La Historia sólo toma sentido dentro del historicismo. O, dicho de otro modo, cualquier intento de dar sentido a la Historia ha de caer en las redes del historicismo. Se trata de una telaraña en la que se dejan enredar con entusiasmo las gentes en busca del ideal a que entregan sus vidas. Funciona como un ideal regulativo que distorsiona los acontecimientos pasados poniéndolos al servicio de la consecución de un plan que se concretará en el modelo final (...) que le da razón de ser a todo el proceso. Sánchez Ferlosio se adentra en los mecanismos psicológicos y pedagógicos con los que el sistema político va obnubilando la capacidad crítica de las gentes hasta que, identificándose con el Todo histórico que les permite huir del mosaico descolocado de la realidad humana, sacrifican generosamente sus vocaciones y motivos de recreo. (shrink)

En el presente ensayo intentaremos exponer algunos aspectos de la crítica de Graeber al capitalismo financiarizado. En el primer apartado introduciremos su concepto de alienación, clave para entender el sentido de su obra. En los apartados posteriores presentaremos las ideas principales que se pueden encontrar en Bullshit Jobs, su último libro. En él expone una teoría de los trabajos basura o inútiles, que considera uno de los pilares fundamentales de la ideología neoliberal, junto con la omnipresencia de la burocracia y (...) la moralidad de la deuda. El fenómeno social de los trabajos basura es estudiado desde diversos niveles: qué son, cómo afectan a los que los realizan, cuáles son las causas económicas y por qué nadie hace nada para acabar con ellos.In the present paper I try to delve into some of Graeber’s critiques of the financialised capitalism. In the first section, I will introduce his idea of alienation, key to understand the sense of his work. In the rest of the paper I will present the main ideas of his last book, Bullshit Jobs. There Graeber presents a theory of bullshit jobs, which he believes to be an important base of the neoliberal system, along with the bureaucracy and the debt. He analyses the social phenomenon of bullshit jobs from different perspectives: what they are, how they affect the people doing them, which are the economic causes and why nothing is done. (shrink)

This paper introduces the thesis that ‘society’ plays the role of a regulative ideal for sociology: society is an impossible but necessary object of knowledge. This thesis of society’s regulative ideal in sociology emerges from the critique of the methodological nationalism with which the social sci..

El presente trabajo pretende establecer una “lógica” en la exposición y análisis de las formas deficientes de gobierno en fa República VIII-X, más no en el sentido del “historicismo”, respecto del cual toma una clara y crítica distancia. Con ese propósito busca primero establecer el lugar que ocupa esa exposición en el conjunto de la obra y luego, abordar la cuestión del criterio y del fundamento que permite distinguirlas de la pólis ideal -la única que constituye una unidad- y (...) ordenarlas en una jerarquía que pone de manifiesto una cada vez mayor multiplicidad hasta establecer a la tiranía como el extremo apuesto de la polis justa y buena. En contraste con recientes publicaciones (Blössner), el autor sostiene que Platón formula y aplica explícitamente ese criterio aunque no precisamente en el comienzo inmediato de los libros VIII-IX. (shrink)

Ainda que a autora tenha se debruçado, em várias ocasiões desde 1984, sobre o problema da ideologia na obra postumamente publicada por Lukács, o objetivo geral do presente artigo é trazer comentários adicionais sobre o tema, decorrência de pesquisa mais profunda não só da Ontologia do ser social, mas também do próprio itinerário intelectual do filósofo húngaro. Autores que abordaram o tema são revisitados, configurando-se assim um quadro geral mais complexo da questão em tela.

El artículo ofrece notas iniciales sobre el modo en que Lukács aborda la categoría de alienación, en su conexión con las categorías de trabajo, objetivación, enajenación, cosificación e ideología, en Hacia una Ontología del Ser Social. De este modo, toca temas relacionados con el proceso de formación de la personalidad humana y su subjetividad o conciencia, la conciencia atribuida, la elevación del individuo atrapado en la genericidad en-sí a la genericidad para-sí y la casualidad. Trata de la emancipación humana y (...) en esta trayectoria arriesga algunos comentarios críticos basados en la figuración del mundo que ofrece la lectura que Moishe Postone hace de Marx. (shrink)

Este artigo apresenta o conceito de ideologia em A ideologia alemã, de Marx e Engels, a partir da relação entre a inversão real gerada pela divisão do trabalho e a inversão ideológica, considerando o problema de a ideologia ser caracterizada como a inversão da realidade das relações de produção ao mesmo tempo que a expressão dessas mesmas relações. Por meio da análise do conceito procura-se reavaliar a importância dos manuscritos inacabados de “I. Feuerbach”, tendo em vista que a discussão bibliográfica (...) mais recente atribui ao texto um caráter menor se comparado ao capítulo dedicado a Stirner. (shrink)

En el contexto político global contemporáneo, las diversas luchas sociales se están alienando entre sí hasta elpunto de que la ilusión del capitalismo como único sistema socioeconómico posible está difuminando todos los horizontesdel cambio social. En este artículo, trataremos de redefinir las causas comunes de las luchas sociales, demostrando su interseccionalidad e interdependencia. Para ello, nos ocuparemos de una serie de conceptos de la filosofía de Marx. En la introducción, examinaremos la noción de valor, afirmando que la teoría del valor (...) de Marx no es simplemente una teoría laboral del valor, sino que más bien refleja la estructura paralela de la producción y la circulación, cristalizada en la forma de valor última del dinero. Una vez obtenidas estas ideas preliminares, volveremos al fenómeno del trabajo en el capitalismo, para reinterpretar, en la primera sección del artículo, la distinción marxiana entre trabajo productivo e improductivo. A partir de ahí, se darán los primeros ejemplos concretos de la interseccionalidad de las luchas sociales contra la abstracción del capital: a saber, mostrar que las luchas de género y las raciales tienen ciertas causas comunes, enraizadas en la hegemonía gramsciana. En la segunda sección, examinaremos la distinción que Marx establece entre la subsunción formal y la real. Esta última, afirmaremos, es decisiva para entender cómo el capital estructura la cuasi-totalidad de nuestras relaciones sociales. Tras una interpretación de la película Toni Erdmann de Maren Ade, propondremos algunos medios posibles de lucha interseccional contra la subsunción real, que encontrarán su respaldo teórico en el concepto de universales subversivos. Las observaciones finales abordarán la lógica nuclear de la distribución y la acumulación del capital, un síntoma que pervive a lo largo de la historia preservado e impulsado por la omnipresencia de la ideología, y subrayarán de nuevo implícitamente la importancia de la lucha común en el descongelamiento de la emergencia de un nuevo sujeto revolucionario. (shrink)

L.A. Paul has recently defended the methodology of metaphysics on the grounds that it is continuous with the sciences. She claims that both scientists and metaphysicians use inference to the best explanation to choose between competing theories, and that the success of science vindicates the use of IBE in metaphysics. Specifically, the success of science shows that the theoretical virtues are truth-conducive. I challenge Paul’s claims on two grounds. First, I argue that, at least in biology, scientists adhere to the (...) vera causa ideal, which allows the theoretical virtues to play a much more limited role in scientific reasoning than Paul requires for metaphysical reasoning. The success of biology thus does not vindicate the methodology of metaphysics. Second, I argue that, at least in many cases, the successful reliance on the theoretical virtues in scientific contexts shows only that the theoretical virtues are truth-conducive within those local contexts, and not that they are truth-conducive generally. The upshots are that Paul’s defense of the methodology of metaphysics fails, and that any attempt to rescue her defense must pay more careful attention to what precisely is vindicated by successful science. (shrink)

Según reza la tradición, la filosofía nació del asombro. El mundo, pleno de verdad y de belleza, invitaba a la contemplación. Pero esta actitud reverente fue abandonada por las ideologías, que redefinieron a la filosofía como un programa de acción. El pensamiento devino praxis, programa transformador dirigido a eliminar los males y alienaciones, construyendo, por fin, el paraíso en la tierra. El TH puede interpretarse como una reedición de este espíritu ideológico, que apuesta por la tecnología como instrumento para la (...) revolución más radical: la transformación de la biología humana. En cuanto a lo metodológico, mi trabajo tiene dos partes. La primera (secciones 1 a 5) es una presentación general, que incluye una consideración acerca de la relevancia de la cuestión, su contexto filosófico, antecedentes, definición, y una alusión a las formas habituales en que el TH se autojustifica. En la segunda parte (secciones 6, 7 y 8) propongo un análisis teórico. En la sección 6, introduzco mi interpretación del TH como ideología. En la sección 7, analizo la dificultad fundamental del TH, esto es, su tendencia a colapsar, bajo el rótulo de aspectos indeseables e innecesarios de la naturaleza humana, verdaderos males con límites constitutivos. Ya en el apartado conclusivo, expongo cómo las dificultades ontológicas y epistémicas del progresismo radical de las ideologías afectan también al TH. (shrink)

Há um discurso teórico que denuncia a igualdade formal presente no ideal de Estado de Direito como um manto ideológico a serviço do conservadorismo. Por debaixo desse manto, as profundas desigualdades sociais e relações de opressão seriam legitimadas como se fossem simplesmente fruto da aplicação imparcial das regras jurídicas a que todos estariam igualmente submetidos. Embora essa crítica sirva quando direcionada ao modelo de Estado de Direito defendido por Hayek, que apresenta falsamente as regras oriundas dos costumes e dos (...) precedentes como isentas de posições políticas, ela não atinge da mesma maneira o modelo de Estado de Direito centrado na supremacia da legislação. Apesar de todas as limitações que podem ser reconhecidas no ideal de igualdade formal, a sua recusa parece antes permitir novas e mais graves formas de opressão do que as suprimir. (shrink)

El presente trabajo aborda el ideal de la ciencia libre de valores extra epistémicos. Al respecto, se sitúa la discusión en el marco de autores que adscriben al denominado pluralismo científico, quienes, por lo general, tienen una postura más proclive a aceptar la influencia de valores extra epistémicos en las ciencias, tales como valores morales, políticos y sociales. En particular, se somete a revisión la postura de Helen Lóngino, Heather Douglas y John Dupré, analizando si le son o no (...) aplicables las críticas desarrolladas fundamentalmente por Hugh Lacey, quien, siendo pluralista, sigue sosteniendo el ideal de la ciencia libre de valores. Se concluye que existen buenos argumentos que apoyan la influencia de valores extra epistémicos en las ciencias; sin embargo, su extensión puede ser objeto de debate o bien matizada. Al respecto, se toma posición por la postura de John Dupré, la cual reconoce que en ciertos ámbitos de las ciencias–como la física de partículas- no existe una carga extra epistémica. Asimismo, se concluye que, aunque el ideal de una ciencia completamente libre de valores debe ser rechazado, puede tener alguna relevancia en tanto ideal regulativo, imponiendo esta versión un mayor desafío para las posturas que procuran refutar el ideal en cuestión. (shrink)

Al centro del saggio una riflessione sull’incontro tra femminismo e ideologia, condotta intorno agli scritti di Michèle Barrett, Judith Butler e Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, allo scopo di approfondire il nesso tra critica femminista, ideologia e processi di soggettivazione sociale. Se è vero che «l’ideologia non si riferisce, come spesso si crede, soltanto alle idee politiche, ma include tutte le nostre “strutture mentali”, le nostre credenze, i concetti e i modi di esprimere i nostri rapporti con il mondo» (Loomba), allora alla (...) riflessione femminista non resta che indagare «la dominante maschile» nel processo di «costruzione ideologica del genere» (Spivak). A essere chiamata in causa è la contrapposizione tra materialità e idealità, reale e immaginario, il tutto nel solco della lezione di Marx, Althusser e Foucault. (shrink)

Resumo: Este artigo visa explorar a questão da educação em Platão a partir da contextualização histórica, pensando o modelo de Atenas, Lesbos e Esparta, e da perspectiva por onde uma má paideía, a baixa qualidade na formação de cidadãos, se torna a principal causa geradora da ruptura social. Foi feita, então, uma reflexão sobre as possibilidades de educação que atenienses de classes sociais distintas teriam e sobre a proposta platônica fundamentada na combinação entre a ginástica e a música, para (...) que se desenvolvesse um perfil de cidadão com ideais coletivos sólidos a ponto de se evitar a stásis. Palavras-chave: Platão, educação, dissensão, stásis, paideía. Abstract:This article aims to explore the question of education in Plato from the historical context, thinking the model of Athens, Lesbos and Sparta, and from the perspective where a bad paideía, the low quality in the formation of citizens, becomes the main generating cause of social disruption. Then, a reflection was made on the educational possibilities that Athenians from different social classes would have and on the Platonic proposal based on the combination of gymnastics and music, so that a citizen profile with solid collective ideals would be developed to the point of avoiding stásis. Keywords: Plato, education, dissension, stásis, paideía. (shrink)

Intentar explicar el origen, evolución y violación de un tabú considerado casi universal en las sociedades humanas no es una empresa sencilla dado su carácter polifacético; sin embargo, ello no ha impedido que en muchos ordenamientos jurídicos sea empleado ese sentimiento de repulsión o asco como un elemento para criminalizar una relación sexual aparentemente ofensiva. El artículo sostiene que el matrimonio es la única forma en que las prácticas sexuales entre parientes en condición de igualdad pueden tener lugar. Para ello: (...) I. Presentaremos algunas teorías que ofrecen respuestas a las incógnitas en torno al tabú, II. Veremos por qué para Kant el incesto es un crimina carnis contra naturam en un caso, y secundum naturam en el otro. III. Examinaremos qué es el matrimonio para el filósofo y por qué constituye un ideal regulativo-práctico de las relaciones sexuales humanas. Por último, consideramos argumentos en contra de esta propuesta. (shrink)

Después de más de 200 años de vida del constitucionalismo, en América Latina, una mayoría de los países de la región sigue viéndose afectada por sistemas políticamente inestables y económicamente muy desiguales; en donde las violaciones de derechos humanos son un hecho habitual; las ramas políticas del gobierno tienden a funcionar con independencia de cualquier reclamo ciudadano, mientras se encargan de moldear normas a medida de intereses privados; los tribunales aparecen como órganos de difícil acceso público, que tienden a decidir (...) en favor de los poderosos, criminalizando a quienes protestan; y en donde el debate público destaca por las pobreza de su contenido. En este trabajo, se exploran algunas de las causas de dicha situación, relacionadas con el propio diseño del sistema constitucional dominante en la región. (shrink)

En este trabajo se analizan las claves utópicas e ideológicas que atraviesan la reflexión suareciana en torno al derecho humano. En primer lugar, si bien la unidad e inmutabilidad del derecho natural en Suárez está asegurada por la capacidad que todos los humanos tienen de alcanzar racionalmente sus principios, la medida de esta racionalidad está dada por elementos específicos de la cultura europea, considerando como evidentes preceptos que son sólo creencias naturalizadas de una experiencia histórica particular. En segundo lugar, respecto (...) del derecho civil, aunque es cierto que Suárez acepta la posibilidad de comunidades políticas orientadas al bien común de forma inmanente -es decir, sin necesidad de abrazar el cristianismo-, introduce multitud de elementos que limitan esta posibilidad. En tercer lugar, respecto al derecho de gentes, si bien implica una limitación de la soberanía de todas las comunidades, a causa de la mutua ayuda que requieren para su supervivencia, su forma está dada por las fuerzas imperialistas europeas. El trabajo concluye preguntándose hasta qué punto estas dinámicas no perviven hoy en los Derechos Humanos y el derecho internacional. (shrink)

Conocida esta enfermedad por el nombre de tisis, algunos países tenían registros de las muertes producidas por la tuberculosis, aunque después de la revolución industrial del siglo XVIII, se hicieron frecuentes los registros debido a la alta mortalidad. Las causas fueron varias: las malas condiciones de trabajo, las casas insalubres y atestadas de seres humanos, la dieta poco variada, entre otras. Se va a definir la imagen idealizada de la tuberculosis por el estudio de diversos poemas de autores que plasmaron (...) el pensamiento general de esa época, un muestreo de una enfermedad que se sigue manifestando, pero sin el concepto añadido de belleza romántica. (shrink)

En este artículo se hará un recorrido detallado por el sistema ontológico y categorial de la obra póstuma de Georg Lukács, Ontología del ser social. En adición, se hará una comparación entre la problemática que se presenta entre la primera parte histórica y la segunda parte sistemática. Así mismo, se pondrán en juego los sistemas ontológicos del existencialismo, de Nicolai Hartmann, de Hegel y de Marx, para terminar con la propuesta de una ontología plenamente social de Lukács. Igualmente se harán (...) aproximaciones a las categorías de trabajo, reproducción social, ideología y alienación, determinantes todas ellas del ser social. (shrink)

El escrito, adentrándose en la teoría allagmática de Gilbert Simondon, tiene como objetivo provocarle al concepto de cosmopolitismo variantes ontológicas, epistemológicas y éticas. Se piensa, dichas variantes, al romper con los primados sustancialitas que sitúan el principio de individuación como algo consumado, idean un horizonte de sentido que se muestra capaz de expresar al cosmopolitismo, no como un ideal regulativo, sino como un proceso. De este modo, pensar al cosmopolitismo como un proceso, reclama asumir los movimientos ontológicos, epistemológicos y (...) éticos, no como abstracciones, sino como devenires-límite que reclaman examinar cómo es que nos creamos. Por lo anterior, en el escrito se afirma junto a Simondon: el cosmopolitismo pensado a la luz de la allagmática involucra la producción de movimientos capaces de afirmar disímiles modos de existencia. El cosmopolitismo es un proceso siempre por hacer y por afirmar en el que nos jugamos la posibilidad de expresar una vida digna. (shrink)

Estas páginas reseñan uno de los últimos libros de Roberto Gargarella. La obra, un diagnóstico de los problemas estructurales y normativos del constitucionalismo latinoamericano, abre debates centrales para las reformas de los sistemas políticos y jurídicos de la región, al tiempo que ofrece un ideal regulativo propio hacia donde dichas reformas deban dirigirse: el del derecho entendido como una conversación entre iguales. En el marco de la exposición de dichos argumentos se muestra los principales méritos del libro. Se agregan (...) algunas consideraciones críticas relativas a la forma en que el ideal de la conversación entre iguales articula las relaciones entre las instituciones representativas y la ciudadanía. Hacia el final se destaca la reflexión a la que incita La derrota del derecho en América Latina. (shrink)

The appearance of Jesus Christ in his time was inevitable. Plato's ideas were to find a material embodiment on earth. The image of Christ as a balance, the harmony of light-spirit and darkness-matter, is the materialization of the ideal image.

Paul Raimond Daniels’s Nietzsche and The Birth of Tragedy is an engaging, instructive, and clearly written study of Nietzsche’s first book. It is a particularly fine achievement given the difficulties, in terms of both style and content, that Nietzsche’s text presents to the reader. Daniels’s aim is to present BT as an ideal introduction to Nietzsche’s philosophy, and, in light of its problematizing of the relation between art and truth, to argue that BT is crucial for evaluating the aims, (...) successes, and shortcomings of Nietzsche’s later philosophy. Furthermore, Daniels presents an “affirmative” interpretation, arguing that BT champions a life-affirming worldview that finds its highest expression in... (shrink)

In this book, Stephen Acreman follows the development and reception of a hitherto under-analyzed concept central to modern and postmodern political theory: the Kantian ein erweiterte Denkungsart, or enlarged mentality. -/- While the enlarged mentality plays a major role in a number of key texts underpinning contemporary democratic theory, including works by Arendt, Gadamer, Habermas, and Lyotard, this is the first in-depth study of the concept encompassing and bringing together its full range of expressions. A number of attempts to place (...) the enlarged mentality at the service of particular ideals–the politics of empathy, of consensus, of agonistic contest, or of moral righteousness–are challenged and redirected. In its exploration of the enlarged mentality, the book asks what it means to assume a properly political stance, and, in giving as the answer ‘facing reality together’, it uncovers a political theory attentive to the facts and events that concern us, and uniquely well suited to the ecological politics of our time. (shrink)

Readers of The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism recognize that Weber attempts to provide an ideal account of development of modern rational capitalism. What readers apparently do not realize is that Weber believes that there is a political development that is parallel to this economic development. Weber believed that Luther’s passive theology and doctrine of two kingdoms lead to quiet resignation in earthly matters. Luther advises shunning politics and avoiding political confrontation. In contrast, Weber held that Calvin’s (...) theology of awe and his doctrine of predestination lead to active political stances and even imply a duty to resist tyranny. However, Weber rejects both Luther’s and Calvin’s political stances because both believed in a divinely ordered world and held that the consequences of their actions were ultimately left to God. Weber contends that only those people who have the proper understanding of the nature of power and have a real appreciation for the ‘diabolic’ nature of politics are suitable to be political actors. Thus, Weber insists that only those people who will take responsibility for their own political actions have the right to ‘stick their hands in the wheels of history’. (shrink)

This chapter delineates two types of ideal theory that are found in Rawls’s corpus of work. The first is ideal-method theory, which is theory constructed using idealizing assumptions that do not directly correspond with the actual world. The second is ideal-content theory, namely criteria for assessing whether something is a perfectly justice institution. The chapter provides an independent justification for both types of theory, arguing that ideal-method theory is valuable within certain parameters; for instance, the idealizing (...) assumption of strict compliance helps to clarify the distinction between distributive and retributive justice. The chapter illuminates the value of ideal-content theory by clarifying and defending Rawls’s claim that nonideal theory depends on ideal-content theory. In particular, it argues that in order to gain a systematic grasp of the more pressing problems of nonideal theory it is plausible to argue that ideal-content theory is necessary. -/- . (shrink)

About 1910 it became customary to call Bergsonism and all related tendencies ‘new philosophy’. This term was designed not only to contrast an apparently revolutionary idea with the classical intellectualism of the Franco-German academic tradition and with the platitudes of a philosophy that affirmed and believed itself to be inspired by positive science; the concept of ‘new philosophy’ was meant, above all, to imply that, starting with Bergson, philosophy intended to change its position in regard to human experience. No longer (...) an explanation from afar of the world and of consciousness, philosophy professed to be henceforth one with this experience; not satisfied to shed light on man and his life, it aspired to become this life, now at the stage of complete self-awareness. It seemed that this ambition constrained the philosopher to renounce philosophy's ideal—to be an exact science—since this ideal is not only inseparable from the idea of an impartial and detached spectator, but also from that of a reality so constituted as to be an object of pure vision. On the other hand, however, to abandon this ideal proved less acceptable than ever. The startling progress of positive science gave birth, or rather rebirth, to the illusion of a total explanation: how then could one admit that philosophy would triumph over its secular uncertainties by drawing away from this brilliant example? The relative failure of Bergsonism is possibly due precisely to the fact that it never was willing to make any clear statement of choice in this matter. (shrink)

This papers explores the diversity of pilgrim expressions in the Celtic Christian sources, focusing largely upon scriptural and theological images-namely, the image of Jerusalem, the example of Abraham, and journey as a metaphor for the earthly life. Discussion on Celtic interest in Jerusalem will focus on the text, De locis sanctis, by Adomnán of Iona. Central to Abrahamic pilgrimage is the ideal of being a stranger, foreigner, exile and alien in the world. Columbanus and Columba are both described as (...) pilgrims in the tradition of Abraham. The life of Patrick raises the question of the relationship between Abrahamic pilgrimage and the missionary life. The phenomenon of the seafaring monks, most famously St Brendan, will also be discussed through the lens of Abraham, while the corresponding text, The Voyage of St Brendan, will lead to a short discussion of liturgy as a form of pilgrimage. Finally, the lifelong journey of the Christian life-expressed through the metaphors of road and journey in the writings of Columbanus-will be discussed. (shrink)

Lifestyles are evidence for the influence of systems, cultures and civilisations within various societies. In view of that, all systems of thought aim to maintain certain ways of living in citizens to implement their ideals. Furthermore, if societies do not accept the lifestyles introduced by such systems, their intellectual foundations and values are rejected. In this regard, the Islamic lifestyle does not imply giving up all pleasures and blessings, but it takes on a divine colour to all pleasures. The objective (...) of this study was to investigate the relationship between religious lifestyle and social health among 1000 Muslim teachers working in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, over a period of six months, in 2020-21. Utilising the simple random sampling method, 278 teachers were thus selected as the statistical sample and then completed some questionnaires on Islamic lifestyle and social health. Data analysis was also performed using the structural equation modeling (SEM) in the Linear Structural Relations (LISREL) statistical software package. The results demonstrated a significant positive correlation between Islamic lifestyle and social health (p = 0.58, t = 6.84). CONTRIBUTION: The study results showed the importance of Islamic lifestyle in improving teachers' social health. (shrink)

According to a long-standing conservative critique, the proponents of fundamental or revolutionary social change necessarily fail by sacrificing the organic complexity of society and the individual upon a procrustean bed of dogmatic and rigid universal principles. I will argue that Marx's concept of proletarian self-emancipation is not only compatible with this conservative critique but is appropriately understood as a variant of it. The self-emancipation of the working class is the core of Marx's critique of the Utopian socialists, for whom socialism (...) is the instantiation of universal ideals rather than the product of class struggle. This critique should be construed, not as a theoretical promissory note for the realisation of these ideals through the agency of the workers, but as a criticism of the very project of founding political ethics on the basis of universal ideals. Marx's political thought bears a structural similarity to conservative thought in that each seeks to ground its political programme upon the study of society as it actually exists, rather than upon a vision of human nature considered apart from society. If Marx's critique of Utopian socialism holds water, the intellectual roots of Stalinist authoritarianism may be traced, not to the failure of Marx fully to outline the ideal communist society, but to the assimilation of elements of his thought to the Utopian style and tradition of political thought. There should be no surprise, therefore, when attempts to transcend Stalinism by basing radical politics upon sanitised versions of a socialist Utopia or socialist renditions of such universal liberal principles as human rights prove counter-productive. (shrink)

There are two fundamentally different conceptions of the nature of constitutional rights: a positivistic conception and a non-positivistic conception. According to both, constitutional rights are part of the positive law. The difference is that in the positivistic conception, constitutional rights are only or exclusively positive law, whereas in the non-positivistic conception positivity represents but one side of constitutional rights, that is to say, their real or factual side. Over and above this, constitutional rights, according to the non-positivistic conception, also have (...) an ideal or critical dimension. This is not without reason. For as with all law, constitutional rights necessarily raise, in connection with principles theory, a claim to correctness. This claim to correctness leads to a necessary connection between constitutional rights understood as positive rights and human rights understood as moral rights, and, with this, to the dual nature of constitutional rights. (shrink)

The author's thesis is that there is a conceptually necessary connection between law and morality which means legal positivism must fail as a comprehensive theory. The substantiation of this thesis takes place within a conceptual framework which shows that there are at least 64 theses to be distinguished, concerning the relationship of law and morality. The basis for the author's argument in favour of a necessary connection, is formed by the thesis that individual legal norms and decisions as well as (...) whole legal systems necessarily make a claim to correctness. The explication of this claim within the frame of discourse theory shows that the law has a conceptually necessary, ideal dimension, which connects law with a procedural, universalistic morality. (shrink)

La providencia divina en los textos de Filón de Alejandría es un concepto filosófico o religioso que señala el cuidado de Dios por sus criaturas. Como fuente primera debemos acudir al Timeo para encontrar la idea platónica de la providencia sostenida por el axioma de que Dios no es la causa del mal, un principio que Filón sigue en su teodicea. Los filósofos estoicos tomaron de Platón la idea de la providencia divina y la adaptaron a su propia filosofía (...) materialista. Conjugando elementos platónicos y estoicos Filón expresa en varios lugares su idea sobre la providencia de Dios. Escribió dos tratados titulados Sobre la Providencia -probablemente en la última etapa de su vida-, que aquí comentaremos someramente. En La creación del mundo según Moisés 171-172, Filón ofrece un compendio de su teología donde aparece su idea de Dios, y por tanto su teoría de la creación y el concepto de providencia. El análisis se concentrará en la explicación de la providencia en los tratados históricos y en la particular construcción del concepto en la sociedad patriarcal judeohelenística. Divine providence in the texts of Philo of Alexandria is a philosophical or religious concept that points at the care of God for his creatures. As a first source we must consult the Timaeus to find the Platonic idea of providence sustained by the axiom that God is not the cause of evil, a principle that Philo follows in his theodicy. The Stoic philosophers took from Plato the idea of divine providence and adapted it to their own materialistic philosophy. Combining Platonic and Stoic elements Philo expresses in various places his idea of God’s providence. Philo wrote two treatises with the title On providence -probably at the end of his life-, which we will briefly discuss here. In On the Creation of the World according to Moses 171-172, Philo offers a compendium of his theology where his idea of God appears, and therefore his theory of the creation and the concept of providence. The analysis will focus on the explanation of providence in historical treatises and on the particular construction of the concept in the Hellenistic Jewish patriarchal society. (shrink)

This article defends a non-positivist theory of law, that is, a theory that accepts the necessary connection between legal validity and moral correctness by reference to the work of John Finnis. It begins with the dual nature of law as comprising both a real or factual dimension and an ideal dimension. Important examples show that at least some kinds of moral defect can deprive law of validity from the perspective of a participant in the legal system. The nature of (...) the connection between moral defectiveness and legal defectiveness is specified in terms of three possibilities: exclusive non-positivism, in which all cases of moral defect render law invalid; inclusive non-positivism, in which moral defect renders law invalid in some cases; and super-inclusive non-positivism, in which legal validity is not affected by moral defect at all. The paper argues for inclusive non-positivism as exemplified by the Radbruch Formula, according to which extreme injustice is not law, and which strikes the right balance between the ideal and real dimensions of law, against John Finnis’s account, which can be seen as an example of super-inclusive non-positivism, although his most recent work has tended towards the inclusive version. (shrink)

The argument of this article is that the dual-nature thesis is not only capable of solving the problem of legal positivism, but also addresses all fundamental questions of law. Examples are the relation between deliberative democracy and democracy qua decision-making procedure along the lines of the majority principle, the connection between human rights as moral rights and constitutional rights as positive rights, the relation between constitutional review qua ideal representation of the people and parliamentary legislation, the commitment of legal (...) argumentation to both authoritative and non-authoritative reasons, and the distinction between rules as expressing a real “ought” and principles as expressing its ideal counterpart. All of this underscores the point that the dual nature of law is the single most essential feature of law. (shrink)

Cet article tente d’appréhender le rapport que la philosophie de Nancy entretient avec la littérature et la poésie en tant que telles. Nancy a théorisé les conditions de production du sens poétique comme protension du sens en avance sur soi par opposition au récit de fiction structurellement en retard sur son origine. Ces temporalités littéraires marquées au sceau de la non-concordance des temps renvoient à une origine sans contenu, ni forme. La sensibilité nancyenne au dire du poème, au faire de (...) la langue, la distingue dans l’histoire de la philosophie. La part sensible de l’écrit philosophique est par définition neutralisée, sous-tendue par l’idéal de transparence du signifié qui fonde la possibilité et la singularité du discours philosophique comme discours sans séduction, ni équivoque. (shrink)

The term narcissism is normally used to describe an infatuation with the self so extreme that the interests of others are ignored. However, argues C. Fred Alford, psychoanalytic theory also implies that narcissism can be construed in a positive way, as a striving for perfection wholeness, and control over self and world. In this book, Alford applies the psychoanalytic theory of narcissism to the philosophies of Socrates and Frankfurt School members Max Horkheimer, Theodor Adorno, Herbert Marcuse, and Jurgen Habermas, contending (...) that it can illuminate basic philosophical issues such as the nature of the ideal society, the integrity of the self, and the role of reason in human affairs. (shrink)

Advance directives enable individuals to project their healthcare preferences into a period of anticipated incapacity. With advance directives, individuals can designate whom they would like to have make healthcare decisions for them, or give their healthcare provider advice on what to do, or both. Canada has an unusually wide variety of legislative approaches to advance directives. In what follows we describe and evaluate these, with the aim of pointing the way toward the ideally best legislation and policies on such directives.

Plato seems to countenance both positive and negative Forms, that is to say, both good and bad ones. He may not say so outright, but he invokes both and rejects neither. The apparent finality of this impression creates a lack of direct interest in the subject: Plato scholars do not give negative Forms much thought except as the prospect relates to something else they happen to be doing. Yet when they do give the matter any thought, typically for the sake (...) of a prior concern, they try either to support the textual evidence or to contradict it, indicating that the evidence does not stand on its own. The purpose of this paper is to determine why they tend to affirm or deny the obvious, how they try to confirm or dispute it, and what this says about Plato’s position. The strategic vehicle is a comparative case study. The confirmation comes from Debra Nails (2013), who needs to embrace negative Forms to demonstrate that the unhypothetical first principle of the all is not identical to the Form of the good, something she cannot do unless Plato recognizes negative Forms. The contradiction comes from Holger Thesleff (2013), who needs to reject negative (Ideal) Forms because the defining feature of his (Ideal) Forms is the possession of positive intrinsic value, which cannot be predicated of anything negative. Despite defending opposite views, or perhaps because of this, they jointly make up for any lack of interest in the scholarly community. I appreciate both yet side with Thesleff. (shrink)

Environmental philosophies concerning our obligations to each other and the natural world too rarely address the aftermath of environmental injustice. Ideally we would never do each other wrong; given that we do, as fallible and imperfect agents, we require non-ideal ethical guidance. Margaret Walker’s work on moral repair and Annette Baier’s work on cross-generational communality together provide useful hermeneutical tools for understanding and enacting meaningful responses to intergenerational injustice, and in particular, for anthropogenic climate change. By blending Baier’s cross-generational (...) approach with Walker’s emphasis on victim subjectivity and moral repair, I propose that a reparative model of intergenerational justice can provide some much needed direction on non-ideal moral issues comparatively neglected in climate-ethics debates today. (shrink)

El objetivo de este artículo es mostrar que en la actualidad el dominio de la técnica sobre la naturaleza tiene consecuencias en la conformación de la subjetividad. Para comprender este dominio, la dialéctica negativa analiza las tensiones entre el mito y la razón, para señalar las oposiciones del sujeto en su relación con la sociedad. La dominación causa sufrimiento en el sujeto, lo que se refleja en su interacción con los objetos y en la conformación de su moralidad.

There has been a growing interest within analytic philosophy in addressing political and social issues, which has been referred to as the “political turn” in the discipline. The aim of this paper is twofold. First, it discusses the very characterization of the political turn. In particular, it introduces the definition proposed by Bordonaba-Plou, Fernández-Castro, and Torices, suggests that we should not consider the turn a form of activism, and explores an additional benefit of the ideal/nonideal distinction for characterizing the (...) turn. Second, it addresses the concern of what attitude we should take in the face of the different sensitivities we might have with respect to what constitutes an injustice. Which philosophical works should count as part of the political turn? The paper explores three different attitudes toward this dilemma, and favors what it calls the revisionist attitude, which emphasizes the fact that our perception of injustice is subject to error. (shrink)

ABSTRACT First, I consider a few motivations to idealize epistemic logics1 in such a degree that brings up the problem of logical omniscience [LOP]. I argue that the main motivation to hold omniscience is of a philosophical-scientific2 background, in the sense philosophers have a not so peculiar way of investigating underlying mechanisms, i.e., the interaction of several different components of complex systems may be better understood in isolation, even if such components are not found isolated in a realistic context. It (...) is defended that the implicit and explicit knowledge distinction is compatible that view since idealizations made by modal epistemic logic are so strong that the agents they describe hardly have anything in common with real agents. I conclude by showing how LOP can be accommodated in the logic of being informed using the Inverse Relationship Principle. 1Epistemic modal logics and the logic of being informed may collapse in many scenarios, as shown in previous articles. 2Does not necessarily imply in a naturalized epistemology a la. For a plea for non-naturalism as constructionism see. (shrink)