Name der Zeitschrift: Archiv für Geschichte der Philosophie Jahrgang: 96 Heft: 4 Seiten: 431-462.

Laws are true lawlike sentences. But what is lawlikeness? Much effort went into investigating the issue, but the richer the concert of opinions became, the more apparent their deficiencies became too, and with it the profound importance of the issue for epistemology and philosophy of science.

Some key problems of present-day astrophysics are critically revisited. Particular consideration is given to (1) supernova explosions, their mechanism, their progenitors, and their stellar remnants; (2) a radiation-transfer interpretation of supernova light curves; (3) the dearth of supernova-neutron star associations; (4) the central engines and jet-formation mechanisms of the four classes of bipolar-flow sources, in particular of the active galactic nuclei and the young stellar objects; (5) a critical discussion of the different ways in which cosmic rays are thought to (...) be generated, up to the highest energies, including the grindstone mechanism; and (6) an analysis of the ways in which the Earth, Sun, and Milky Way regenerate their magnetic fields. (shrink)

Physical activity counteracts some of the negative consequences associated with chronic neurological diseases. Here, we describe the levels of physical activity and sports activity in patients with multiple sclerosis and chronic stroke and test compliance with the recommendation for health-promoting physical activity of the World-Health Organization. Secondly, we tested for differences between the groups of patients, and thirdly, we examined relationships between PA and Sport with psychological indicators of perceived energy and self-beliefs. Psychological constructs were assessed with validated measures from (...) different disciplines in Psychology. A statistical aim was to describe interpretations gained by parametric Bayesian and Null-Hypothesis-Significance Testing statistics on the example of the conducted tests for differences and relationships. Descriptive analyses revealed that pMS and pStroke complied with recommendations of the WHO, but with large variance indicating that patient groups are not homogenous. Tests for differences showed that the PA difference between pMS and pStroke can be attributed to the higher proportion of women in the pMS sample as they engage more in household chores. Tests for relationships showed that for pStroke, vitality, self-control, and self-efficacy were positively related to the level of sports activity. Furthermore, pStroke who were sport active had lower fatigue and higher self-control and self-efficacy scores than sport inactive people. Although they address slightly different questions, the Bayesian and the NHST approach led to similar general conclusions. (shrink)

In addition to discussing some philosophical accounts of common sense, this article considers several ways in which common sense can be altered or disturbed in psychopathology. Common sense can be defined as practical understanding, capacity to see and take things in their right light, sound judgment, or ordinary mental capacity. The philosopher Vico described it as the ability to distinguish the probable from the improbable. Goethe understood common sense as an "organ" that is formed in communication for the purpose of (...) communication. Common sense is rooted in the intersubjective constitution of the life-world. Obsessive-compulsive patients show relatively mild disturbances of common sense. Patients with major affective psychoses, in their premorbid personality structure, are overly attached to common sense. In schizophrenia, however, there seems to be a true abdication of common sense involving a loss of "natural self-evidence." Even in premorbid states, such persons often lose both the sense of tact and the ability to "take things in their right light." Although logic, and the ability to engage in theoretical discussion, may be preserved, there is a loss of interpretive skills and the "faculty of judgment"; this results in an inability to cope with everyday practical and social activity. There is also a characteristic sense of perplexity, a sense of amazement before that which would normally seem self-evident and a frequent tendency to reflect upon the conditions of possibility of existence that otherwise remain concealed. The author suggests that the fragility of common sense should not be seen as a mere deficiency state. Rather, it derives from a basic vulnerability inherent in the very structure of being human. (Abstract written by special issue editor: L.A.S.). (shrink)

Reconstruimos la teoría central de las redes bayesianas n-dimensionales de forma clara y completa en el marco estructuralista. Nuestra formulación también incluye los n espacios de probabilidad unidimensionales y un espacio de probabilidad n-dimensional. Explicamos los sistemas previstos y la afirmación empírica de la teoría de las redes bayesianas n-dimensionales. En nuestra formulación, se destaca el concepto de dimensión, y discutimos si los eventos o las oraciones (enunciados, proposiciones) podrían usarse como bloques de construcción básicos.

Einleitung. 1. Pantragismus - Panlogismus - 2. Der Begriff der Negativitat - 3. Zum methodischen Vorgehen der Arbeit Erster Teil: Der Systemansatz der ersten Jenaer Jahre. I. Der Tod Gottes, die griechische Tragodie und das absolute Nichts. 1. Bedrohungen der Freiheit - 2. Die Tragodie im Sittlichen - 3. Das Absolute als Nacht, Nichts und Abgrund - II. Grundlagen der Kritik an der Verstandesreflexion. 1. Die kritische Funktion von Logik und Skeptizismus - 2. Ansatze zu einer Geschichtsphilosophie - III. Kritik (...) an der neuzeitlichen Subjektivitats- und Reflexionsphilosophie. 1. F.H. Jacobis Philosophie der Subjektivitat - 2. Fichtes Ausgang vom reinen Selbstbewusssein - 3. Kants Antinomienlehre - IV. Der Begriff der Negativitat als Grundlegung spekulativen Denkens. 1. Die Durchfuhrbarkeit des spekulativen Ansatzes - 2. Die Ambivalenz der Aussagen der praktischen Philosophie - 3. Auseinandersetzung mit der philosophischen Tradition Zweiter Teil: Die Ausarbeitung und Umwandlung des Systemansatzes in den Jahren 1803-1806. I. Die Negativitat der modernen, neuzeitlichen Gesellschaft. 1. Kritik an den neuzeitlichen Naturrechtstheorien auf der Grundlage einer Theorie des Kampfes um Anerkennung - 2. Das Gefuge der Stande - 3. Der Staat - II. Negativitat und Selbstbewusstsein in den Jenaer Systementwurfen. 1. Die Rekon- struktion der absoluten Sittlichkeit im System der Sittlichkeit - 2. Die Bewusstseinslehre des Systementwurfs von 1803/04 - 3. Das Erkennen und die Metaphysik der Subjektivitat in der Logik und Metaphysik von 1804/05 - 4. Die Negativitat des Selbstbewusstseins in der Realphilosophie von 1805/06 - III. Das Verhaltnis der verschiedenen Formen von Negativitat zueinander. 1. Negativitat des Seins und Selbstbewusstseins - 2. Die Negativitat der Entzweiung in der modernen Gesellschaft - 3. Vorblick auf die Phanomenologie Dritter Teil: Der Begriff der Negativitat in der Phanomenologie des Geistes. I. Die Idee einer Geschichte des Selbstbewusstseins. 1. Pragmatische Ges". (shrink)

A survey is given of the elegant physics of N-particle systems, both classical and quantal, non-relativistic (NR) and relativistic, non-gravitational (SR) and gravitational (GR). Chapter 1 deals exclusively with NR systems; the correspondence between classical and quantal systems is highlighted and summarized in two tables of Sec. 1.3. Chapter 2 generalizes Chapter 1 to the relativistic regime, including Maxwell’s theory of electromagnetism. Chapter 3 follows Einstein in allowing gravity to curve the spacetime arena; its Sec. 3.2 is devoted to the (...) yet missing theory of elementary particles, which should determine their properties and interactions. If completed, it would replace QFT; promising is the ‘metron’ approach. (shrink)

Im ersten Teil des Buches wird das «Ich»-Verständnis der christlichen Lehre, insbesondere anhand der Position von Nikolaus von Kues und Schriften von Papst Johannes Paul II., analysiert, beziehungsweise an der Position Platons gemessen. Es wird zu zeigen versucht, daß die christliche Trinitätslehre wesentliche Impulse dafür liefert, zu einer Argumentation alleine gemäß der von Platon grundgelegten noetischen Dialektik finden zu können. Im Rahmen hiervon wird dargelegt, wo das «Ich»-Verständnis der christlichen Trinitätslehre hinter jenem Platons zurückbleibt. Im zweiten Teil des Buches wird (...) eine Skizze vom «Ich» im Sinne der noetischen Dialektik gegeben, beziehungsweise dargelegt, daß jegliches Bedenken von der Aussage «Ich bin» auszugehen hat. (shrink)

El propósito de este ensayo es explorar la doctrina política de Platón sobre la democracia a partir del concepto sinergia, es decir, de poder sinérgico, colaboración creativa que reduce los grados de dominación en el régimen político, tal como lo entiende James Craig. Aunque el concepto de poder sinérgico no fue conocido por Platón y ha sido descuidado tanto por la politología como por la filosofía política, considero que es el criterio indispensable para dejar en claro muchas de las ambigüedades (...) del pensamiento platónico. Partimos de la paradójica premisa que Platón pretende crear un autoritarismo absoluto sin dominación. En el desarrollo, se hará evidente que el pensamiento político de Platón está condicionado por unos supuestos que le obligan a aceptar un utopismo irrealizable. Entre esos supuestos destaca la Falacia Angélica, tal como la expone Mortimer Adler. También supone una concepción absolutista de la libertad positiva, así como que la libertad moral atrapada en un estado estancado. La conclusión se resume en un cuadro comparativo entre las características de la utopía platónica y el ideal sinérgico. Destaca en dicho cuadro como Platón toma partido por el autoritarismo virtuoso que condena la transformación política al reino de lo imaginario, en vez de tomar partido por las formas de gobierno compartido. Esto ha dado como resultado histórico la tentación totalitaria de pensar que hay algo mejor que la democracia. Palabras Clave : Platón; política; democracia; sinergia; libertad moral; libertad positiva; falacia angélica. Plato against democracy or the misfortunes of synergyThe purpose of this essay is to explore Plato’s political doctrine on democracy in the light of the concept of synergy, that is to say, of synergic power, which is a creative cooperation that lowers the degrees of domination within the political regime, as is understood by James Craig. Although the concept of synergic power was not known by Plato, and has been neglected by both political science and political philosophy, I consider it to be the indispensable criterion to clarify many ambiguities of Platonic thought. We start from the paradoxical premise that Plato intends to create an absolute authoritarianism without domination. As we progress it will become evident that Plato’s political thought is conditioned by assumptions that make him accept an unfeasible utopianism. Among those assumptions there stands out the Angelical Fallacy, as is exposed by Mortimer Adler. It also implies an absolutistic conception of positive freedom, as well as the idea that moral freedom is trapped in a stagnant state. The conclusion is summed up in a chart comparing the characteristics of Platonic utopia and synergic ideal. In that chart there stands out how Plato takes sides for virtuous authoritarianism, which dooms political transformation to the realm of the imaginary, instead of taking sides for the forms of shared government. This has brought as a historical result the totalitarian temptation of thinking that there might be something better than democracy. Keywords : Plato; Politics; Democracy; Synergy; Moral Freedom; Positive Freedom; Angelical Fallacy. (shrink)

The German Revolution of November 1918 dramatically altered the Academy’s view of its relationship with government. In particular, the Academy’s Prussian tradition had to be rethought. From initial wariness to grudging acceptance, the Academy came to accept the Weimar regime. This paper studies the politics of the Academy, uncovers factions and fault lines amongst its members, and offers a fresh interpretation on the Academy’s relationship with Albert Einstein.

Anti-reductionist philosophers have often argued that mental and linguistic phenomena contain an intrinsically normative element that cannot be captured by the natural sciences which focus on causal rather than rational relations. This line of reasoning raises the questions of how reasons could evolve in a world of causes and how children can be acculturated to participate in rule-governed social practices. In this paper I will sketch a Wittgensteinian answer to these questions. I will first point out that throughout his later (...) philosophy Wittgenstein draws a sharp distinction between "teaching" and "training": newly-born children are trained (conditioned) to react to specific stimuli in specific ways, which then allows them to acquire concepts and follow rules. I will then show that this picture presupposes a strong analogy between concepts and capacities, which is also present in Wittgenstein's later philosophy. In the last section I will point out that Wittgenstein only discusses the ontogenetic question of how individual children can acquire speech, but not the phylogenetic question of how rule-governed behavior could evolve in the first place. I will argue that this strategy should not be seen as a shortcoming, but rather as an expression of Wittgenstein's approach that can be characterized as naturalistic in a wide sense. (shrink)

Diese Biographie BERKELEYS beansprucht nicht, eine umfassende Darstellung aller Aspekte dieser faszinierenden Personlichkeit und des zugehorigen Werkes zu geben, sondern betont bewuGt die Seiten, die geeignet sind, das Verstiindnis seiner Beitriige zur Entwicklung der Wissenschaften im 18. lahrhundert zu fordern. Dabei wurde der Schwerpunkt auf die Diskussionen iiber die Grundlagen der Mathe­ matik gelegt. Die folgende Darstellung unterstreicht also gerade die Ziige BERKELEYS, die in den anderen Darstellungen nur beiliiufig behandelt werden, wenn man sie nicht ganz vernachliissigt. Vor allem im (...) deutschsprachigen Raum wurde BERKELEY immer wieder unter­ schiitzt oder miBachtet 1. Wiihrend der Vorbereitung zu diesem Buch erschien eine aus­ gezeichnete BERKELEY -Monographie von AREND K ULENKAMPFF 2. Leser, die sHirker an der Philosophie BERKELEYS interessiert sind, seien auf diese Schrift verwiesen. Ob es mehr als ein gliicklicher Zufall ist, daG innerhalb so kurzer Zeit nach fUnfzig lahren Pause gleich zwei deutschsprachige Biicher iiber BERKELEY erscheinen, wird sich in der Zukunft zeigen. Die Ubersetzungen der Zitate und der Texte im Teil III stam­ men, wenn nicht anders angegeben, von mir. Ich danke allen, die an der Entstehung dieses Buches direkt oder indirekt mitgewirkt haben, insbesondere DAVID BERMAN (Dub­ lin) und RAYMOND W. HOUGHTON (Dublin), die mir in so entgegen­ kommender Weise das Bildmaterial ihres Buches Images zur VerfU­ gung stellten und mir mit Informationen behilflich waren, und B. P. (shrink)

Straipsnyje parodoma, kad daugelis Viduramžių logikų manė, kad kai kurie „dėsniai“ galioja tik esant tam tikroms sąlygoms. Pavyzdžiui, Aristotelio, Boecijaus ir Abelardo ginti vadinamosios jungčių logikos (connexive logic) baziniai principai galioja tik galimų ar neprieštaringų antecedentų arba nebūtinų ar kontingentiškų konsekventų atžvilgiu. Panašus apribojimas galioja „dėsniui“ (kurį galimai gynė Chrisipas), kad kiekvienas teiginys yra suderinamas su pačiu savimi.

Der Beitrag fragt nach den Spezifika des Rhythmus-Diskurses in der frühen Sowjetunion unter dem Vorzeichen eine mechanistischen Menschenbilds. Rhythmus wurde vielfach nicht mehr als Reflex der »Natur« oder des »Lebens«, sondern als technisch regulierbare Größe gehandelt, die gleichwohl eine elementare Macht über den Menschen ausübt. Die tayloristische Arbeitsforschung und der davon inspirierte Konstruktivismus sahen in dieser Macht ein erstrangiges Mittel zur physischen Rekonstruktion des Menschen. Um 1930 verfielen solche Vorstellungen einer scharfen Kritik, wie an der Kampagne gegen den Foxtrott gezeigt (...) wird. (shrink)

We provide a finite axiomatization of the consequence , i.e. of the set of common sequential rules for and . Moreover, we show that has no proper non-trivial strengthenings other than and . A similar result is true for , but not, e.g., for +.