ABSTRACT This article analyzes the concept of leveling as a political and social phenomenon in the mass society of the nineteenth century by Alexis de Tocqueville and Søren Kierkegaard. The use of this concept in the works of both authors is explained and, subsequently, a comparative analysis is carried out to find the common aspects and the differences that exist between the two. This analysis allows us how to understand the complexity of the phenomenon of leveling and of democratic equality, (...) considering their effects on individuals and their social ties in the mass society. (shrink)

En este artículo se propone, como clave de lectura para entender la filosofía política de Maquiavelo, una síntesis, por una parte, entre la primacía del miedo identificada por Leo Strauss y, por otra parte, siguiendo a Claude Lefort, la prioridad del conflicto político causada por los humores. Se discuten las dificultades y el alcance del intento de articular las interpretaciones de Strauss y Lefort sobre Maquiavelo. Una vez mostrada la manera en que la primacía del miedo permite articular las tensiones (...) internas de la teoría de los humores, se aplica la combinación de ambas en el paradigmático discurso de Istorie fiorentine III 13, sobre la revuelta de los ciompi. (shrink)

Existen múltiples maneras de aproximarse al transhumanismo e intentar comprenderlo, una de ellas es desde sus raíces filosóficas. La filósofa francesa Chantal Delsol, en su estudio sobre la sociedad contemporánea, presenta al prometeísmo –entendido como el intento de dominio del hombre sobre la naturaleza a través de la técnica– como una nota característica de nuestro tiempo. Dentro de su análisis, Delsol explica que el prometeísmo moderno, fruto de la Ilustración, se encontraría ahora en una forma pervertida en la actual modernidad (...) tardía –es decir, desde mediados del siglo XX en adelante– y eso estaría manifiesto tanto en el totalitarismo del siglo pasado como en el transhumanismo del siglo XXI. Este prometeísmo pervertido estaría expresado de manera clara en la idea de que “todo es posible” para el ser humano a través de la técnica, especialmente la creación del hombre nuevo. De esta manera, la filósofa francesa nos presenta una raíz filosófica común entre el totalitarismo y el transhumanismo como manifestaciones del período tardío-moderno. Desde este análisis conceptual, revisamos el carácter prometeíco tanto del totalitarismo como del transhumanismo y, a la vez, exploramos la necesidad de pensar sobre los límites antropológicos respecto de la transformación de la naturaleza a través de la tecnología. (shrink)

El presente artículo aborda el análisis curricular de la Lic. en Psicología de la UAQ. Valora elementos que se consideran por parte de los organismos evaluadores y acreditadores, y se recuperan los principales que deben ser atendidos en la evaluación curricular y el rediseño de las áreas de la licenciatura. Palabras clave: Análisis curricular, psicología, organismos evaluadores, organismos acreditadores, evaluación curricular.

O presente artigo procede a uma leitura crítica das posições de Kant e Hegel no âmbito moral. apresentando-as não de um modo erudito e "arqueológico", mas sim como possível medicina mentis para uma época hedonista e anómica como a actual. A ênfase é colocada na denúncia do egoísmo e do narcisismo, em quanto destruidores e, em última instância, tendências suicidas, ao mesmo tempo que se realça como virtude suprema a abnegação, o sacrifício..., não no nome de uma entidade abstracta (Deus, (...) a Pátria, a Justiça, a Revolução, e menos ainda a Lei moral ou o Espírito Absolute), mas sim por mor dos indivíduos concretos, sendo a compaixão a manifestação mais elevada da dignidade humana, e o respeito à Lei a forma universal de expressar essa solidariedade entre os homens livres (adjectivo este que é redundante, pois só se é homem quando a pessoa se quer livre). /// The present article undertakes a critical reading of the positions defended by Kant and Hegel in the moral realm, presenting them not in a learned and "archeological" way, but rather as a possible medicina mentis for an epoch as ours which is profoundly hedonist and anomic. The emphasis is placed in the denunciation of egoism and narcissism due to their destructive character and, in the end, suicidal tendencies, while at the same time underlining as supreme virtues abnegation and sacrifice, and this not in the name of an abstract entity (God, Fatherland, Justice, Revolution, and less still the moral Law or the Absolute Spirit), but because of the concrete individuals, being it the case that compassion is the most elevated manifestation of human dignity and the respect of Law the universal form of expressing such solidarity among free human beings (it is assumed that the qualification "human" applies only to one who wills himself/herself as free). (shrink)

Este ensaio de Benedetto Croce aponta os erros da ideia de materialismo histórico de Karl Marx e da sua economia. Para rebater as ideias de Marx e dos aficionados marxistas da época, Croce expõe feridas da forma científica do Materialismo Histórico, na premissa de que a economia é o principal fator histórico da humanidade, sobre a interpretação crítica de conceitos marxistas, das falhas do valor-trabalho e da questão sobre a queda na taxa de lucros, do livro III de Das Kapital. (...) Se o leitor quer um único livro para refutar Marx, este serve bem à causa, porque, no texto, Croce dialoga com vários pensadores da época que viam na obra de Marx méritos além dos que ele via. Croce entendia que certas questões da teoria marxista valiam a pena serem debatidas, mas havia pontos, principalmente de método e de lógica, que a obra de Marx passava longe, ou melhor, não via. Benedetto Croce foi um filósofo, historiador e político italiano que escreveu sobre diversos assuntos, incluindo filosofia, história, historiografia e estética. Em muitos aspectos, Croce era liberal, embora se opusesse ao livre comércio do laissez-faire. Exerceu considerável influência sobre outros intelectuais italianos, incluindo o marxista Antonio Gramsci e o fascista Giovanni Gentile, com quem rompeu a parceria intelectual, justamente por conta do fascismo. (shrink)

Resumen En sociedades preindustriales con estado, la religión como sistema de creencias que era simultáneamente sistema de programación colectiva y modo de expresar y vivir la dimensión absoluta de la realidad, el estado necesitaba de la religión y la religión del estado. La industrialización, las sociedades de innovación y cambio, y la subsiguiente democratización, han roto ese pacto y dependencia mutua. En las nuevas sociedades industriales, las religiones no podrán ofrecer sistemas de creencias con la pretensión de que se conviertan (...) en proyecto de vida colectiva, porque, interpretadas desde una epistemología mítica que da por real lo que dicen los mitos, son voluntad divina a la que hay que someterse. Por el contrario, si no se quiere quebrar la tradición, las religiones deberán hacer una oferta de espiritualidad, de calidad humana profunda, a las sociedades globalizadas en continua transformación, cuando más lo necesitan. Las nuevas sociedades no precisan de creencias que fijen, sino de calidad, de espíritu de vida. Las religiones y los estados debieran reconocer esta nueva situación por el bien de los pueblos, de la convivencia entre ellos y por el bien del planeta. Sociedades de una tecnociencia poderosa en continuo crecimiento y sin calidad, pueden ser muy peligrosas. Palabras clave : Mito; creencia; estado; religión; sociedad de conocimiento.In pre-industrial societies with a formal State, in which the religion appeared as a belief system that was both a programming system and a collective way of expressing and living the absolute dimension of reality, the state needed religion and religion needed the state. Industrialization, society in innovation and change, and the subsequent democratization broke this pact and its mutual dependency. In the new industrial societies, religions could not offer those beliefs systems that claim to be converted to a collective life project, interpreted from an mythic epistemology that take as real what the myths say, like a divine will to which we must submit. On the contrary, if you do not want to break with tradition, religions must offer a spirituality of profound human quality to the globalized societies, in continuous transformation, when they need it most. Such new societies do not need to support them, but they do need of a real density of spirit and of spirituality that gives quality to life. Religions and States must recognize this new situation for the good of peoples and the relationship between them and the good of the planet. Societies with a powerful techno science continuously growing and without quality can be very dangerous. Key words: Myth; belief; State; Religion; Knowledge Society. Resumo Nas sociedades pré-industriais com um Estado formal, em que a religião aparecia como aquele sistema de crenças que era simultaneamente um sistema de programação coletiva e um modo de expressar e viver a dimensão absoluta da realidade, o Estado necessitava da religião e a religião do Estado. A industrialização, as sociedades de inovação e mudança e a subseqüente democratização romperam esse pacto e dependência mútua. Nas novas sociedades industriais, as religiões não poderão oferecer sistemas de crenças com a pretensão de que se convertam em projeto de vida coletiva, interpretadas a partir de uma epistemologia mítica que dá por real o que dizem os mitos, como vontade divina à qual se deve submeter. Pelo contrário, se não se quer romper com a tradição, as religiões deverão ofertar uma espiritualidade, de qualidade humana profunda às sociedades globalizadas, em contínua transformação, quando mais a necessitam. As novas sociedades não precisam de crenças em que se fixar, mas de densidade de espírito e de espiritualidade que confira qualidade à vida. As religiões e os Estados devem reconhecer esta nova situação pelo bem dos povos, da convivência entre eles e pelo bem do planeta. Sociedades com uma tecnociência poderosa em contínuo crescimento e sem qualidade podem ser muito perigosas. Palavras-chave: Mito; crença; Estado; Religião; Sociedade do Conhecimento. (shrink)

Normal 0 21 false false false MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Tabela normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} Este artigo se centra na noçáo de responsabilidade, onde pretendemos oferecer uma visáo estruturada da obra jonasiana, que permita dar conta de sua análise de por que a transformaçáo realizada na açáo tecnológica termina por náo reconhecer mais valores e metas além daquelas que ela mesma produz. Assim, a (...) vulnerabilidade da natureza aparece num contexto niilista, quer dizer, desprovida de qualquer limite ontológico e axiológico. A ética proposta por Hans Jonas está fundamentada sobre a concepçáo teleológica da natureza, entendida como um valor que interpela a responsabilidade do homem para que ele se torne responsável pela sua preservaçáo. Este novo conceito de responsabilidade já náo se fundamenta apenas no nexo causal que vincula o sujeito a suas ações, mas sim, no ser valioso e vulnerável do qual surge uma exigência ética que nos compele a sermos responsável por ele. (shrink)

La dimensión de los problemas sociales en México, exige mayor participación de los ciudadanos, revisando, proponiendo, vigilando y exigiendo gobiernos honestos, comprometidos en su función de servicio a la población y con resultados positivos. Se demanda contar con información verídica, de inclusión con acceso para todos. Entre las propuestas se contemplan plataformas en las redes de Internet para la transparencia y la rendición de cuentas de la Administración Pública. Este trabajo presenta un estudio exploratorio basado en una encuesta que se (...) aplicó a 100 personas en la ciudad de Querétaro en abril de 2017. El objetivo principal es detectar si las personas tienen acceso al Internet, interés por información política y si a través del gobierno electrónico se podría recuperar credibilidad y confianza. Los resultados muestran desinterés y apatía general sobre la actividad política, los mecanismos de información vigentes no son claros, ni accesibles para los involucrados, comparativamente los insumos en la cultura y el modelo tradicional de educación contrastan con las propuestas del gobierno electrónico para ciudadanías globales. La conclusión considera necesario equilibrar y actualizar planes, estrategias y esfuerzos en programas educativos que motiven y preparen, desde edades tempranas una ciudadanía políticamente activa, interesada e informada en el desarrollo del gobierno, que sepa elegir líderes políticos formados en valores cívicos y éticos y que con transparencia aseguren calidad en educación, servicios de salud, trabajo, sustento y vivienda. Palabras Clave: Educación, inclusión, gobierno electrónico, transparencia. (shrink)

En el Gorgias, Platón distingue el modo de ser y actuar propio del filósofo frente al modo de ser y actuar propio del retórico. Para esto, usa comocriterio a la misma retórica a partir de la distinción retórica aduladora – retórica científica. Frente a esto, Aristóteles realiza una toma de posición quere formula las críticas platónicas referentes a la posibilidad de una technê retórica. El presente texto confrontara las condiciones que según el Gorgias debe cumplir la retórica para llegar (...) a ser technê con las características que, según Aristóteles, tiene la retórica a partir de su relación con la dialéctica. (shrink)

Aim: To determine the current state of knowledge on nursing and ethics and to assess the knowledge and experience based on the evidence in this regard. Background: Although ethics is at the center of the nursing profession and the ethical issues affecting nurses are given much importance, few studies have focused on professional ethics in nursing. In this respect, ethics has become a concept that contains controversial and ambiguous situations. Design: The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guide, (...) a basic search algorithm, was taken. Data sources: Cochrane, PubMed, CINAHL Complete, PsycINFO, and ULAKBIM from 2012 to 2016. Review methods: Following a systematic search strategy, all papers were assessed in relation to inclusion criteria and type of study. When sufficient information was not available in the title and summary of the works, the necessary data were evaluated in full texts. Results: This review was completed with 27 articles meeting the research criteria. The evaluation identified six themes: (1) ethics and nursing, (2) ethical difficulties/ethical dilemmas and nursing, (3) ethical competence and nursing, (4) professional ethics and nursing, (5) ethics, education, and nursing, and (6) ethics in health research. Conclusion: As a result of the review, a synthesis of high evidence-level research relating to nursing ethics was obtained. The emphasis was on the importance of further research and education so that the ethical aspects of nursing can be better understood throughout the studies. Nursing researchers’ level of evidence on ethics and their orientation to high research design will shed light on uncertain and controversial aspects of the subject. Ethical consideration: Since this was a systematic review, no ethical approval was required. There is no conflict of interest in this literature review. (shrink)

Meanings have an empirical genesis and status. This simple claim has often been denied or ignored. Some metaphysicians in their exaltation of the eternal have regarded meanings as essences, or eternal objects, or neutral entities, in a subsistential or supernatural realm that is changeless and has no roots in nature. Some logicians in their zest to manipulate meanings isolate them so completely as forms of reason, or as syntactical symbols that at no point is their connection with natural events made (...) intelligible. Yet meanings, all meanings, have relation to mind. It is this empirical, psychological aspect of meaning that I shall analyze. The larger philosophic question as to what the relation of the psychological aspect is to the metaphysical or the logical will not concern us except indirectly. (shrink)

All these activities of living beings, and the functioning of their organs, and the functioning of instruments demand a teleological explanation. Why do human beings toil? Why do living beings try to maintain the activities of the organism? What are the functions of specific organs or instruments? Intelligible answers can be given in teleological terms. Of course, one could ask many questions about these situations that would not require the teleological explanation; for example, questions concerning the mechanical structure of living (...) beings or of instruments. Yet this fact would not eliminate the legitimacy nor the utility of the teleological category. (shrink)

Journal of Social Philosophy, EarlyView.

Pretendemos abordar pedagogo português Faria de Vasconcelos (1880-1939) no contexto da Escola Nova, norteando-nos por uma pesquisa de metodologia hermenêutica na análise aos seus pressupostos pedagógicos sobre os problemas escolares e, principalmente a sua preocupação pela adolescência e jovens delinquentes, infratores e/ou indisciplinados. Recorremos conceptualmente aos seus textos (fontes primárias) e à sua obra compilada por Ferreira Marques, a fontes secundárias sobre Escola Nova e História da Educação em Portugal da época. O método hermenêutico permitiu-nos compreender os escritos daquele pedagogista, (...) na frágua da temática, quer pelo questionamento, quer pelo alicerçar dessa compreensão sobre (análise) o conteúdo a interpretar. Ou seja, a hermenêutica sendo a palavra, em que a correspondente interpretação vem sempre do texto, converteu-se em mediadora desse processo interpretativo. Os objetivos foram os seguintes: analisar os contributos de Vasconcelos ao estudo científico da criança/infância, em especial no seu desenvolvimento físico e mental, sob a influência da Escola Nova; compreender a sua análise à adolescência e delinquência juvenil, na relação que estabeleceu entre a inteligência (percentagens de deficiências mentais) e tipos de delitos/crimes cometidos. Pretendemos resgatar este pedagogo para a História da Educação em Portugal, divulgando os seus contributos em prole do estudo da criança, da adolescência e jovem delinquente. Palavras-chave: Faria de Vasconcelos; Adolescência; Jovem delinquente; Inteligência; Ideais Escola Nova. The analysis of adolescence and young offenders by the pedagogist Portuguese Faria de Vasconcelos: relationship between intelligence and types of offenders Abstract: Intending to approach pedagogue Portuguese Farai de Vasconcelos (1880-1939) in the context of the New School, we were based on our research for a hermeneutic methodology in the analysis of its pedagogical assumptions, especially about school problems and, especially, its concern for adolescence and young offenders or undisciplined. We use conceptually his texts (primary sources) and his work compiled by Ferreira Marques, to second sources on New School and History of Education in Portugal at the time. The hermeneutic method allowed us to understand the writings about this pedagogist, in the depth of the theme, either by questioning or by the support of understanding about (analysis) the content to be interpreted. That is, hermeneutics being the word, in which the corresponding interpretation always comes from the text, has become a mediator of this interpretative process. The objectives were: to analyse Vasconcelos contributions to the scientific study of children/childhood, especially in physical and mental development, understand their analysis of adolescence and juvenile offenders, in the relationship he established between intelligence (percentages of mental disabilities) and types of crimes/crimes committed. We intend to rescue the thought and work of this pedagogue for the History of Education, disseminating his contributions in favour of the study of children, adolescents, and young offenders. Key-words: Faria de Vasconcelos; Adolescence; Young offender; Intelligence; New School ideas. El análisis de la adolescencia y a los delincuentes juveniles por el pedagogo portugués Faria de Vasconcelos: relación entre la inteligencia y los tipos de delitos Resumen: Pretendemos acercarnos al pensamiento del pedagogo portugués Faria de Vasconcelos (1880-1939) en el contexto de la Escuela Nueva, guiándonos por una investigación de metodología hermenéutica en el análisis a sus supuestos pedagógicos, especialmente sobre los problemas escolares y, especialmente su abordaje a la adolescencia y jóvenes delincuentes y/o indisciplinados. Utilizamos conceptualmente sus textos (fuentes primarias) y el trabajo compilado por Ferreira Marques, además de fuentes secundarias sobre el periodo de la Escuela Nueva e Historia de la Educación en Portugal en la época. El método hermenéutico nos permitió comprender los escritos, en la profundidad del tema, ya sea cuestionando o por el apoyo a la comprensión sobre (análisis) el contenido a interpretar. Es decir, siendo la hermenéutica la palabra, en la que la interpretación correspondiente proviene del texto, se ha convertido en mediadora de este proceso interpretativo. Los objetivos fueron: analizar los aportes de Vasconcelos al estudio científico de los niños, especialmente en el desarrollo físico y mental, bajo la influencia de la Escuela Nueva; comprender su análisis a la adolescencia y los delincuentes juveniles, en la relación de la inteligencia (porcentajes de discapacidad mental) con los tipos de delitos/delitos cometidos. Pretendemos rescatar a este pedagogo para la Historia de la Educación en Portugal, difundiendo sus aportaciones a favor del estudio de los niños, adolescentes y jóvenes infractores. Palabras-Clave: Faria de Vasconcelos; Adolescencia; Joven delincuente; Inteligencia; Ideales de la Escuela Nueva. Data de registro: 10/06/2022 Data de aceite: 17/08/2022. (shrink)

Explaining how stereotypes and norms influence role-identities during reflected appraisal processes, we develop a theory about diverse groups of minority men—the “minority masculinity stress theory”—and apply it to Asian American men. We conceptually integrate hegemonic masculinity, stereotypes, and mental health to examine how Asian American men experience masculinity and how their experiences are uniquely stressful. We analyze elicited text from an open-ended questionnaire to explain two experiences of masculinity-related stress: trying to live up to the masculine ideal and enacting work-related (...) role-identities. Regarding the former, we discuss four illustrations—toughness, body image, restrictive emotionality, and heterosexuality—and two involving the latter—achiever and provider. We found that Asian American men receive stereotypical reflected appraisals that contradict potentially positive self-concepts and emphasize achievement beyond typical standards of hegemonic masculinity. Moreover, Asian American men’s role-identities contradict hegemonic masculinity, resulting in reflected appraisals that predispose them toward stress. (shrink)

Public policies are designed to have an impact on particular societies, yet policy-oriented computer models and simulations often focus more on articulating the policies to be applied than on realistically rendering the cultural dynamics of the target society. This approach can lead to policy assessments that ignore crucial social contextual factors. For example, by leaving out distinctive moral and normative dimensions of cultural contexts in artificial societies, estimations of downstream policy effectiveness fail to account for dynamics that are fundamental in (...) human life and central to many public policy challenges. In this paper, we supply evidence that incorporating morally salient dimensions of a culture is critically important for producing relevant and accurate evaluations of social policy when using multi-agent artificial intelligence models and simulations. (shrink)

In this paper I focus on a major aspect of the later Wittgenstein’s investigation of thinking – his discussion of the idea of thinking as a process or an activity. I shall show that Wittgenstein’s remarks, apart from some concerning the methodology and conception of philosophy, are grammatical remarks, meaning that they describe the use of the word “thinking” and can be agreed to by every competent speaker. I thus show that Wittgenstein’s investigation of thinking is a grammatical one, and (...) hence that there is no inconsistency between his conception of philosophy and his philosophical practice. In the process of doing so, I shall also review previous studies on this topic and point out their deficiencies. (shrink)

In many Western European countries, gender equality and sexual tolerance have increasingly become markers of national cultures and European values that face an insistent threat from Muslims. Gender equality and sexual tolerance are increasingly framed in cultural terms and they play an important role in the construction of a social imaginary based on a cultural antagonism between ‘us’ and ‘them’. This article argues that a new ‘culturalized’ social imaginary has been established by turning ‘immigrant workers’ into ‘Muslim immigrants’ over the (...) last three decades. The unending moral panics around Muslim immigrants’ cultural practices such as honor killings, forced marriages, headscarves, female circumcision and homophobia create a sense of imminent threat and force progressive movements to forge unlikely alliances with right-wing groups against the insidious threat. These alliances are not, however, ephemeral mobilizations in defense of ‘common achievements’; the notion of common achievements creates a sense of cultural sameness vis-a-vis Muslims. Thus, what we see is the displacement of the internal frontiers and the creation of a new ‘hegemonic bloc’ around ‘common cultural values’. And this hegemonic displacement creates unresolvable tensions within feminist and queer movements. (shrink)

The study aimed to shed light on the impact of using the digital library in encouraging and developing scientific research from the point of view of graduate students at the College of Business at King Khalid University during the COVID-19 crisis. The descriptive analytical approach was used to achieve the objectives of the study. A questionnaire was used to collect data and information, and the SPSS program was used to analyze the data. The study reached several results, including the fact (...) that the digital library helps detect plagiarism, forgery, copying, and imitation in scientific and technological research and facilitates communication between academic researchers from faculty members and students by logging in. The digital library and the exchange of ideas and information contribute to the development of scientific research. Graduate students use the resources in the digital library to efficiently complete their assignments and scientific research. The use of the digital library contributed to saving time and effort for graduate students. It was recommended that the culture of digital awareness be spread by preparing workshops for graduate students to introduce them to digital libraries and teach them how to use and activate them in the service of scientific research. (shrink)

Resumo: Discuto a abordagem de Darwin sobre meios e finalidades de expressões emocionais, com destaque para o choro e sorriso dos bebês; e apresento algumas contribuições, que se depreendem desse conteúdo, para a reflexão das práticas educativas direcionadas à estas crianças que se encontram na primeira etapa da vida. Para tanto, utilizo de descrições e análises apresentadas por Darwin em “A expressão das emoções nos homens e animais”, publicado em 1872 (2009); apresento perspectivas de estudiosos contemporâneos, que tratam das expressões (...) emocionais, tais como: Tomasello (2003) e Damásio (2011). Com base nessas considerações, abordo sobre a importância das expressões emocionais no desenvolvimento de práticas educativas dirigida aos bebês, adicionando ao debate comentários de estudiosos que tratam da primeira infância. Enfatizo o choro e o sorriso como meios naturais de expressão das emoções, que são acionados por estímulos e se dirigem à manifestação de necessidades básicas e estados emocionais, quer sejam excitantes ou deprimentes. Nos bebês, estes meios se apresentam, inicialmente, como ações reflexões; progressivamente, tais meios se mostram cada vez mais complexos. As contribuições que se depreendem dessa discussão podem ser refletidas por cuidadores, no desempenho de suas práticas educativas junto aos bebês, em sintonia com a relação corpo-mente. Palavras-chave: Darwin; Emoções; Bebês; Prática Educativa. Darwin's perspective on babies' emotional expressions: contributions to the development of educational practices Abstract: I discuss Darwin's approach to the means and ends of emotional expressions, with emphasis on babies' crying and smiling; and I present some contributions, which are deduced from this content, for the reflection of educational practices aimed at these children who are in the first stage of life. For that, I use descriptions and analyzes presented by Darwin in “The expression of emotions in men and animals”, published in 1872 (2009); I present perspectives of contemporary scholars who deal with emotional expressions, such as: Tomasello (2003) and Damásio (2011). Based on these considerations, I address the importance of emotional expressions in the development of educational practices aimed at babies, adding comments from scholars who deal with early childhood to the debate. I emphasize crying and smiling as natural means of expressing emotions, which are triggered by stimuli and are directed towards the manifestation of basic needs and emotional states, whether they are exciting or depressing. In babies, these means appear, initially, as reflective actions; progressively, such means are becoming more and more complex. The contributions that emerge from this discussion can be reflected by caregivers, in the performance of their educational practices with babies, in tune with the body-mind relationship. Keywords: Darwin; Emotions; Babies; Educational practice. La perspectiva de Darwin sobre las expresiones emocionales de los bebés: aportes al desarrollo de las prácticas educativas Abstracto: Analizo el enfoque de Darwin sobre los medios y fines de las expresiones emocionales, con énfasis en el llanto y la sonrisa de los bebés; y presento algunos aportes, que se deducen de este contenido, para la reflexión de las prácticas educativas dirigidas a estos niños que se encuentran en la primera etapa de la vida. Para ello, utilizo descripciones y análisis presentados por Darwin en “La expresión de las emociones en hombres y animales”, publicado en 1872 (2009); Presento perspectivas de estudiosos contemporáneos que se ocupan de las expresiones emocionales, tales como: Tomasello (2003) y Damásio (2011). Con base en estas consideraciones, abordo la importancia de las expresiones emocionales en el desarrollo de prácticas educativas dirigidas a los bebés, agregando al debate comentarios de estudiosos que se ocupan de la primera infancia. Destaco el llanto y la sonrisa como medios naturales de expresión de emociones, que son desencadenados por estímulos y se dirigen a la manifestación de necesidades básicas y estados emocionales, ya sean estos excitantes o deprimentes. En los bebés, estos medios aparecen, inicialmente, como acciones reflexivas; progresivamente, tales medios son cada vez más complejos. Los aportes que emergen de esta discusión pueden ser reflejados por los cuidadores, en el desempeño de sus prácticas educativas con los bebés, en sintonía con la relación cuerpo-mente. Palabras clave: Darwin; Emociones; bebés; Práctica educativa. Data de registro: 18/02/2022 Data de aceite: 17/08/2022. (shrink)

This study examines the roles of environmental strategy and accounting in corporate carbon performance, as measured by the Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Protocol. A novel interaction model is developed based on legitimacy theory and natural-resource dependence theory to capture the interaction between environmental strategy and accounting. An international sample of 3322 firms from 73 countries is used in the analysis, based on a panel data design for 17 years (2005–2022). The empirical findings reveal an overall reactive role of these environmental initiatives (...) in relation to carbon performance. The marginal effect analysis shows that environmental accounting favourably moderates the effect of environmental strategic functions on carbon performance, indicating that the former facilitates the translation of the latter into practice. Similarly, environmental strategic initiatives improve the impact of environmental accounting information on carbon performance. The main contribution of this study stems from methodologically demonstrating how the synergy between environmental strategic initiatives and environmental information mechanisms can translate into improved carbon performance. This finding has multiple societal, practical and research implications. The interaction effect evidence can be viewed as consistent with recent trends of integrated approaches to thinking and reporting, where interrelated phenomena are integrated into operational and reporting contexts to improve efficiency. This can be of interest to policymakers, investors, corporate managers and providers of assurance services related to carbon performance. (shrink)

Translations, whether in the form of text, illustration, or interpretive analysis, served knowledge-making in multiple ways. It offered a refuge, severed contexts, and concealed the various workers that created it. Over the course of the seventeenth century, European naturalists in Istanbul, such as Luigi Ferdinando Marsigli (1658–1730), procured illustrations of Ottoman nature as fundamental resources to identify, collect, and compare indigenous plants and newly bred varieties. Despite maintaining an actual mediation for cross-cultural interactions, these sources of virtual communication remain largely (...) forgotten in modern scholarship. This article argues that this curious yet invisible corpus was not a nonagentive medium in an alienated leisure of a gentleman-scholar; instead, these illustrations were designed to call upon the viewer’s constant attention in self-motivated scientific labor. Such handy tools responded and contributed to early modern scholars’ modes of working, and in exchange they determined these sources’ own function, position, and visibility – either as a by-product or as a derivative. It is therefore only when integrated into the labor history of science that the degrees of invisibility pertaining to both Ottoman nature studies and self-directed labor can come into a granular view. (shrink)

The objective in this article is to apply a Daoist model of an ethic derived from the Laozi on writings of the Huang Lao tradition to offer a unique Daoist cosmically derived ethic in its own terms. Having our point of departure in the Laozi we refer to its paradoxical language as a living riddle that is inherent to the tradition, and as such it suggests a “model of modeling.” We find this model in Laozi 25, according to which self-so (...) (ziran自然) serves as foundation for an ethic that is neither dichotomizing nor rests on human moral conventions, rather as a guiding philosophy of living. On this basis we explore the question of an ethic in the Huang Lao tradition. (shrink)

While the problem of nihilism is derived from a particular historical and intellectual context in Western philosophy, i.e., the pantheism controversy in modern German philosophy and the ideas of Nietzsche, non-Western thinkers also engaged with it and developed responses to it. In this article, I am interested in analyzing Muhammad Iqbal’s (1877–1938), a leading Muslim thinker (a Sufi) from India, engagement with the problem of nihilism and his response to it from a Sufi perspective. Arguing that the existing literature on (...) Iqbal fails to understand the deeper impact of Nietzsche’s ideas on Iqbal’s philosophy and the dramatic role “the problem of nihilism” played in causing changes in Iqbal’s philosophy, or on Iqbal’s intellectual development, in this article, I analyze how Iqbal’s encounter with the ideas of Nietzsche during his study period in Europe between 1905 and 1908 has introduced him to the problem of nihilism in its Nietzschean form, how this led Iqbal to a nihilistic mood/crisis from 1909 to 1913, and then how he later developed a response to nihilism by reconstructing the Sufi cosmology and by revaluating the Sufi values of the pantheistic/persian type of Sufism – the outcome of which is found in his philosophical poem Asrar-i-Khudî (1915). (shrink)

Beginning in the 1970s and culminating in the first two decades of the 21st century, there has been a marked shift in the sciences from a predominantly reductionist and mechanistic approach to a broader and more holistic viewpoint. It goes without saying that such a shift in point of view will have significant implications, not only for the sciences but for our concepts of nature and of human beings. The present essay is an attempt to assess the significance of this (...) change in the focus of the sciences and to describe the nature of its components. Originally, it had a far more limited scope, that of comparing two of the parts of the new nonreductionist stance: brain plasticity and biological systems theory. Unfortunately, my understanding of one of these factors (systems theory) turned out to be incorrect, while the section on brain plasticity was incomplete. The result of this dual realization is an essay of far greater scope, taking in both new developments in the sciences far beyond that of plasticity, and reassessing the content and impact of systems theory, which is greater than I had thought. I will begin with a study of systems theory, dealing first with the unexpected mathematics which made its present status possible. Then I will deal with its history, which reaches back over a century. One of the confusions into which we are liable to fall is to fail to distinguish the old systems theory from the new. This is even more likely because the two versions of the theory have many features in common. (shrink)

Sosyal bilimsel yaklaşımlar önemli ölçüde kültürel ayrımlara ve varsayımlara, kültürel ayrımlar ise örtük bir zaman tasavvuruna bağlıdır. Kültürün bir bileşeni olan zaman, gerçekliğin toplumsal ve tarihsel inşası sürecine dahildir. Toplumsal/tarihsel gerçekliğin incelenmesi adeta toplumun kurumsallaşmış unsurlarından biri olan zamanın da incelenmesini gerekli kılar. Kültürelci yaklaşımlarda zaman konusu bilhassa tarihselcilik ve eleştirisi bağlamında ele alınmaktadır. Tarihselciliği eleştiren ve buna alternatif teşkil eden yaklaşımlar da zaman tasavvuru ve bunun seçilen yönteme etkisi bakımından tarihselciliğin bazı ön kabullerini paylaşmaktadır. Bu alternatifler modernist sosyal bilimlerin (...) zaman algısına yönelik esaslı bir sorgulamadan uzaktır. Postmodernist sosyal bilimlerdeki mekân vurgusu ise ötekini ortak bir insanlık zamanının dışında konumlandırmaya dönük modernist varsayımın izlerini taşımaktadır. Bu çalışma zaman tasavvurunun sosyal bilimsel yönteme yansımalarına ve kültürel taksonominin zamanla ilişkisine dair eleştirel/anlayıcı bir perspektif sunmak ve yöntembilim tartışmalarında eksik kalan bu boyuta katkı sağlamak amacındadır. (shrink)

Journal of Religious Ethics, Volume 49, Issue 4, Page 622-637, December 2021.

Many Turkish, German, Austrian, British, Swedish, French, Hungarian, and Australian travelers, military and political officers, spies, consuls, meerschaum merchants, naturalists, historians, geographers, geologists, archaeologists, and missionaries have stayed in and mentioned Eskişehir in their travelogues. Thus, it could be suggested that Eskişehir, which has recently been associated with tourism, had actually become acquainted with tourism with the arrival of BerlinBaghdad Railroad. The purpose of this study is to reveal the socio-cultural and socio-economic structure of the city through the analysis of (...) the travelogues of the travelers, who visited Eskişehir between 1892 and 1922. Therefore, the period between 1892, the date of arrival of Berlin-Baghdad Railroad, and 1922, when the city was destroyed and devastated during the Turkish War of Independence, has been discussed. The literature review of this study has been conducted by using documents and visual materials. Analyzing and reviewing the travel books written between 1892 and 1922 are very important in terms of their contribution to the history of Turkish tourism. (shrink)

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are considered as a potential biotechnological tool for improving phytostabilization efficiency and plant tolerance to heavy metal-contaminated soils. However, the mechanisms through which AMF help to alleviate metal toxicity in plants are still poorly understood. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of two AMF species on the growth, Pb accumulation, photosynthesis and antioxidant enzyme activities of a leguminous tree at Pb addition levels of 0, 500, 1000 and 2000 mg kg-1 soil. AMF symbiosis decreased (...) Pb concentrations in the leaves and promoted the accumulation of biomass as well as photosynthetic pigment contents. Mycorrhizal plants had higher gas exchange capacity, non-photochemistry efficiency, and photochemistry efficiency compared with non-mycorrhizal plants. The enzymatic activities of superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidases and glutathione peroxidase were enhanced, and hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde contents were reduced in mycorrhizal plants. These findings suggested that AMF symbiosis could protect plants by alleviating cellular oxidative damage in response to Pb stress. Furthermore, mycorrhizal dependency on plants increased with increasing Pb stress levels, indicating that AMF inoculation likely played a more important role in plant Pb tolerance in heavily contaminated soils. Overall, both F. mosseae and R. intraradices were able to maintain efficient symbiosis with R. pseudoacacia in Pb polluted soils. AMF symbiosis can improve photosynthesis and reactive oxygen species scavenging capabilities and decrease Pb concentrations in leaves to alleviate Pb toxicity in R. pseudoacacia. Our results suggest that the application of the two AMF species associated with R. pseudoacacia could be a promising strategy for enhancing the phytostabilization efficiency of Pb contaminated soils. (shrink)

El currículo de Geografía e Historia en Secundaria.