El presente trabajo trata de aportar una reflexión sobre los orígenes y evoluciones del nacionalismo vasco en atención a su rechazo a la modernidad, comprendiendo reflexivamente este rechazo en relación a las críticas a la modernidad realizadas por la primera generación de la Escuela de Frankfurt y considerando la posibilidad, y en virtud de lo anterior, de replantear la reactancia del nacionalismo vasco no en un sentido reaccionario, sino con un significado revolucionario. Se analizará el primer nacionalismo (...) class='Hi'>vasco fundado por Sabino Arana en el siglo XIX y el surgido a partir de la organización ETA, la izquierda abertzale, durante los años 60. (shrink)

What are the roles of semantic and pragmatic processes in the interpretation of sentences in context? And how do we attain such interpretations when sentences are deemed indeterminate? Consider a sentence such as “Lisa began the book” which does not overtly express the activity that Lisa began doing with the book. Although it is believed that individuals compute a specified event to enrich the sentential representation – yielding, e.g., “began [reading] the book” – there is no evidence that a default (...) event meaning is attained. Moreover, if indeterminate sentences are enriched, it is not clear where the information required to generate enriched interpretations come from. Experiment 1 showed that, in isolation, there is no default interpretation for indeterminate sentences. The experiment also showed that biasing contexts constrain event interpretations and improve plausibility judgments, suggesting that event representations for indeterminate sentences are generated by context. In Experiment 2, participants heard biasing discourse contexts and later falsely recognized foil sentences containing the biased events (“Lisa began reading the book”) at the same proportion and with the same confidence as the original indeterminate sentence (“Lisa began the book”). We suggest that indeterminate sentences trigger event-enriching inferences but only in sufficiently constraining contexts. We also suggest that indeterminate sentences create two memory traces, one for the proposition consistent with the denotational, compositional meaning, and another for the proposition that is enriched pragmatically over time. (shrink)

Do ponto de vista ontológico, epistemológico e ético, Santo Agostinho foi influenciado, além das Escrituras, pela filosofia estoica, pelo neoplatonismo ou, mais exatamente, por aqueles pensadores que ele denomina os “filósofos platônicos”. Com relação à influência recebida dos estoicos, a ênfase recaía não somente sobre o conceito de virtude, mas também sobre outras noções essencialmente relacionadas com o agir moral. Quanto ao plano ontológico e epistemológico, foi mormente a visão platônica ou neoplatônica dos dois mundos que encontrou no Bispo de (...) Hipona a sua mais decisiva adesão. De um lado, portanto, existe o mundo sensível e, consequentemente, mutável, caduco, não consistente e não autossuficiente; de outro, porém, existe o mundo espiritual e, por conseguinte, imarcescível, imutável e eterno. Mas a questão principal à qual urge responder é esta: quem, finalmente, foram os “filósofos platônicos” aos quais se refere o autor das Confissões? É desta problemática, e das ambiguidades que ela comporta, que eu me ocuparei ao longo destas reflexões. (shrink)

This article explores the ways in which suspects attempt to make putative victims/complainants at least partially responsible for the incidents for which they are investigated, transforming themselves into the victim and the other into the perpetrator. Drawing upon conversation analysis, I examine audio-recorded police interviews for low-level crimes in England and in which suspects have constructed what I refer as counter-denunciations. I argue that suspects accomplish these counter-denunciations through discursive practices that involve, for example (a) contrasting the complainant’s actions with (...) their own innocent conduct; (b) historicizing the event being investigated; and (c) discrediting the complainant’s character—stigmatizing. These practices have in common the suspects’ reliance on the relational and contextual character of the categories ‘offender’ and ‘victim’. (shrink)

Neste trabalho analisamos a dinâmica da representação política não eleitoral de demandas indígenas em campanhas realizadas pela ONG Greenpeace Brasil da organização Mobilização Nacional Indígena (MNI). Nosso objetivo é identificar táticas de comunicação on-line a partir de conteúdos publicados pelas organizações em suas fanpages na rede social Facebook, entre março e agosto de 2016, período de intensificação de discussões sobre o licenciamento ambiental para a construção da hidrelétrica de São Luiz do Tapajós, que alagaria parte do território Munduruku, no Pará. (...) Identificamos as principais demandas defendidas por Greenpeace e MNI e características das ações considerando as categorias Information politics, Symbolic politics, Leverage politics e Accountability politics. (shrink)

Burnout has been recognized as a serious health problem. In Portugal, before COVID-19 Pandemic, there were strong indicators of high prevalence of burnout in physicians and nurses. However, the Portuguese Health Care Service was able to efficiently respond to the increased demands. This study intends to understand how psychosocial variables might have been protective factors for burnout in physicians and nurses in Portugal. Specifically, we considered several psychosocial variables that have been found to be protective factors for burnout in previous (...) research and we compared their predictive and unique impact in the prediction of burnout. These variables are perceptions of justice (distributive, procedural, justice from colleagues, justice from patients, and their families), professional identification, meaningful work and empathy. We also included workload, as a risk factor, and controlled other variables that can be confounds for burnout, such as socio-demographic variables, ideological variables (religiosity, political orientation), and specific variables related with COVID-19 pandemic. The sample of the present study is composed by 229 physicians (aged between 23 and 70 years old,M= 36.54;SD= 10.72; 48% male and 52% female) and 268 nurses (aged between 22 and 69 years old,M= 34.96;SD= 9.52; 27% male and 73% female). An online survey was created using Qualtrics and participants were recruited via Facebook and LinkedIn. The data were collected during 29 days (between the 45th and the 74th days after the first diagnosed case of COVID-19 in Portugal). The results showed that workload was a significant risk factor, except for disengagement in physicians. The most consistent protectors across samples were procedural justice (for both dimensions of burnout, both in physicians and nurses) and professional identification (for disengagement, both in physicians and nurses; for exhaustion only in physicians). This study suggests that decreasing workload and promoting procedural justice and professional identification are key factors that might be simultaneously and independently addressed in interventions for reducing the risk of burnout or preventing it from occurring in the first place. (shrink)

Most philosophers of criminal law agree that between criminal offences and defences there is a significant, substantial difference. It is a difference, however, that has proved hard to pin down. In recent work, Duff and others have suggested that it mirrors the distinction between criminal answerability and liability to criminal punishment. Offence definitions, says Duff, are—and ought to be—those action-types ‘for which a defendant can properly be called to answer in a criminal court, on pain of conviction and condemnation if (...) she cannot offer an exculpatory answer’; and defences are ‘exculpatory answers’ that ‘block the transition from responsibility to liability’. I criticise this answerability-based account of the offence/defence divide. It is descriptively false, I claim, as well as normatively unappealing. (shrink)

This article presents a conceptual discussion on the phenomenon of incorporation of tools and other objects in the light of Maine de Biran’s philosophy of the relation between the body and the motor will. Drawing on Maine de Biran’s view of the body as that portion of the material world which directly obeys one’s motor will, as well as on his view (supported by studies in contemporary cognitive science) of active touch as the perceptual modality that is sensitive to objects (...) as fields of forces resisting the perceiver’s movements, we discuss the phenomena of motor incorporation and haptic incorporation, as well as the relation between them. Motor incorporation occurs when something is integrated into the motor system, i.e. when practice enables one to animate an object as directly, effortlessly and fluently as one is able to animate one’s own body. The subject then has the experience of acting there, where the object is located, not at the body–object interface. In order to better understand the phenomenon of motor incorporation, we highlight the phenomenological difference between directly and indirectly moving something. Haptic incorporation occurs when something is integrated into the haptic system, i.e. when an object is used as an instrument for the haptic perception of other objects. Finally, we seek to shed light on the phenomenon of transparency, understanding the transparency acquired by the incorporated object as both a relational property and a matter of degrees. (shrink)

Neste artigo eu revisito a minha tese de doutoramento em antropologia social: “Esclavage et Inventions Spirituelles Afro-Brésiliennes: Du Vudum Lebabimibome aux Contes Populaires”, onde tentamos demonstrar um dos impactos marcantes da escravização na história dos povos africanos e afrodescendentes, como este fato marcou a vida espiritual e intelectual das diasporas nas Américas, especialmente da brasileira. Mostramos como estas populações dialogaram entre si, apropriaram-se e transformaram os valores culturais dos povos que as subjugaram. Adaptando-se aos novos quadros-sociais souberam preservar suas memórias (...) espirituais criando assim intermediários sagrados como o do Seja Hundê, Candomblé jeje da Bahia, o vudum Lebabimibome, híbrido do Mensageiro das religiões ancestrais fon e iorubá, Exu-Legbá e de um macaco. Pela adoção desta nova manifestação religiosa, esses povos souberam estrategicamente reciclar ao mesmo tempo uma velha idéia construída pelos colonizadores europeus sobre os africanos e seus descendentes, associando-os a macacos, vendo-os como o elo entre o homen e o animal. Para escapar à escravidão grupos de africanos utilizaram mímicas como meio de comunicação com os estrangeiros. Pelas artimanhas dos macacos dos contos populares, a vida social dos escravizados e dos livres subalternos é também contada e preservada, tranformando-os em verdadeiros arquivos históricos. (shrink)

A chegada e o estabelecimento da reflexão filosófica europeia no Brasil são indissociáveis do aristotelismo português trazido pelos jesuítas desde sua chegada ao então território colonial em 1549. A compreensão de determinados aspectos relacionados a este acontecimento não deve implicar na proposição de um fator determinista para a interpretação do modo como a filosofia é multiplamente tratada e pesquisada no país, mas certamente consiste em um fator imprescindível para a sua consideração. A argumentação a seguir visa indicar alguns aspectos ainda (...) presentes na forma segundo a qual a filosofia ainda é pensada entre nós. (shrink)

Forty years after his death, Hans Kelsen (1881-1973) remains one of the most discussed and influential legal philosophers of our time. This collection of new essays takes Kelsen's Pure Theory of Law as a stimulus, aiming to move forward the debate on several central issues in contemporary jurisprudence. The essays in Part I address legal validity, the normativity of law, and Kelsen's famous but puzzling idea of a legal system's 'basic norm'. Part II engages with the difficult issues raised by (...) the social realities of law and the actual practices of legal officials. Part III focuses on conceptual features of legal systems and the logical structure of legal norms. All the essays were written for this volume by internationally renowned scholars from seven countries. Also included, in English translation, is an important polemical essay by Kelsen himself. (shrink)

More than 50 years after it was first published, The Concept of Law remains the most important work of legal philosophy in the English-speaking world. In this volume, written for both students and specialists, 13 leading scholars look afresh at Hart's great book. Unique in format, the volume proceeds sequentially through all the main ideas in The Concept of Law: each contributor addresses a single chapter of Hart's book, critically discussing its arguments in light of subsequent developments in the field. (...) Four concluding essays assess the continued relevance for jurisprudence of the 'persistent questions' identified by Hart at the beginning of The Concept of Law. The collection also includes Hart's 'Answers to Eight Questions', written in 1988 and never before published in English. Contributors include Timothy Endicott, Richard HS Tur, Pavlos Eleftheriadis, John Gardner, Grant Lamond, Nicos Stavropoulos, Leslie Green, John Tasioulas, Jeremy Waldron, John Finnis, Frederick Schauer, Pierluigi Chiassoni and Nicola Lacey. (shrink)

O presente artigo tem como finalidade apresentar um panorama geral acerca da realidade pastoral da região metropolitana de Campinas. Como todos os grandes centros urbanos, Campinas exibe uma condição bastante complexa, repleta de contradições, belezas e desafios. Jesus, como homem histórico, sensível e inserido nas realidades de seu tempo, respondeu também às situações de sua época e nos dá pistas para respondermos de modo satisfatório aos fiéis de nosso tempo. Neste artigo, para a atividade eclesial diante de tais realidades metropolitanas, (...) são enumeradas sugestões, assumidas em nosso sétimo Plano de Pastoral Orgânica da Arquidiocese, no que diz respeito às atuações de pastorais, movimentos e outros organismos. Dessa forma, visamos, na práxis de Jesus de Nazaré, tornar os pobres protagonistas de suas vidas no exercício da evangelização, na realidade pastoral em que vivemos. (shrink)

Increasing the socio-economic effects caused by the tourism development in the local population, they adopt some attitudes according to the impacts directly or indirectly perceived. However, some of this impact can be considered positive or negative, according to different perspectives. The issue of the resident-tourist relationship has been much-discussed recently. Therefore, many case studies are being conducted that address the impacts on both residents and tourists. The goal of this manuscript is to analyze the attitudes of local residents to the (...) development of tourism in the urban monument zone Předhradí. Primary data were collected in a questionnaire survey for residents who have a permanent residence in a municipality of Předhradí in 2020. In our research, we tried to identify the significant negative impacts of tourism development. In the same way, we evaluate how the locals see positive effects on their quality of life conducted with tourism development. The research finds out that local respondents perceived some negative impacts to increase the economic perspective, as they referred to in the higher traffic load or increased noise. The pandemic crises are perceived as a game-changer in the tourism industry. For that reason, we suggest the primary considerations for future research not only with the academic perfective as for the practical point of view. The local population’s entrepreneurship attitudes must be one of the tools to assume the resilience toward the tourism development impacts. (shrink)

This article discusses the existing duality between the terms Earth and world under the of the 21st century ecological crisis. It proposes, from the deconstruction of anthropocentric and ecocentric values, an analysis of the philanthropic/sustainable paradigm, as a way of understanding the interdisciplinary nature of the possible coexistence between Man and Nature. For this, are demonstrated some hierarchical imbalances present in the concession of Western culture proposed by Samuel Huntington, in the ecological imaginary of indigenous communities defended by Zoe Todd, (...) and in the environmental impact of consumer society from the perspective of Patrick Curry, Richard Sylvan, and David Bennett. As a result, the importance of understanding a balance between consumption and production is demonstrated, condemning the elitist anthropocentrism of western communities as the cause and solution of the ecological problem, transversally illustrated from the market and the art world under the conception of the practical uselessness of its existence and given its contribution to a problem of overproduction. (shrink)

The purpose of this article is to define and restore, in a systematic way, the decisive argumentative axes that allow a degree of internal consistency to the famous expressive interpretation of Spinoza’s philosophy made by Gilles Deleuze. Initially, we will examine how the Deleuzian interpretation of Spinoza portrays a peculiar and unique moment of the relations that Deleuze, during at least three decades, has established with the history of philosophy. Then, we will check which conceptual frameworks – built in a (...) non-hierarchical manner, according to Deleuze – would support the thesis of an intrinsic and practical necessity to the ontological constitutive process in Spinoza’s Ethics under the perspective of a philosophy of difference. (shrink)

This book is a large-scale historical reconstruction of liberal legalism, from its inception in the mid-nineteenth century, the moment in which the jurists forged the alliance between political liberalism and legal expertise embodied in classical private law doctrine, to the contemporary anxiety about the possibility of both a liberal solution to the problem of political justification and of law as a respectable form of expert knowledge. Each stage in the history is a moment of synthesis between a substantive and a (...) methodological idea. The former is the liberal political theory of the period, purporting to provide a solution to the problem of political justification. The latter is a conception of legal method or science, supposedly vindicating the access of the expert to the political choices embodied in the law. Thus, each moment in the history of liberal legalism integrates a political theory with a jurisprudential conception. Although it reaches the unsettling conclusion that liberal legalism has largely failed by its own standards, the book urges us to avoid quietism, skepticism or cynicism, in the hope that a deeper understanding of the fragility of our values and institutions inspires a more thoughtful, broadminded and nurtured citizenship. (shrink)

Die fünf Bände enthalten die Hauptvorträge und eingeladene Beiträge der panels des X. Internationalen Kant-Kongresses, der 2005 in Sao Paolo stattfand.