Causal independence of the simultaneous positions and momenta of two distinguishable particles in nonrelativistic physics and causal independence of events in two relatively spacelike regions of space-time in relativity are analyzed and discussed. This review paper formulates causal independence in a general and operational way and summarizes the inferences drawn from it in non-relativistic quantum mechanics, classical relativistic point mechanics, quantum field theory, and classical field theory. Special attention is given to the open question of the relationship between local independence (...) and commutativity in quantum field theory. (shrink)

El autor defiende una versión moderada de la teología política y moral. En su opinión, la autoridad y la soberanía tienen un contenido independiente del marco religioso teológico, aunque estos conceptos encajen en una imagen teológica del mundo. Encajar en una imagen es confundir un modelo de realidad con la propia realidad, sin ser consciente de ello. Por tanto, lo que se plantea hacer el autor es analizar una idea de la autoridad como si estuviera representada por una imagen religiosa. (...) Se trata ciertamente de una imagen, no de la imagen. Es la imagen de Dios como el ser supremo que toma decisiones sin que Él sea el deliberador. El autor la denomina una imagen decisionista de Dios. Es la genealogía de la autoridad la que capta su interés. Avanza su genealogía sobre la idea de la autoridad en tres fases. Primero, trata de la autoridad de Dios. Segundo, de la autoridad de los mensajeros de la palabra de Dios. Finalmente, en tercer lugar, trata de la autoridad de la palabra de Dios, concretamente de la autoridad de las Escrituras. (shrink)

En este escrito quiero mostrar que la relación entre la memoria y el deber moral de recordar implica la intermediación necesaria del interés y el análisis de las consecuencias que de allí se siguen, para una concepción más incluyente y pragmática de las relaciones entre ética y moral. Comienzo señalando, mediante ejemplos, que sí hay exigencias morales relacionadas con el deber de recordar. Luego, entro a considerar la naturaleza de estas exigencias morales y su vinculación con lo que entendemos como (...) interés, para finalmente establecer una caracterización fluida y no excluyente de las interacciones entre ética y moralidad. El punto de partida de estas reflexiones son las lecciones sobre La ética del recuerdo (2002) de Avishai Margalit. El problema que Margalit se plantea es el siguiente: ¿Existe una ética de la memoria? ¿Bajo que circunstancias podemos afirmar que estamos obligados a recordar personas y acontecimientos del pasado? ¿De qué tipo de obligación estamos hablando aquí? ¿Quiénes están sujetos a la obligación: los individuos o los colectivos sociales? (shrink)

In a book that asks, 'Is there an ethics of memory?' Avishai Margalit addresses a separate, perhaps more pressing, set of concerns.

When is political compromise acceptable--and when is it fundamentally rotten, something we should never accept, come what may? What if a rotten compromise is politically necessary? Compromise is a great political virtue, especially for the sake of peace. But, as Avishai Margalit argues, there are moral limits to acceptable compromise even for peace. But just what are those limits? At what point does peace secured with compromise become unjust? Focusing attention on vitally important questions that have received surprisingly little (...) attention, Margalit argues that we should be concerned not only with what makes a just war, but also with what kind of compromise allows for a just peace. Examining a wide range of examples, including the Munich Agreement, the Yalta Conference, and Arab-Israeli peace negotiations, Margalit provides a searching examination of the nature of political compromise in its various forms. Combining philosophy, politics, and history, and written in a vivid and accessible style, On Compromise and Rotten Compromises is full of surprising new insights about war, peace, justice, and sectarianism. (shrink)

Sociological studies of women's experiences with conservative religions are typically framed by a paradox that ponders women's complicity. The prevailing view associates agency with strategic subjects who use religion to further extra-religious ends and pays little attention to the cultural and institutional contexts that shape “compliance.” This paper suggests an alternative framing. Rather than asking why women comply, I examine agency as religious conduct and religiosity as a constructed status. Drawing on a study that examined how orthodox Jewish Israeli women (...) observe, negotiate, and make sense of regulations of marital sexuality, this paper explains religious women's agency as religious conduct, or the “doing” of religion. I demonstrate that doing religion is associated with a search for authentic religious subjecthood and that religiosity is shaped in accordance with the logics of one's religion, and in the context of controlling messages about threatened symbolic boundaries and cultural Others. (shrink)

This is a selection of the most important work of Edna Ullmann-Margalit, an unorthodox and deeply original philosopher whose work illuminated the largest mysteries of human life. It centres on two questions: How do people proceed when they cannot act on the basis of reasons, or project likely consequences? How is social order possible?

ABSTRACT This paper is concerned with the question of whether an individual has a moral obligation to sign a protest petition which has been initiated on moral grounds. It is argued that there is such an obligation when the petition represents a viewpoint with which one broadly agrees. This is a general dury which may lapse with changed circumstances or which may be redeemed by some alternative action. It is argued that the duty to initiate a protest petition is, on (...) the other hand, supererogatory as far as an individual is concerned, but may be a duty for a community or group. Finally it is argued that protest petitions are essentially protests, not against evil deeds as such, but against evil deeds done in one's own name, and are therefore a vital aspect of democracy. (shrink)

Many researchers, including Clarke and Beck, describe the human numerical system as unitary. We offer an alternative view – the coexistence of several systems; namely, multiple systems existing in parallel, ready to be activated depending on the task/need. Based on this alternative view, we present an account for the representation of rational numbers.

‘Hoe dat ook moge zijn, één ding is duidelijk: welke kenmerken van de Europese cultuur worden benadrukt, hangt af van datgene waarmee Europa wordt gecontrasteerd. Dus mijn eerste punt is: probeer niet Europa te definiëren met behulp van positieve begrippen, maar met behulp van cultuurvijandige begrippen, door het te contrasteren met de vijand.Ik heb weinig toe te voegen ter verduidelijking van het begrip ‘‘cultuur’’, maar ik zou wel iets willen toevoegen dat ontbreekt in de gangbare beschrijvingen van cultuurkenmerken, een kenmerk (...) dat ik uiterst relevant acht voor de omschrijving van de Europese cultuur. In de Europese cultuur hebben gemeenschappelijke herinneringen, met name aan de twee wereldoorlogen, een grote rol gespeeld in de totstandkoming van de cultuur. Ik zou zelfs willen beweren dat Europa als culturele eenheid meer blijk geeft van collectieve herinneringen dan van collectieve normen en waarden.’. (shrink)

Door de ultieme vernedering van hun slachtoffers voor zij geliquideerd werden wilden de nazi's afstand creëren, om geen medelijden met de slachtoffers te laten opkomen. De combinatie van vernedering en industrële vernietiging heeft er wezenlijk toe bijgedragen dat het debat rond de holocaust nog steeds voortduurt.

De drie historische godsdiensten jodendom, christendom en islam putten hun traditie uit normatieve teksten, die het herinneren hoog in het vaandel hebben staan. De herinnering moet het vergeten onmogelijk maken, maar dat bergt het gevaar in zich dat er ook geen vergeving mogelijk is.