The paper offers a formalization of reasoning about distributed multi-agent systems. The presented propositional probabilistic temporal epistemic logic $\textbf {PTEL}$ is developed in full detail: syntax, semantics, soundness and strong completeness theorems. As an example, we prove consistency of the blockchain protocol with respect to the given set of axioms expressed in the formal language of the logic. We explain how to extend $\textbf {PTEL}$ to axiomatize the corresponding first-order logic.

Publication date: 28 April 2021 Source: International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences Vol. 90 Author: Zoran Mastilo, Nenad Božović, Dejan Mastilo The paper addresses and evaluates the currency board policy and assesses whether the currency board, as a form of monetary policy, is in the function of development of Bosnia and Herzegovina's national economy. In this context, a hypothesis that the currency board provides the foundation for growth and development of a transition economy is being put to the (...) test. To test the hypothesis, the paper compares the movement of economic growth indicators among the countries of South Eastern Europe with the primary focus on Bosnia and Herzegovina. By comparing the obtained results, as well as by applying the correlation and regression analysis, by means of simple linear regression, it is proven that the currency board does not represent an obstacle to economic growth, but is the basis for establishing the stability of the economy and the basis for sustainable growth and development able to adequately respond to shocks. (shrink)

Let us imagine an actor on stage presenting an impersonation of a certain politician, his manners and his body language. Now, suppose another actor sitting in the audience, impressed by the show and deciding to adopt something of his colleague’s style. He rents another stage and presents an impersonation of the same politician according to what he has learned. What does he actually do? In a certain sense he “imitates” the politician, but in another sense he “imitates” the first actor, (...) whose theatrical style he has adopted.These of course are two entirely different activities, but language marks them both as “imitation.” This lack of differentiation is not a caprice of a particular language; even languages that.. (shrink)

Publication date: 2 May 2019 Source: Author: Zoran Mastilo Aim of this paper is to, by means of comparative analysis, demonstrate that contemporary pension systems are limitation factors of development of the Republic of Srpska, and that they should be reformed and improved. Ultimately, pension systems should be the basis for development of the Republic of Srpska. They should significantly improve strengthening of financial markets, enhancement of capital markets, higher growth rates of the Republic of Srpska, idecrease of unemployment. (...) Private pension funds are to change the habits and ideas of every future insurance holder, aiming to make the pension rights a matter of concern of every individual, instead being the obligation and ballast of the society. Today, stabile financing of pension systems and their funds is becoming increasingly questionable. A gap is emerging between the area of rights gained by law and financial possibilities for their implementation. Pay-as-you-go systems, i.e. systems of inter-generation solidarityare particularly endangered. Adequate systematization of gathered data, i.e. evidence, should provide conclusions that pension systems are a limitation todevelopment of national economy. This claim is present in underdeveloped and developing countries, with developed economies also facing grave problems. (shrink)

The great variety of meditation techniques found in different contemplative traditions presents a challenge when attempting to create taxonomies based on the constructs of contemporary cognitive sciences. In the current issue of Consciousness and Cognition, Travis and Shear add ‘automatic self-transcending’ to the previously proposed categories of ‘focused attention’ and ‘open monitoring’, and suggest characteristic EEG bands as the defining criteria for each of the three categories. Accuracy of current taxonomies and potential limitations of EEG measurements as classifying criteria are (...) discussed. (shrink)

Since in Heyting Arithmetic all atomic formulas are decidable, a Kripke model for HA may be regarded classically as a collection of classical structures for the language of arithmetic, partially ordered by the submodel relation. The obvious question is then: are these classical structures models of Peano Arithmetic ? And dually: if a collection of models of PA, partially ordered by the submodel relation, is regarded as a Kripke model, is it a model of HA? Some partial answers to these (...) questions were obtained in [6], [3], [1] and [2]. Here we present some results in the same direction, announced in [7]. In particular, it is proved that the classical structures at the nodes of a Kripke model of HA must be models of IΔ1 and that the relation between these classical structures must be that of a Δ1-elementary submodel. MSC: 03F30, 03F55. (shrink)

Rafael Malach is currently a professor in the department of Neurobiology at the Weizmann Institute in Israel. His current research is aimed at understanding how the neuronal circuitry in the human brain translates a stream of sensory stimuli into meaningful perception. Rafael Malach received his PhD in physiological optics from UC Berkeley and did his post-doctorate research at MIT. Originally doing research on the organization of neuronal connections in the primate brain, his focus has recently shifted to the study of (...) the human cerebral cortex using fMRI. Professor Malach has begun this research at Massachusetts General Hospital, exploring a new object-related region called the lateral occipital complex. Since then he expanded this research, studying the human visual cortex using a variety of methods, including adaptation paradigms, backward masking, and more recently naturalistic stimuli--all aimed at deciphering the intriguing link between perceptual experience and brain activity. (shrink)

We study a propositional probabilistic temporal epistemic logic $\textbf {PTEL}$ with both future and past temporal operators, with non-rigid set of agents and the operators for agents’ knowledge and for common knowledge and with probabilities defined on the sets of runs and on the sets of possible worlds. A semantics is given by a class ${\scriptsize{\rm Mod}}$ of Kripke-like models with possible worlds. We prove decidability of $\textbf {PTEL}$ by showing that checking satisfiability of a formula in ${\scriptsize{\rm Mod}}$ is (...) equivalent to checking its satisfiability in a finite set of finitely representable structures. The same procedure can be applied to the class of all synchronous ${\scriptsize{\rm Mod}}$-models. We give an upper complexity bound for the satisfiability problem for ${\scriptsize{\rm Mod}}$. (shrink)

Razvoj biofarmaceutika predstavlja izazov u bioetici. Za razliku od uobicajenih lekova male molekulske mase, biofarmaceutici su proteini kompleksne trodimenzionalne strukture koji se dobijaju tehnologijom rekombinantne DNK i tehnikom hibridoma. Imunogenost biofarmaceutika treba uvek proveriti u klinickim studijama zbog male prediktivne prednosti pretklinickih animalnih modela. Medjutim, primati i transgeni sojevi miseva mogu se upotrebiti da bi se naznacili neki aspekti imunogenosti. Znacajni napori su ucinjeni u cilju smanjenja upotrebe primata u razvoju biofarmaceutika, npr. poboljsanja dizajna istrazivanja i promene u zakonskoj regulativi. (...) Osim toga, u ovoj oblasti su aktivne i pojedine ekspertske grupe. Uprkos tome, postoji rastuci trend upotrebe primata izuzev coveka u pretklinickom ispitivanju bezbednosti biofarmaceutika, posebno kada su u pitanju monoklonska antitela. Druga bioeticka pitanja koja se mogu dovesti u vezu sa razvojem biofarmaceutika su odnos njihove cene i efikasnosti, procena bezbednosti u klinickim uslovima, proizvodnja bioloski slicnih lekova i uporedjivanje njihove efikasnosti sa placebom u zemljama u kojima ne postoji namera o plasmanu. Upoznavanje humanog genoma otvorilo je mnoga bioeticka pitanja. Razvoj biofarmaceutika je vazno bioeticko pitanje iz vise razloga. Ono povezuje sve aspekte savremene bioetike: biomedicinu, dobrobit zivotinja i najnovija dostignuca u biotehnologiji. Posebno, razvoj biofarmaceutika je izazov kada je u pitanju lecenje retkih bolesti. (shrink)

Aristotle?s definition of humans determines his understanding of education in Politics as politikon zo?n. This definition should always be considered together with the other most important Aristotle?s statement about the human being, in which he claims that?man alone of the animals possesses speech?. The ability to speak becomes most important within the specific political partnership, which has at last attained the limit of virtually complete?self-sufficiency?. Contrary to?every household? where the eldest member?gives the law? to sons and spouses, in the city, (...) the?speech is designed to indicate the advantageous and harmful, and the right and wrong?. In sum, justice became political. It always appears like the outcome of an argument or dispute on what is just. We should understand education in the context of the previous statements. Dispute, the keyword of Aristotle?s understanding of education, appears in the first sentence of Politics VIII. Aristotle states that?they dispute? the question of what?constitutes education and what is the proper way to be educated?. There is not one complete, definitive, and standard answer to the question of what is the best way to be educated that we should implement in the educational activities. Based on Aristotle?s view, I claim that the first purpose of education is not to determine and constrain the activity of the youth and citizens in general, but to provoke and facilitate the dispute on the essence and aims of education. (shrink)

Sich auf Hegels Auffassung des Fanatismus st?tzend, versucht der Verfasser dieses Ph?nomen zu verstehen. Er weist darauf hin, dass f?r Fanatismus nicht nur der Einsatz f?r das abstrakte Allgemeine und die Verkehrung der moralischen Position in das eigene Gegenteil, sondern auch die Ausschliesslichkeit und?bertriebene Leidenschaft charakteristisch ist. Fanatismus und Individualismus gegen?berstellend, betont der Autor, dass es sich in beiden F?llen um eine Egoposition handelt. Im Unterschied zum starken, extrovertierten individualistischen Ego, handelt es sich im Fall des Fanatismus um das schwache, (...) inferiore Ego. Statt der falschen Alternative einer einseitigen Bevorzugung von Einzelnem oder Allgemeinem, sollte dialektisch Einzelnes und Allgemeines vermittelt werden. Es ist unm?glich den Fanatiker durch Argumente von der Falschheit seiner Position zu?berzeugen. Die einzige Weise, dass er auf sie verzichtet, ist es, eine religi?se Transformation zu erleben. Oslanjajuci se na Hegelovo shvatanje fanatizma, autor pokusava da razume ovaj fenomen. On ukazuje da za fanatizam nije karakteristicno samo zalaganje za apstraktno opste i preokretanje moralne pozicije u vlastitu suprotnost, nego takodje iskljucivost i preterana strast. Protivstavljajuci fanatizam i individualizam, autor naglasava da se u oba slucaja radi o ego poziciji. Za razliku od jakog, ekstrovertiranog individualistickog ega, u slucaju fanatizma radi se o slabom, inferiornom ja. Umesto lazne alternative jednostranog favorizovanja pojedinacnog ili opsteg, trebalo bi da pojedinacno i opste budu dijalekticki posredovani. Nemoguce je fanatika argumentima ubediti u laznost njegove pozicije. Jedini nacin da on od nje odustane je da dozivi religiozni preobrazaj. (shrink)

Nakon ukazivanja na razlicite religijske koncepcije porekla zla, autor se usredsredjuje na razmatranje hinduizma kao tipicnog primera monizma. Buduci da su indijska bozanstva zapravo manifestacije vecnog pranacela, ona u sebi sadrze jedinstvo suprotnosti, tj. imaju i svetlu i mracnu stranu. Zlo koje pogadja pojedinca tumaci se kao ogresenje o univerzalni kosmicki i moralni poredak. Ucenje da covekovu sudbinu odredjuju njegova dela iz prethodnih inkarnacija gotovo je opsteprihvaceno u Indiji. Ideja karme u isti mah obezbedjuje kosmicku pravdu i lisava Boga odgovornosti (...) za zlo u svetu. Apersonalni zakon karme ima takodje i pedagosku funkciju. Citav svet je proistekao iz brahmana i nalazi se u procesu evolucije. Kroz brojne zivote i razlicita iskustva, trpeci posledice svog ponasanja, individua stice duhovnu pouku. U vremenima kosmickih kriza, kada zlo preovladava svetom, Visnu se inkarnira u liku avatara da bi pobedio zlo i obnovio blokiranu evoluciju. Mada zlo biva porazeno, ono ipak ne moze biti sasvim iskorenjeno iz fizickog sveta. Spasenje je za coveka moguce tek kad sagori ego i, prosvetlivsi se transcendira sferu dualnosti. (shrink)

Raspravljamo o ulozi predpojmovnog kompleksnog mišljenja u znanstvenoj spoznaji i razvoju znanosti. Kompleksno mišljenje sa svom heterogenošću i imaginacijom omogućuje pojmovne strukture i reorganizaciju cjelokupnih teorijskih mreža, ali to 'naplaćuje' latentnim prisustvom protislovja i nekonzistentnosti. Galilei još nema izrađenu potpunu pojmovnu shemu mehanike, pa možemo reći da je njegove teorijska osnova uronjena u kompleksnu razinu, ali se oslanja na matematičku strukturu i eksperiment i time uspjeva formirati jednu stabilnu teorijsku organizaciju. Možemo u izvesnom smislu reći da je time kompleksno mišljenje (...) u znanosti bilo podignuto na višu razinu i dovedeno u pred-paradigmatično razdoblje. (shrink)

U svetu arhajskog čoveka -- Kožev--"posthumni" mislilac -- Žan Delimo ili apologija pesimizma -- Pitanje tragedije.

It is proved that MacLane''s coherence results for monoidal and symmetric monoidal categories can be extended to some other categories with multiplication; namely, to relevant, affine and cartesian categories. All results are formulated in terms of natural transformations equipped with graphs (g-natural transformations) and corresponding morphism theorems are given as consequences. Using these results, some basic relations between the free categories of these classes are obtained.

Razmatrajuci mesijansku ideju u novovekovnom judaizmu, autor se usredsredjuje na sabatajski pokret. On ispituje drustveno-istorijske i psiholoske razloge koji su omogucili masovno prihvatanje Sabataja Cvija za mesiju, kao i ostajanje vernim tom uverenju cak i kada je on izneverio velika ocekivanja, neocekivano presavsi u islamsku veru. Mladi rabin Natan iz Gaze, oslanjajuci se na Lurijinu kabalu, ne samo sto je ubedio jevrejski narod u to da je Sabataj Cvi dugo ocekivani mesija nego je i ponudio teorijsko opravdanje njegove navodno prividne (...) izdaje. Opravdanje sablaznjivog ponasanja Sabataja Cvija, koji je bio manijakalno-depresivna osoba, vodilo je kod ekstremnih sabatajaca do uverenja o svetosti greha, cime je mesijanska ideja u novovekovnom judaizmu izoblicena do krajnje grotesknosti. (shrink)

Der Verfasser betrachtet Adornos Deutung der Strategie der modernen Kunst in ihrem Versuch der verdinglichtenWelt zu widerstehen. Diese Strategie bezeichnet der frankfurter Denker als Mimesis der Verdinglichung,?berzeugt davon, dass die Kunst gegen den Bann opponieren kann, nur inwiefern sie sich mit diesem identifiziert. Abstraktheit, Dissonanz und Nihilismus der modernen Kunst fasst Adorno geradezu als Mimesis der Verdinglichung auf. Das Ziel der modernen Kunst sei es, dass sie mit der eigenen "H?sslichkeit" eine verborgene H?sslichkeit derWelt entlarvt, d.h. dass sie den Rezipienten (...) schockiert und ihn dadurch aus der konformistischen Schl?frigkeit auff?hrt. Nachdem der Verfasser Adornos Deutung der Strategie der modernen Kunst betrachtet hat, bemerkt er, dass auch sie sich, nach Anfangserfolgen, der Herrschaft der instrumentalen Vernunft, d.h. derWelt, die sich auf dem abstrakten b?rgerlichen Prinzip des Tausches gr?ndet, als nicht gewachsen herausgestellt hat. Autor razmatra Adornovo tumacenje strategije moderne umetnosti u njenom pokusaju odolevanja postvarenom svetu. Ovu strategiju moderne umetnosti frankfurtski mislilac oznacava kao mimezis postvarenja, uveren da umetnost moze oponirati stezi ukletosti jedino ukoliko se identifikuje s njom. Apstraktnost, disonantnost i nihilizam moderne umetnosti Adorno shvata upravo kao mimezis postvarenja. Cilj moderne umetnosti je da vlastitom ruznocom razoblici prikrivenu "ruznocu" sveta, da svojom sokantnoscu trgne recipijenta iz konformistickog dremeza. Razmotrivsi Adornovo tumacenje strategije moderne umetnosti, autor primecuje da se i ona, nakon pocetnih uspeha, pokazala nedoraslom vladavini instrumentalnog uma, tj. svetu koji pociva na apstraktnom principu razmene. (shrink)