbors, localized genetic algorithms and partial neural net training on successful neighbors. Here we (...)
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  39. Causal Variable Choice, Interventions, and Pragmatism.Zili Dong - 2023 - Dissertation, University of Western Ontario
    The past century has witnessed numerous methodological innovations in probabilistic and statistical methods of causal inference (e.g., the graphical modelling and the potential outcomes frameworks, as introduced in Chapter 1). These innovations have not only enhanced the methodologies by which scientists across diverse domains make causal inference, but they have also made a profound impact on the way philosophers think about causation. The philosophical issues discussed in this thesis are stimulated and inspired by these methodological innovations. Chapter 2 addresses the (...)
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  40. Binding bound variables in epistemic contexts.Brian Rabern - 2021 - Inquiry: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Philosophy 64 (5-6):533-563.
    ABSTRACT Quine insisted that the satisfaction of an open modalised formula by an object depends on how that object is described. Kripke's ‘objectual’ interpretation of quantified modal logic, whereby variables are rigid, is commonly thought to avoid these Quinean worries. Yet there remain residual Quinean worries for epistemic modality. Theorists have recently been toying with assignment-shifting treatments of epistemic contexts. On such views an epistemic operator ends up binding all the variables in its scope. One might worry that (...)
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  41.  22
    Finite satisfiability for two‐variable, first‐order logic with one transitive relation is decidable.Ian Pratt-Hartmann - 2018 - Mathematical Logic Quarterly 64 (3):218-248.
    We consider two‐variable, first‐order logic in which a single distinguished predicate is required to be interpreted as a transitive relation. We show that the finite satisfiability problem for this logic is decidable in triply exponential non‐deterministic time. Complexity falls to doubly exponential non‐deterministic time if the transitive relation is constrained to be a partial order.
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  42.  31
    Variability in emotion regulation strategy use is negatively associated with depressive symptoms.Xiaoqin Wang, Scott D. Blain, Jie Meng, Yuan Liu & Jiang Qiu - 2021 - Cognition and Emotion 35 (2):324-340.
    Variability in the emotion regulation (ER) strategies one uses throughout daily life has been suggested to reflect adaptive ER ability and to act as a protective factor in mental health. Moreover, psychological inflexibility and persistent negative affect (or affective inertia) are key features of depression and other forms of mental illness and are often further exacerbated by rigid or overly passive regulatory behaviours. The current study investigated the hypothesis that ER variability might serve as a protective factor against depressive symptoms (...)
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  43.  11
    Left Variable Inclusion Logics Associated with Classical Logic.Francesco Paoli & Michele Pra Baldi - 2024 - Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic 65 (4):457-480.
    Logics of significance have been proposed in an attempt to overcome the shortcomings of classical logic as a model of reasoning in the presence of nonsignificant (e.g., meaningless, ill-formed, unverifiable) sentences. Many-valued logicians have addressed this problem by introducing logics with infectious truth values. Cases in point are the weak Kleene logics B3 (paracomplete weak Kleene logic) and PWK (paraconsistent weak Kleene logic). Over time, it has become clear that the valid entailments of these significance logics obey variable inclusion patterns (...)
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  44.  22
    On Universality of Classical Probability with Contextually Labeled Random Variables.Ehtibar N. Dzhafarov & Maria Kon - 2018 - Journal of Mathematical Psychology 85:17-24.
    One can often encounter claims that classical (Kolmogorovian) probability theory cannot handle, or even is contradicted by, certain empirical findings or substantive theories. This note joins several previous attempts to explain that these claims are unjustified, illustrating this on the issues of (non)existence of joint distributions, probabilities of ordered events, and additivity of probabilities. The specific focus of this note is on showing that the mistakes underlying these claims can be precluded by labeling all random variables involved contextually. Moreover, (...)
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  45. Variable Binding Term Operators.John Corcoran, William Hatcher & John Herring - 1972 - Zeitschrift fur mathematische Logik und Grundlagen der Mathematik 18 (12):177-182.
    Chapin reviewed this 1972 ZEITSCHRIFT paper that proves the completeness theorem for the logic of variable-binding-term operators created by Corcoran and his student John Herring in the 1971 LOGIQUE ET ANALYSE paper in which the theorem was conjectured. This leveraging proof extends completeness of ordinary first-order logic to the extension with vbtos. Newton da Costa independently proved the same theorem about the same time using a Henkin-type proof. This 1972 paper builds on the 1971 “Notes on a Semantic Analysis of (...)
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  46. Variables of Scientific Concept Modeling and Their Formalization.Vladimir Kuznetsov - 2009 - In В.И Маркин, Philosophy of mathematics: current problems. Proceedings of the second international conference (Философия математики: актуальные проблемы. Тезисы второй международной конференции). pp. 268-270.
    There are no universally adopted answers to the natural questions about scientific concepts: What are they? What is their structure? What are their functions? How many kinds of them are there? Do they change? Ironically, most if not all scientific monographs or articles mention concepts, but the scientific studies of scientific concepts are rare in occurrence. It is well known that the necessary stage of any scientific study is constructing the model of objects in question. Many years logical modeling was (...)
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  47. Does the Problem of Variability Justify Barrett’s Emotion Revolution?Raamy Majeed - 2023 - Review of Philosophy and Psychology 14 (4):1421-1441.
    The problem of variability concerns the fact that empirical data does not support the existence of a coordinated set of biological markers, either in the body or the brain, which correspond to our folk emotion categories; categories like anger, happiness, sadness, disgust and fear. Barrett (2006a, b, 2013, 2016, 2017a, b) employs this fact to argue (i) against the faculty psychology approach to emotion, e.g. emotions are the products of emotion-specific mechanisms, or “modules”, and (ii) for the view that emotions (...)
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  48. Some variables affecting speech pause reports.S. Carpenter & Dc Oconnell - 1987 - Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 25 (5):352-352.
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  49. Variable versus fixed-rate rule-utilitarianism.Brad Hooker & Guy Fletcher - 2008 - Philosophical Quarterly 58 (231):344–352.
    Fixed-rate versions of rule-consequentialism and rule-utilitarianism evaluate rules in terms of the expected net value of one particular level of social acceptance, but one far enough below 100% social acceptance to make salient the complexities created by partial compliance. Variable-rate versions of rule-consequentialism and rule-utilitarianism instead evaluate rules in terms of their expected net value at all different levels of social acceptance. Brad Hooker has advocated a fixed-rate version. Michael Ridge has argued that the variable-rate version is better. The debate (...)
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  50.  47
    Variable Sharing in Substructural Logics: An Algebraic Characterization.Guillermo Badia - 2018 - Bulletin of the Section of Logic 47 (2):107-115.
    We characterize the non-trivial substructural logics having the variable sharing property as well as its strong version. To this end, we find the algebraic counterparts over varieties of these logical properties. -/- .
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