In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:378 HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY these churches to deal reasonably with frontier conditions and popular prejudices is common knowledge, but it is often forgotten that their founder and guide during the critical days of growth was also an exponent of the late Scottish Enlightenment. To make this careful analysis of Campbell's philosophy, as an extraordinary specimen of empirical method, is a welcome achievement by an experienced empiricist. The volume also (...) contains a Foreword by President Perry E. Gresham of Bethany College, and a comprehensive bibliography of Campbell's writings compiled by Claude E. Spencer. HERBERT W. SCHNEIDER Claremont, Cali]ornia Hegel's First American Followers, The Ohio Hegelians: J. B. Stallo, Peter Kau]mann, Moncure Conway, August WiUich. By Loyd D. Easton. (Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press, 1966. Pp. lx + 353. $7.00.) This expansion of the theme outlined in Professor Easton's article of 1962 gives us fulllength accounts of the careers and ideas of four picturesque characters of the Ohio River Valley during the 19th century. The four had little in common except Hegel, and even him they did not really share, for they interpreted him differently and used him for different interests. The author is somewhat generous in calling them "Hegelians" and "followers" of Hegel, for like practically all those Americans who have been influenced by Hegel, they followed him at a safe distance and not very long. But this diversity makes Easton's account all the more fascinating. He portrays not only four characters but also the culture of Cincinati and its environment. J. B. Stallo is better known among American historians and philosophers than the other three, and deservedly so, for he was more philosophical. But he gains in stature here, noteworthy not only for his philosophy of nature but also as a prominent citizen, judge of a Superior Court, and political leader of a large German community. Stallo had two very different careers: the early Catholic student and teacher of Oken's philosophy of nature, mixed liberally with Schelling's similar system and with Hegel's Encyclopedia and his Phenomenology. Emerson was probably right in getting out of Stallo's General Principles an idea of "nature's rhythmic unfolding" rather than an idea of historical dialectic. Then came the later Stallo (after 1855), a convert from Catholicism and transcendentalism to empiricism, and a devoted follower of Ernst Mach. It is this later Stallo, author in 1881 of The Concepts and Theories oJ Modern Physics, who is better known, and who used the term "relativity" to indicate that physics deals not with things-in-themselves but with the data given to observers. Peter Kaufmann is an excellent representative of those pietists who, when they came to the open spaces and free manners of America, made serious attempts to give their religious "perfectionism" a practical social embodiment in utopian, communal economies. He became a teacher in the Rappite "Community of Equality and Social Harmony" and after a few years founded his own "Society of Germans at Teutonia." The members of this society agreed to devote their communal surplus to the education of orphans, the conversion of Indians, the spreading of the Gospel to "the four corners of the earth", and publishing a weekly Herald o] Better Times. After four years of this Society he moved northward to Canton, Ohio, where he settled down comfortably as a publisher and promoter of public education. His major publication, The Temple oJ Truth, incorporated some ideas on dialectic taken from Hegel. He continued his contacts with many utopian communities and urged his fellow citizens to help in making the United States of America "a saviour nation of the rest of mankind." Moncure Conway, a native of Virginia and graduate of Dickinson College, became an itinerant Methodist minister. But in 1853 the Harvard Divinity School made a Unitarian of him and an enthusiast for the higher criticism of Strauss and the transcendentalism of Hegel. In 1858 his wife introduced him to her home town, Cincinnati, and there he became BOOK REVIEWS 379 the minister of a very influential and liberal congregation. In 1860 he began publication in Cincinnati of The Dial, successor to the New England transcendentalist journal, and used its... (shrink)

Short-term international medical outreach experiences are becoming more popular among medical students. As the popularity of these trips grows, participants, scholars, and institutions have become more aware of the potential pitfalls of such experiences. Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine has an approximately 20-year international service immersion program that has sent more than 1,400 participants to more than 30 countries. Recently, ISI programming has been adjusted to provide students more formal sessions exploring the ethics of the ISI trips. Students (...) are required to attend both pre- and post-trip educational sessions covering a wide range of relevant global health topics as well as participating in in-country reflections and post-trip debriefings. This recent adjustment has evolved further to become the foundation for the SSOM’s four-year Global Health Honors program that not only encourages an ethical foundation for the student’s ISI experience but also hopes to provide a foundation for students as they look toward a future career in global health. (shrink)

(2001). Family Covenants and Genetic Testing: Utilizing the Skills Of Counseling Professionals in Implementing Family Covenants. The American Journal of Bioethics: Vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 1-2.

It is fair to say that Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel's philosophy of mathematics and his interpretation of the calculus in particular have not been popular topics of conversation since the early part of the twentieth century. Changes in mathematics in the late nineteenth century, the new set-theoretical approach to understanding its foundations, and the rise of a sympathetic philosophical logic have all conspired to give prior philosophies of mathematics (including Hegel's) the untimely appearance of naïveté. The common view was expressed (...) by Bertrand Russell: -/- The great [mathematicians] of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries were so much impressed by the results of their new methods that they did not trouble to examine their foundations. Although their arguments were fallacious, a special Providence saw to it that their conclusions were more or less true. Hegel fastened upon the obscurities in the foundations of mathematics, turned them into dialectical contradictions, and resolved them by nonsensical syntheses. . . .The resulting puzzles [of mathematics] were all cleared up during the nineteenth century, not by heroic philosophical doctrines such as that of Kant or that of Hegel, but by patient attention to detail (1956, 368–69). (shrink)

This ambitious literary history traces the American novel from its emergence in the late eighteenth century to its diverse incarnations in the multi-ethnic, multi-media culture of the present day. In a set of original essays by renowned scholars from all over the world, the volume extends important critical debates and frames new ones. Offering new views of American classics, it also breaks new ground to show the role of popular genres - such as science fiction and mystery novels - in (...) the creation of the literary tradition. One of the original features of this book is the dialogue between the essays, highlighting cross-currents between authors and their works as well as across historical periods. While offering a narrative of the development of the genre, the History reflects the multiple methodologies that have informed readings of the American novel and will change the way scholars and readers think about American literary history. (shrink)

This article is the guest editors’ introduction to the Special Topic Forum on Extreme Operating Environments appearing in Business & Society. The forum includes two articles accepted after review and revision. The two articles address the macro-level aspects of business’s role in society in terms of accessing resources and markets and in terms of being a change agent or enabler to promote a better or more stable local economy. The articles also provide case studies of businesses developing, getting access to (...) resources and markets, and affecting the larger institutional environment despite great uncertainty and harsh operating environments where the traditional assumptions of stability and security are not available. This Special Topic Forum is published in cooperation with Business & Professional Ethics Journal which, working with the guest editors, has published two other articles that address the more micro-level aspects and the ethical dilemmas business may face in extreme operating environments. (shrink)

This chapter presents a survey of the most important features of the formal semantic analysis of modality and mood. It first focuses on modality as exemplified by the modal verbs, presenting the main concepts and introducing the most common basic formal apparatus used in its analysis, and surveying some of the issues that are currently central in the field. The chapter then turns to the treatment of mood, discussing formal semantic treatments of both “sentential mood” and “verbal mood”. The last (...) part of the chapter addresses the issue of modal subordination. The chapter aims to give a sense of the major phenomena and theoretical approaches, as well as introduce the primary literature. (shrink)

Within the context of his epochal distinction between the sphere of law and of morals, of iustum and honestum, Christian Thomasius introduces a further category of conduct rules, which relate to so-called decorum, to good and proper behavior. They teach the individual how to behave socially, and have a stabilizing effect on society. As Thomasius distinguishes between a natural-law oriented, and thus for all individuals equal, natural decorum and a decorum politicum, which is oriented toward actual practices and feudal order, (...) he seems to waver between stabilizing and challenging then current feudalism. This impression weakens if one realizes that although Thomasius, in contrast to Cicero, undertook to demoralize decorum, still he accepted Cicero's theory of social roles. In the context of the actor's own interests, decorum covers those areas of social regulation that are not included within positive law seen as a means of coercive command. It is here that decorum is interesting systematically.Im Kontext seiner historischen Trennung der Sphären des Rechts und der Moral, des Iustum vom Honestum, führt Christian Thomasius noch eine weitere Kategorie von Verhaltensregeln ein, die zum sog. Decorum gehören, zur Wohlanständigkeit, welche die Menschen lehrt, in der Gesellschaft voranzukommen und für die Gesellschaft stabilisierende Wirkung besitzt. Da Thomasius zwischen einem naturrechtsnahen und daher für alle Menschen gleichen natürlichen Decorum und einem an die faktischen Sitten und die ständische Ordnung angelehnten Decorum politicum unterscheidet, scheint er zwischen einer Stabilisierung und einer Infragestellung der Ständegesellschaft zu schwanken. Dieser Eindruck schwächt sich ab, wenn man bedenkt, daß Thomasius gegenüber Cicero zwar eine Entmoralisierung des Decorum vornimmt, jedoch dessen Lehre der sozialen Rollen aufgreift. Das Decorum erfaßt unter Rückgriff auf des Eigeninteresse der Akteure jenen Bereich sozialer Regulierung, der von dem als Zwangsbefehl gedeuteten positiven Recht nicht berücksichtigt wird. Darin liegt sein systematisches Interesse. (shrink)

La superación de la vieja contienda entre Derecho natural y positivismo jurídico lleva a sostener que el derecho correcto es siempre una cuestión problemática, que se muestra como un proceso que nunca llega a su fin. La separación dualista entre ser y deber ser es el resultado de una abstracción y, en la realidad jurídica, no se produce tal antagonismo. Hay que superar, por tanto, este viejo dualismo metódico entre ser y deber ser y hay que abandonar la tesis de (...) que el derecho sea idéntico a las normas legales. Hay que entender el derecho desde el punto de vista hermenéutico, partiendo del lenguaje histórico vivo. En este sentido, la hermenéutica jurídica pretende evitar la ilusión de que la aplicación del derecho consiste en una subsunción exacta del caso en la ley. Para la comprensión de un texto lingüístico, y también de una norma, se necesita siempre una precomprensión, sin la cual el juez nunca podría poner en correspondencia la ley y el caso. Pero esto no es reivindicar el subjetivismo judicial, sino sólo afirmar que no existe ninguna corrección del derecho fuera del proceso concreto que debe surgir a partir de la reflexión, la argumentación, el intersubjetivismo y el consenso de los participantes. (shrink)

Four brilliant essays examine Kierkegaard, Tolstoy, Dostoevsky and Buber. Each is seen in a new perspective (the appreciation of Tolstoy, for example, is eye-opening). One chapter contrasts Nietzsche with the leading existentialists, and another explores the reception of existentialism in the United States. Throughout, the author's thrust is critical and constructive and never merely expository. [Back cover].

The article attempts to clarify the relationship between justifying ethical norms and applying them. The first part considers the role of philosophy within applied ethical contexts. The second part discusses the long tradition of comparing mathematics and ethics and recommends a method for the procedure to be followed in an ethical discussion. This recommendation relies on Rawls' reflective equilibrium. The subsequent attempt to justify ethics is primarily based on the idea that human communal life without some form of morality is (...) not a realistic goal to pursue but still that one may choose between various forms of morality. The last part of the paper contains several indications of how to apply different ethical approaches and how to follow the procedure presented here in light of the debate regarding Peter Singer's ethics. Der Artikel bemüht sich, das Verhältnis von Ethikbegründung und Ethikanwendung zu klären. Im ersten Teil werden dazu einige Überlegungen zur Rolle der Philosophie in Kontexten der Ethikanwendung angestellt. Ein zweiter Teil enthält neben Hinweisen auf die lange Tradition der Vergleiche von Mathematik und Ethik einen methodischen Vorschlag für das Vorgehen im Rahmen der ethischen Diskussion, der sich an Rawls' reflective equilibrium anlehnt. Der folgende Versuch einer Ethikbegründung basiert primär auf dem Gedanken, daß ein menschliches Zusammenleben ohne irgendeine Form der Moral aus anthropologischen Gründen kein realistisch erstrebbares Ziel ist, daß man jedoch zwischen unterschiedlichen Formen der Moral die Wahl hat. Im letzten Teil werden dann u.a. anhand der Debatte um Peter Singer einige Hinweise zur Anwendung verschiedener Ethikansätze und zur Anwendung des präsentierten Verfahrens gegeben. (shrink)

Ryles Concept of Mind gilt als ebenso überholt wie logischer Behaviorismus und sprachanalytische Philosophie, denen er zugerechnet wird. Ryle betreibt jedoch keinen logischen Behaviorismus, da er das mentale Vokabular nicht zu beseitigen versucht. Für die sprachanalytische Philosophie bilden sich die Begriffe der Umgangssprache in der Auseinandersetzung mit der Welt, spiegeln daher auch die Weh wider. In den von Putnam gegen diese These konstruierten Situationen mit veränderten Wortverwendungsweisen sind auch die Referenten verändert. Putnam hat in der philosophy of mind eine ähnliche (...) Position wie Ryle. Hauptunterschiede sind seine unhaltbare Stilisierung der Turing-Maschinen-Analogie zum Funktionalismus und die Ablehnung des Common-Sense zugunsten der Wissenschaft. Diese läuft leer, da v.a. Begriffe, die sich auf unser Erleben der Welt beziehen, ihren Ursprung in der Grundbefindlichkeit des Menschen haben. Ryle hat gezeigt, daß auch diese öffentlich, d.h. rationaler Argumentation zugänglich sind. (shrink)

L’irruption de l’image animée dans l’espace de la scène, pour n’être pas récente, réactualise pourtant un vieux débat qui opposerait ceux qui comme Goethe plaident pour de strictes frontières à ceux qui, après Hegel, derrière Wagner et le chapitre V d’ Opéra et Drame (1851), constatent que chaque art, puisqu’il « tend à une extension indéfinie de sa puissance », est commandé par une sorte de loi du « passage à la limite ». La mise en scène de l’avenir est-elle (...) désormais tributaire d’une alliance avec les autres formes artistiques dont le cinéma et la vidéo, ou la vérité du théâtre ne saurait-elle outrepasser les limites de la scénographie « traditionnelle »? Quelques expériences récentes alimentent un débat qui opposait déjà au xviii e siècle les contempteurs de l’opéra face au théâtre : la parole proférée par l’acteur est-elle nécessaire et suffisante ou faut-il y ajouter le « merveilleux » spectaculaire? (shrink)

Seit einem halben Jahrhundert prüfen die Logiker der Sozialwissenschaften die Kausalerklärung auf ihre Anwendbarkeit und auf ihre Tragweite im Bereiche der sogenannten Geisteswissenschaften. Die vorliegende Untersuchung gehört diesem Problemkreis an. Die darin formulierten Argumente unterstützen die These, daß im Strukturalismus eine Möglichkeit zur Ablösung der Kausalanalyse zu sehen ist, und zwar unter der Bedingung, daß der Strukturalismus in der Lage ist, ein Erklärungsschema abzugeben, das den Forderungen der "DN-Erklärung" von Hempel genügt. Im ersten Teil werden die verschiedenen Gründe der Verteidiger (...) und die zahlreichen Einwände der Gegner der Kausalerklärung kurz zusammengefaßt, in der Absicht, darzulegen, weshalb der Gebrauch des Ursache-Begriffs zum Problem geworden, ja selbst in Mißgunst gefallen ist. Der zweite Teil stellt einen beispielhaften Fall von Strukturanalyse dar. Es geht bei dieser Darstellung um eine Neuformulierung des Entwurfs von Lévi-Strauss zu einer allgemeinen Theorie der Verwandtschaftssysteme und damit zur Strukturforschung über jegliche soziale Phänomene. Im dritten Teil wird danna das Strukturschema von Lévi-Strauss in Bezug auf die Hempelschen Erklärungskriterien überprüft, um festzulegen, ob dabei eine den theoretischen Problemen und festgestellten Fakten adäquate Erklärung herauskommt, und ob die Strukturanalyse in die "Tiefe" der Wirklichkeit vordringt, wo Kausalerklärung nicht mehr angebracht ist. (shrink)