Richard Evans trad in 2000 op als expert-getuige in het proces dat historica Deborah Lipstadt aanspande tegen haar collega David Irving. Lipstadt beschuldigde Irving ervan in zijn geschriften een grote hoeveelheid goedverkopende historische boeken over de Tweede Wereldoorlog, stelselmatig de Holocaust te ontkennen. Evans, eveneens een historicus, kreeg de taak te onderzoeken of er inderdaad sprake was van verdraaiing van de feiten in het werk van Irving. Zijn bevindingen, die hij in dit essay uit de doeken doet, en het uiteindelijke (...) oordeel van de rechter leiden hem ertoe na te denken over de verantwoordelijkheid die de geschiedschrijver heeft tegenover de waarheid. (shrink)

In deze bijdrage worden twee alternatieve visies op de verhouding van geloof en weten geschetst aan de hand van twee middeleeuwse denkers: Bernardus van Clairvaux en Thomas van Aquino. De auteur betoogt dat zowel de ‘rationalistische’ positie van Thomas van Aquino als de ‘anti-rationalistische’ positie van Bernardus van Clairvaux beide, geloof en rede, als op waarheid betrokken zien, waarmee zicht wordt geboden op het wijsgerige belang van dit vermeende anti-rationalisme.

Godsdienstfilosofische studie over het begrip waarheid in en tussen religies.

In this article we discuss the relation between the concepts of truth, religious pluriformity and toleration in the thinking of Spinoza. We begin to discuss Spinoza’s concept of truth. Hereby we distinguish between several intrinsic and extrinsic criteria of truth on an epistemological level. However, Spinoza’s concept of truth is not only important on a cognitive level, but also with respect to human emotions and behaviour. In this domain of human imagination, emotions and behaviour there is necessarily a pluriformity of (...) opinions, endaevours and efforts. Because of this pluriformity there is in every human community a certain tendency to conflicts and intoleration between individuals and groups. This is also the case with regard to religious pluriformity, for the phenomenon of religion is considered by Spinoza as a specific form of human imagination, where a lot of different emotions and practices are involved, which can generate all sorts of interhuman conflicts. Intoleration in a situation of religious pluriformity appears when one human individual or group considers himself as superior to another on religious grounds. However, according to Spinoza the significance of religion for the individual and the community is not about the question of truth, but about that of piety, i.e. a moral practice of justice and charity. Therefore, no religion can consider herself superior to another on the basis of truth. Only philosophy and science deals with the truth in an epistemological sense. (shrink)

Bundel filosofische essays over kunst en esthetica.

De christelijke ethiek is een ethiek in wording. Dit tweede deel van het 'Handboek Moraaltheologie' legt aan de hand van de trefwoorden wetten, waarheid en waardigheid uit hoe de morele denkpatronen zich in de tijd hebben ontwikkeld. (Kerk)historische en dogmatische veranderingen hadden een belangrijke invloed op de moraaltheologie. Niet alleen de inhouden, maar ook methoden veranderden door de eeuwen heen: bij de eerste christenen leidde een oorspronkelijke overtuiging tot een overtuigende ethiek. In de Middeleeuwen droeg een systematisering van de (...) theologische waarheid bij aan een systematisering van morele normen en wetten. In de moderne en postmoderne tijd wordt naarmate het waarheidsbegrip in de wijsgerige ethiek verdwijnt, de morele leer aan de orde gesteld. Dit boek brengt fenomenologie, antropologie en theologie met elkaar in gesprek: eidetische fenomenologie en een existentiële antropologie dragen bij aan een mogelijke vertaalslag van geopenbaarde inhouden. (shrink)

In order to come to grips with Peirce's definition of truth as the ideal limit of inquiry, I give a succinct exposition of Peirce's theory of inquiry and his philosophical logic, paying attention to several types of reasoning and their interrelations. Subsequently, the arguments of a contemporary apologist of Peirce's notion of truth, C.J. Misak, are subjected to a scrutiny and found to be insufficient, as the principle of bivalence is defended improperly and, as a Peircean definition of truth, turns (...) out to be incompatible with a pragmatist epistemology. (shrink)

Hub Zwart's latest book, "The Truth on the Wall: A Psychoanalysis of Knowledge," establishes compelling connections between the literary and the scientific imagination. The author explores how seemingly fantastical literary tropes can serve as reflections of scientific progress. A notable example is the vampire archetype, traditionally depicted as a nocturnal, undead entity that sustains itself by consuming the blood of the living. This imagery, Zwart argues, can be interpreted as a metaphorical representation of scientific developments. He analyzes the central motif (...) of blood exchange between vampire and victim as an allegory for the scientific discourse surrounding blood transfusion in the late 19th century. During this period, blood transfusion posed significant challenges due to the undiscovered nature of blood groups. Furthermore, Zwart draws parallels between vampire-hunting strategies and scientific efforts to combat mysterious, potentially epidemic diseases, viewing both as attempts to control unknown and threatening forces. -/- [In Dutch: In "De waarheid op de wand: psychoanalyse van het weten", het nieuwste boek van Hub Zwart, worden de literaire en de wetenschappelijke verbeelding op inspirerende wijze aan elkaar gekoppeld. Zo blijkt het schijnbaar fantastische beeld van de vampier, de levende dode die in de nachtelijke uren tevoorschijn komt om zich te voeden met het bloed van de levenden, gelezen te kunnen worden als een reflectie op wetenschappelijke ontwikkelingen. De eerste associatie die het beeld van de vampier oproept, de uitwisseling van bloed tussen prooi en slachtoffer, interpreteert Zwart als een verbeelding van het wetenschappelijke debat over bloedtransfusie aan het eind van de 19e eeuw. Bloedtransfusie was destijds nog zeer problematisch omdat men nog niet wist van het bestaan van bloedgroepen. De strategieën die worden ingezet bij het bestrijden van vampiers, ziet Zwart als een beeld voor het wetenschappelijke gevecht tegen onbekende, geheimzinnige ziektes die uit kunnen groeien tot een nauwelijks te bestrijden epidemie. (shrink)

The debate about the relation between science and truth is manifestly epistemological, but latently and fundamentally metaphysical. Popper's theory of verisimilitude provides us with a striking example. According to Popper, science aims at bringing us nearer to 'absolute, objective truth'; the growth of scientific knowledge is seen as a never ending realisation of that ultimate aim. This thesis of verisimilitude can be interpreted in two ways. In the first interpretation the thesis appears as a correct, but formal and even trivial (...) statement. Here the thesis that science aims at bringing us nearer to truth is as unilluminating as the thesis that moral endeavor aims at bringing us nearer to the Moral Good or that artistic endeavor aims at bringing us nearer to Aesthetic Beauty. According to the second interpretation, however, the thesis has a more substantial and metaphysical meaning. Here it consists of three different claims : 1. scientific endeavor points to something which is beyond and actual or humanly possible scientific achievement; 2. it is in this relation with something transcendent that the ultimate purpose of science is to be sought; 3. the relation between actual science and its transcendent should be seen as a part-whole relation, i.e. the transcendent goal should be represented as the ideal of total intelligibility. In this article the first and second claim are accepted; the third is rejected. One should accept the idea (put forward by Einstein ) that science points to a mystery beyond science. One should beware, however, of equating the sense of mystery with an anticipation for yet hidden information, inaccessible to us, but 'quoad se' accessible to reason. Science's transcendent mystery should be viewed in a more radical way. That is to say, the relation between actual science and its transcendent mystery is analogous to the relation between, on the one hand, the information contained in and derivable from a (good) poem and, on the other hand something else which is poetically suggested, yet does not consist in hidden information. What is evoked by poetry and science, is not even in principle translatable in terms of an informative content. Therefore the ultimate goal of science is not the ideal of knowing everything with the clarity and precision of science ; it is rather the awareness of a mystery which does not even exist as the sort of intelligible content scientific theories attempt to mirror. (shrink)

The thinking of Nicholas of Cusa is characterized by a very refined sensibility for the plurality of truths and values. The ultimate truth can never be reached by human beings and there are as many truths as there are human individuals. Nevertheless, Cusanus believes that there can be found a common measure, with which the different religious truths can be reconciliated. This is the principle of the una religio in rituum varietate. The article shows the differences between this cusanian principle (...) of pluralism and the modern – political – solutions of the social and religious conflicts. This comparison shows that the cusanian way of thinking can offer a contribution to the actual debates on the multicultural society, debates in which the liberal solution is questioned. The metaphysical way of arguing which we can find in the work of Cusanus – in De coniecturis and De pace fidei is not just a restoration of the medieval ‘order’ , but offers the possibility to think about the relation to the absolute which every individual according Cusanus has. But this relation to the absolute is embedded in the traditional ways of life, the consuetudines . In modern philosophy these consuetudines got a negative meaning in advantage of a more abstract idea of truth. In the discussions on the crisis of modernity and the limits of liberal thinking, this way of thinking may show some new directions. (shrink)

Religion and science are altogether too different to be rationally incompatible . If—as is done here—one defends such a thesis, one seems to sever the link between religion and truth. This link seems to many to be really essential: is not the highest requirement of a person, especially a religious person, „to live in the truth” ? And is it not necessary for rational beings to try and give a rational justification for one's religious beliefs? But perhaps „the truth” which (...) is of such importance to the religious person is not a theoretical truth; perhaps „to live in the truth” is not a matter of trying not to be fooled or of being prepared to change one's views according to new and better information. Furthermore, the desire for independent justification seems either incompatible with religious belief or rather pointless. The link between religion and truth can only be seriously discussed if one understands the relationship between religious beliefs and attitudes like truthfulness, trust, obedience to authority, etcetera. One objection to our position could be that it leads to a kind of „schizophrenic” split or disconnection between religion and the scientific outlook. To this objection we reply that since the arrival of science and technology human life is full of similar kinds of disconnection between non-scientific beliefs and attitudes, and scientific beliefs and technical approaches. To want to conserve science and technology and at the same time to want to restore the „Cosy Universe”-situation, is pure wishful thinking. (shrink)

Das Problem der dialogischen Dimension der Wahrheit wird im Ausgang von drei verschiedenen Positionen behandelt. Eine erste Sicht ergibt sich aus der transzendentalen Auffassung der Sprache, wie sie in Wilhelm Kamlahs und Paul Lorenzens Werk „Logische Propädeutik” mit groszer Eindringlichkeit und Klarheit vertreten wird. Die Konsensustheorie der Wahrheit, zu der sich beide Verfasser bekennen, stellt zweifellos einen Fortschritt gegenüber allen bisherigen Formulierungen des Prinzips der Verifizierbarkeit dar. Die Frage kann allerdings gestellt werden, ob Kamlah und Lorenzen dabei nicht stillschweigend gewisse (...) Einsichten der philosophischen Anthropologie und der Ontologie verwerten. Das ethische Moment, das dem Verlangen nach Wahrheit innewohnt, steht im Mittelpunkt der Philosophie des Emmanuel Levinas. Der Verfasser gruppiert in freier Weise gewisse Denkmotive, die in den Artikeln „La Philosophie et l'Idée de l'Infini” und „Liberté et Commandement” zu finden sind. Erfassung der Wahrheit erfordert insoferne eine heteronome Haltung, als sich der Erkennende dem Gesetz des anderen unterwerfen musz, das er erkennen will. Andererseits kann ihm Wahrheit nicht „auferlegt” werden. Der Erkennende musz sie sich in Freiheit und gemäsz dem Gesetz seines cogito eigen machen ; sie ist demnach das Resultat seines autonomen Denkens. Der Gegensatz zwischen heteronomer Rezeptivität und autonomer Aktivität könnte in erster Instanz durch den Begriff der „Ueberredung” versöhnt werden. Levinas legt jedoch den Nachdruck auf den Umstand, dasz auch dem beredten und logisch zwingende Diskurs etwas Fundamentales vorhergehen musz : die Erfahrung des Antlitzes des Anderen. Eine dritte Reihe von Betrachtungen stammt von dem Verfasser. Er wirft die Frage auf, ob die von Kamiah und Lorenzen entworfene Konsensustheorie nicht allzusehr auf relativ statische Verhältnisse auf dem Gebiet des Wissenschaftsbetriebes abgestimmt ist. Infolge einer wissenschaftlichen Revolution kann u.a. die für den Konsensus erforderliche intersubjektiv normierte Sprache fehlen. In einer derartigen Situation kann auch die Gemeinschaft der zeitgenössischen Spezialisten nicht die letzte Instanz bilden, die endgültig über Wahrheit und Unwahrheit entscheidet. Der Konsensus, den der verantwortungsbewuszte Entdecker, Erneuerer und Reformator des wissenschaftlichen Lebens anstrebt, besteht daher in der inneren Uebereinstimmung mit einer idealen, nicht mit einer empirisch aufzeigbaren Gemeinschaft. (shrink)

Justice and Truth in in Aeschylus’ Oresteia and Yael Farber’s Molora This article explores the themes of injustice and dehumanization in Aeschylus’ Oresteia and Yael Farber’s Molora, in which the story of the Oresteia is dramatized against the backdrop of post-apartheid South Africa. It is argued that both plays depict wrongdoers and victims alike as social outcasts. Thus, they can both be described with Paul Ricoeur as ‘sketches of a man,’ not being able to live up to their full human (...) potential. Borrowing from Ricoeur’s legal philosophy, it is then explained how public trials and hearings help them to reintegrate into society, in which they can regain their full humanity. (shrink)

This commentary on Merks' contribution is essentially written from the impact the question of this symposium 'Where is truth?' can have in medical ethics. This well-organised discipline inside applied ethics reached the last decennia a highly functioning importance in the societal discussion on medical progress. The author of this commentary shares with Merks his critique on procedural ethics, a critique which is crucial for medical ethics. Indeed, ethical decision-making procedures have invaded the most important institutes of medical ethics. Recently, this (...) evolution has been criticised for neglecting to establish a foundational ethical culture for medicine. The author thinks personalist ethics can function as such a culture and as an answer to the need for a more comprehensive ethical approach. This leads him to his main critique on Merks' contribution: indeed, where Merks underlines the importance of 'human rights' concepts as a tool for ethical reflection, the author warns for the abuses of this concept in the Anglo-American approach of medical ethics, where the concept functions as an instrument for individual selfdetermination and doesn't refer to the - more Germanic - interpretation of this concept in the lines of a foundation of human dignity. Foundational moral concepts as fundamental disposition, human values and norms seem more apt to develop the type of ethics which is also supported by Merks. Even more it permits a really dynamic ethics, where the most humanly possible is realised in the light of the promotion of the most humanly desirable. (shrink)

Filosofische verkenning van het karakter van de altijddurende zoektocht van de mens naar waarheid.