بن‌مایۀ مکتب سلفیه بر تبیین خاص آن از جوانب مختلف مبحث توحید استوار است. در نوشتار حاضر با بررسی رویکرد تفسیری آلوسی و رشید رضا در مسئلۀ توحید، میزان پایبندی ایشان به مبانی تفکر سلفی بررسی و ارزیابی شده است. با بررسی جامع آراء کلامی و تفسیری آلوسی در مبحث توحید، در می‌یابیم که تبیین او از مفاهیم مطرح در این حوزه به نحو قابل توجهی با تلقی سلفیه متفاوت و گاه متباین است. از این‌رو، قول مشهور مبنی بر سلفی (...) الاعتقاد بودن آلوسی نمی‌تواند قرین صحت باشد. او در کنار تبحر علمی کم‌نظیر با ارج نهادن به میراث سلف و عدم تأکید بر مکاتب خاص کلامی و فقهی، خود را به عنوان شخصیتی صاحب‌نظر و آزاد‌اندیش معرفی کرده است. در مقابل، باید تصریح کرد که اندیشۀ رشید رضا - دست‌کم در حوزۀ توحید - موافقتی نسبی با مؤلفه‌های اساسی جریان سلفیه داشته است. * دانش‌آموخته دکترای علوم قرآن و حدیث دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد | [email protected] ** دانشیار علوم قرآن و حدیث دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد | [email protected]. (shrink)

In this paper, we investigate distinctive utterances in non-task-oriented conversational dialogue through the comparison between task-oriented dialogue and non-task-oriented conversational dialogue. We then found that Indirect Responses and Clarification Requests are significant in non-task-oriented conversational dialogue. IRs are cooperative responses to other's question, while CRs are clarification questions. We analyzed the rhetorical relations about IRs and CRs. We then found that the IRs are generated by evidence and causal relations, while the CRs are generated by elaboration relation and causal relations.

This paper presents a new multi-unit auction protocol that is robust against false-name bids. Internet auctions have become an integral part of Electronic Commerce and a promising field for applying agent and Artificial Intelligence technologies. Although the Internet provides an excellent infrastructure for executing auctions, the possibility of a new type of cheating called false-name bids has been pointed out. A false-name bid is a bid submitted under a fictitious name. A protocol called LDS has been developed for combinatorial auctions (...) of multiple different items and has proven to be robust against false-name bids. Although we can modify the LDS protocol to handle multi-unit auctions, in which multiple units of an identical item are auctioned, the protocol is complicated and requires the auctioneer to carefully pre-determine the combination of bundles to obtain a high social surplus or revenue. For the auctioneer, our newly developed IR protocol is easier to use than the LDS, since the combination of bundles is automatically determined in a flexible manner according to the declared evaluation values of agents. The evaluation results show that the IR protocol can obtain a better social surplus than that obtained by the LDS protocol. (shrink)

Badawī, ʻAbd al-Raḥmān, 1917-2002; criticism and interpretation.

Philosophy, Arab; philosophy, European; knowledge, theory of.

Frankfurt school of sociology; Arabic literature; philosophy, modern; 20th century.

The ATM protein kinase is centrally involved in the cellular response to ionizing radiation (IR) and other DNA double‐strand‐break‐inducing insults. Although it has been well established that IR exposure activates the ATM kinase domain, the actual mechanism by which ATM responds to damaged DNA has remained enigmatic. Now, a landmark paper provides strong evidence that DNA‐strand breaks trigger widespread activation of ATM through changes in chromatin structure.1 This review discusses a checkpoint activation model in which chromatin perturbations lead to the (...) conversion of inactive ATM domains to phosphorylated, active ATM monomers. The new findings underscore the critical importance of epigenetic events in genome function and surveillance in mammalian cells. BioEssays 25:627–630, 2003. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (shrink)

The article deals with the constitutional right of a person to apply to court. While construing this constitutionally entrenched right of a person, one analyses the doctrine of the right of a person to apply to court, which was formed in the jurisprudence of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Lithuania. The right of a person to court is entrenched expressis verbis in Paragraph 1 of Article 30 of the Constitution whereby the person whose constitutional rights or freedoms are (...) violated shall have the right to apply to court. The doctrine of the Constitutional Court derives this right also from the constitutional principle of a state under the rule of law. The right of a person to court is inseparable from other norms and principles of the Constitution, which are equality of rights, the right to compensation of damage, the right to a proper court process, etc. (shrink)

El presente artículo es una genealogía tras el sentido amplio del arte y la técnica al interior del palimpsesto lingüístico ‘técnica del arte’ considerando para ello los sentidos estético y técnico del arte y el sentido antiguo de la téchnē griega. Se propone que a través de la indagación genealógica sobre el palimpsesto en cuestión es posible dar cuenta de la propuesta heideggeriana sobre la téchnē griega. La téchnē, el arte y la técnica en sentido amplio son un saber que (...) trae delante las cosas a su presencia en virtud de un ‘haber visto’ que permite el ir tras de algo y descubrir lo que oculto ya se presenta. Esta indagación emprende su camino desde una consideración heideggeriana del lenguaje según la cual lo más esencial de las palabras está en una continua retirada original de ocultamiento, dando así lugar a una incursión genealógica tras el sentido originario del término ‘arte’ y de su cognado ‘técnica’. Tentando a cada paso una respuesta a la pregunta por aquello que es el arte y la técnica, se hace una revisión del sentido y relación de estos términos en las lenguas antiguas latina y griega y las modernas romances, como también una breve revisión de la historia de la estética y del mito griego del dios de la téchnē, Hefesto, a la luz de la noción de belleza en los antiguos griegos. (shrink)

This essay draws upon Gramsci’s understandings of law and of the philosophy of praxis to develop a critical analysis of international law in the constitution and potential revolutionary transformation of the contemporary global political economy. The analysis illustrates the analytical utility of Gramscian conceptions of historical bloc and hegemony in capturing the significance of international law as an effective historical force. It also extends these conceptions, theoretically, by arguing that the global political economy is undergoing a process of juridification in (...) which a commodified legal form provides the template for economic and political regulation. The commodity form theory of law is presented as the key to understanding the significance of international law under the culture of global capitalism. (shrink)

In Emanuel Adler's distinctive constructivist approach to international relations theory, international practices evolve in tandem with collective knowledge of the material and social worlds. This book - comprising a selection of his journal publications, a new introduction and three previously unpublished articles - points IR constructivism in a novel direction, characterized as 'communitarian'. Adler's synthesis does not herald the end of the nation-state; nor does it suggest that agency is unimportant in international life. Rather, it argues that what mediates between (...) individual and state agency and social structures are communities of practice, which are the wellspring and repositories of collective meanings and social practices. The concept of communities of practice casts new light on epistemic communities and security communities, helping to explain why certain ideas congeal into human practices and others do not, and which social mechanisms can facilitate the emergence of normatively better communities. (shrink)

In 2015, the world's first self-defined feminist government was formed in Sweden with the explicit ambition of pursuing a feminist foreign policy. This essay seeks to unpack and highlight some of the substance and plausible future directions of a feminist foreign policy. The overarching ambition is three-fold: to probe the normative contents of feminist foreign policy in theory and in practice; to identify a number of potential challenges and ethical dilemmas that are detrimental to gender-sensitive global politics; and to advance (...) a research agenda that can deepen the normative and ethical notions of a feminist foreign policy. Sweden's feminist foreign policy is still in the making. Its conduct is mostly incremental and focused on international agenda setting and normative entrepreneurship, which is guided by an ethically informed framework of cosmopolitanism and human rights. Yet, this essay argues that this reorientation is distinct for two reasons: First, by adopting the “F-word” it elevates politics from a broadly consensual orientation of gender mainstreaming towards more controversial politics, which explicitly seeks to renegotiate and challenge power hierarchies and gendered institutions that hitherto defined global institutions and foreign and security policies. Second, it contains a normative reorientation of foreign policy, which is guided by an ethically informed framework based on broad cosmopolitan norms of global justice and peace. The article concludes by advancing a research agenda that draws upon feminist IR theory and enhances the ethical and transformative contents of the English School by making it more gender-sensitive and appropriate for the study of feminist foreign policy. (shrink)

Most of what has been written on the ECSC/ EEC/ EC/ EU, has not been done by international relations (IR) theorists, but by comparativists, sociologists, historians, anthropologists, legal scholars, and many others. These writings are in general classified as intergovernmentalist, federalist, and supranationalist (functionalist and neo- functionalist) in most accounts of the theoretical perspectives on the EU (Webb 1983, Rosamond 2000). Wiener and Diez 2004 add a rational choice institutional category, as well, as they think that the policy analysis within (...) the polity developed into an autonomous brand of literature. It is only Andrew Hurrell in his chapter in Fawcett and Hurrell 1995, who makes an attempt to present the EU, as a regional integration, from the point of view of diverse IR approaches. Drawing on his classification scheme, I conduct an inquiry of the IR theories about European unification from the point of view of whether they allow for the iteration of the European experience in other parts of the world or not. The basic conclusion is that almost all IR work on Europe falls in the inter- governmentalist category, which tends to conceptualize the European Union as representing an n of 1. (Inter- governmentalism is the choice of realism and neo-realism, English School, and neoliberal institutionalism.) Within the liberal IR paradigm, there is a tension between law-focused and security-focused approaches, on the one hand, and economic approaches, on the other. The first believe in the possibility of multiple integrations, while the latter does not think that they are desirable. Critical theories are also hindered by divergent normative commitments, though the class-based theorizing is very clear about pursuing the social control of markets. (shrink)

Arab countries; intellectual life; 20th century.

In this article the author analyses specific reservations that are being done to the international documents for the protection of human rights and whether Vienna Convention on the Law of the Treaties applies to those human rights treaties or not. Also, the author analyses if reservations, which are incompatible with object and purpose of the treaty, can be done or not and what consequences they might bring. For this reason the author describes the practice of the state members under the (...) Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women and International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. These treaties were chosen not only because they laid down the most significant principles of the protection of human rights, but also due to the great number of reservations made to the fundamental provisions of these treaties. The importance of the topic is that in the human rights treaties the implementation of Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties provisions on reservations brings several issues, even though on theoretical level the regulation of reservations seems unproblematic. Firstly, there is a major group of states (especially Islamic countries, which base their explanation on the incompatibility with Islamic law), which want to become parties to the treaties that protect human rights and make reservations to fundamental provisions of them at the same time. Secondly, the state parties that make objections to the reservations have to decide if the reservation is compatible with the object and purpose of the treaty or not. The regulation that is laid down in Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties creates difficulties for the state parties and withdrawal of reservations seems to be more problematic in reality than it is in theory. In order to find the solutions for the above mentioned issues, the author analyses whether the Vienna Convention on the Law of the Treaties regime works properly within the mechanism of making reservations to the human rights treaties or not, what reservations should be kept invalid under the human rights treaties and what could be the solutions for the most effective protection from the invalid reservations that address fundamental rights of human beings in the human rights law. (shrink)

La verdad es que escribir una vez más sobre la Iglesia en relación con el universo mediático español, es tarea un tanto útil porque a muchos nos parece, desde hace algunos años, una cuestión inapelable tras el distanciamiento producido, que no deja de ir a más en la medida en que los intereses de los medios y los de la Iglesia se distancia cada día más. Decimos esto desde el comienzo para que el lector no se alarme si, de nuevo, (...) insistimos en realidades sabidas de antemano y que le producen cierto grado de irritación y, también, de insuperable tristeza. Añadiremos, en todo caso, a tantas cosas ya escritas con profundización en las causas últimas de tal distanciamiento, que está en la base de la imagen proyectada, en absoluto positiva para la Iglesia en cuanto tal. Pero las cosas son como son y, por el momento, no prevemos modificación alguna ni por una parte ni por otra. (shrink)

Over the past twenty years, Private Military and Security Companies (PMSCs) have become significant elements of national security arrangements, assuming many of the functions that have traditionally been undertaken by state armies. Given the centrality of control over the use of coercive force to the functioning and identity of the modern state, and to international order, these developments clearly are of great practical and conceptual interest. This edited volume provides an interdisciplinary overview of PMSCs: what they are, why they have (...) emerged in their current form, how they operate, their current and likely future military, political, social and economic impact, and the moral and legal constraints that do and should apply to their operation. The book focuses firstly upon normative issues raised by the development of PMSCs, and then upon state regulation and policy towards PMSCs, examining finally the impact of PMSCs on civil-military relations. It takes an innovative approach, bringing theory and empirical research into mutually illuminating contact. Includes contributions from experts in IR, political theory, international and corporate law, and economics, and also breaks important new ground by including philosophical discussions of PMSCs. (shrink)

jild-i 1. Az ʻAbd al-Ḥamīd Kātib (59 Sh.) tā Abū al-Ḥasan Masʻūdī (336 Sh.) -- jild-i 2. Az Abū al-Ḥasan ʻĀmirī (291 Sh.) tā Abū al-Faz̤l Bayhaqī (465 Sh.) -- jild-i 3. Az Nāṣir Khusraw (383 Sh.) tā Sadīd al-Dīn ʻAwfī (616 Sh.) -- jild-i 4. Az Najm al-Dīn Rāzī (553 Sh.) tā Fakhr al-Muḥaqqiqīn (748 Sh.) -- jild-i 5. Az ʻUbayd Zākānī (670 Sh.) tā Jalāl al-Dīn Sayūṭī (884 Sh.) -- jild-i 6. Az Rūzbihān Khunjī (825 Sh.) tā Shaykh (...) Ḥurr ʻĀmilī (1071 Sh.) -- jild-i 7. Az ʻAlāmah Majlisī (1006 Sh.) tā Muḥammad Bāqir Shafaq (1223 Sh.) -- jild-i 8. Az Muḥammad Ṣādiq Marvazī (1147 Sh.) tā Mīrzā Fatḥʻalī Ākhūndzādah (1289 Sh.) -- jild-i 9. Az Mīrzā-yi Shīrāzī Avval (1194 Sh.) tā Ākhūnd Khurāsānī (1290 Sh.) -- jild-i 10. Az ʻAbd Allāh Māzandarānī (1219 Sh.) tā Saʻd Zaghlūl (1306 Sh.) -- jild-i 11. Az ʻImād al-ʻUlamāʼ Khalkhālī (1237 Sh.) tā ʻAbd al-ʻAzīz S̲aʻālibī (1323 Sh.) -- jild-i 12. Az Āyat Allāh Burūjirdī (1254 Sh.) tā Muḥammad Amīn Rasūlʹzādah (1333 Sh.) -- jild-i 13. Az ʻAbd al-Karīm Zanjānī (1263 Sh.) tā Amīn al-Ḥusaynī (1353 Sh.) -- jild-i 14. Az Jamālzādah (1274 Sh.) tā Mahdī Bāzargān (1373) -- jild-i 15. Az Muḥammad Ḥamīd Allāh (1286 Sh.) tā Muṭahharī (1358 Sh.) -- jild-i 16. Az Farīdūn Ādamīyat (1299 Sh.) tā Muṣṭafá Khumaynī (1356 Sh.) -- jild-i 17. Az Samīr Amīn (1310 Sh.) tā Ḥasan Ḥanafī -- jild-i 18. Az Sayyid Muḥammad Bāqir Ṣadr (1314 Sh.) tā Rāshid al-Ghanūshī -- jild-i 19. Az ʻAlī Awmlīl (1321 Sh.) tā Ṭāriq Ramaz̤ān. (shrink)

Egzistencinės grėsmės, tokios kaip pandemija, karas, neteisėta migracija, priskirtinos didelio poveikio grėsmėms, nes destabilizuoja gerovės sistemas, kelia pavojų valstybės saugumui ir visuomenės sanglaudai. Grėsmių poveikį pirmieji pajunta socialiai pažeidžiami žmonės, todėl socialinės pagalbos sistemos turi transformuotis, kad atlieptų naujai atsiradusių pažeidžiamų grupių poreikius. Straipsnyje, remiantis literatūros analize, gilinamasi į sistemos atsparumo sampratą žvelgiant per asmeninių socialinių paslaugų (ASP) sistemos ypatumus. Pasitelkiant J. S. Colemano įžvalgas apie socialines sistemas, bendrą atsparumo koncepciją, kildinamą iš ekologinių sistemų teorijos, bei socialinės sistemos mikro-, mezo- (...) ir makrolygmenų tarpusavio sąveikos sampratą, konstruojama asmeninių socialinių paslaugų sistemos atsparumo išorinėms grėsmėms vertinimo koncepcija. Ja remiantis straipsnyje išplėtoti analizės rėmai leidžia identifikuoti skirtingas ASP sistemos gebėjimo keistis konfigūracijas bei jas lemiančius veiksnius. ASP atsparumo koncepcijos pagrindu buvo parengtas ir šiuo metu vykdomas empirinis tyrimas. (shrink)

Straipsnyje siekiama įvertinti pagalbos namuose paslaugas teikiančių darbuotojų darbo vietos kokybę Lietuvoje ir išryškinti veiksnius, kurie leistų šią kokybę pagerinti – tai ypač aktualu didėjant šių paslaugų poreikiui tiek visoje Europos Sąjungoje (toliau – ES), tiek Lietuvoje. Apžvelgiamos darbo vietos kokybės tendencijos globos sektoriuje ES šalyse, aptariama teorinė darbo vietos kokybės samprata bei jos pagrindu analizuojami 2016 m. Lietuvoje atliktos lankomosios priežiūros darbuotojų (LPD) anketinės apklausos rezultatai. Tyrimo rezultatai leidžia teigti, kad LPD darbo vietos kokybė nėra patraukli. Tai lemia nuolatinės (...) darbo vietos neturėjimas, emocinis darbo pobūdis, sukeliantis stresą, paplitęs fiziškai sunkus darbas, nepakankamas bendradarbiavimas tarp sveikatos ir socialinės pagalbos specialistų. Be to, pagalbos namuose paslaugų sektoriuje dominuoja netipinės užimtumo formos ir menkas darbo užmokestis, nepasinaudojama šio sektoriaus galimybėmis lanksčiai organizuoti darbą ir darbo laiką, nors tai prisidėtų prie darbo vietų kokybės gerinimo. Tyrimo išvados leidžia teigti – jeigu organizuojant paslaugas nebus kreipiamas dėmesys į darbo ypatumus šiame sektoriuje, užimtumo kokybės gerinimo veiksnius, ateityje susidursime su darbo jėgos senėjimo socialinių paslaugų sektoriuje problema ir darbuotojų šiame sektoriuje trūkumu. (shrink)

RESUMEN Durante el siglo XVII, el reloj parece el modelo más adecuado para pensar los seres vivos. El filósofo alemán G. W. Leibniz es parte de la tradición mecanicista que concibe los seres vivos a partir del modelo del reloj o de los autómatas, pero establece una distinción esencial entre máquinas naturales y artificiales, que muestra los límites de este modelo. Las primeras son máquinas infinitamente complejas, máquinas dentro de máquinas ad infinitum, las segundas no, alcanzan un límite de complejidad. (...) Esta distinción obliga a ir más allá del reloj como modelo de los seres vivos, pues este modelo resulta insuficiente para comprender la dinámica propia de los seres vivos, en al menos dos aspectos: a) deja sin explicar el origen de la estructura o forma del ser vivo; b) no establece un principio interno de actividad que fundamente la unidad dinámica y estructural del ser vivo. Con su noción de organismo o máquina natural, Leibniz intenta resolver estas insuficiencias del modelo puramente mecánico: a) en su propuesta el ser vivo no se constituye de manera mecánica o serial, sino de una vez, por un acto de creación; b) la conservación del ser vivo en el tiempo sólo es comprensible a partir de un principio de actividad intrínseca que dota de unidad, actividad y estructura al viviente. ABSTRACT During the seventeenth century, the clock seems the most appropriate model for thinking about living beings. The German philosopher G. W. Leibniz, is part of the mechanical tradition that conceives living beings from the clock or the automata’s model, but he establishes an essential distinction between natural and artificial machines. This distinction shows the limits of the mechanical model. The machines of nature are infinitely complex machines, machines within machines ad infinitum; the artificial machines, instead, reach a limit of complexity. This distinction forces us to go beyond the clock as a model of living beings, because this model is insufficient to understand the dynamics of living beings, in at least two aspects: a) it is not able to explain the origin of the living being’s structure or form; b) it does not establish an internal principle of activity grounding the living being’s dynamic and structural unit. With his notion of organism or natural machine, Leibniz tries to solve these insufficiencies of the purely mechanical model: a) in his proposal, the living being is not constituted mechanically or serially, but at once, by an act of creation; b) the conservation of the living being in time is only understandable from a principle of intrinsic activity that provides unity, activity and structure to living beings. (shrink)

The article analyzes one of the fundamental rights – the right to maintenance, which proper implementation ensures normal development of the child. This right matches with the duty of parents to maintain their minor children. Paragraph 6 of Article 38 of the Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania states that parents have a duty to educate their children to be honest people and loyal citizens, supporting them until adulthood. The obligation to maintain children is established in the first 3.192 Article (...) paragraph of the Civil Code of the Republic of Lithuania, and the responsibility for avoiding to maintain a child is provided in Article 164 of the Criminal Code. The article discusses the fact that the analysis of criminal law rate is not precise enough. Article 164 of the Criminal Code does not match with the child maintenance methods specified in the CC Article 3.196 paragraph 1. Since criminal liability is only for judgment in default in civil cases, a person shall only be liable for breaking the right to maintain a child, provided in the CC 3.196 paragraph 1. This article deeply analyzes the problematic qualification aspects of the avoidance to maintain a child. Some alternative ways of child maintenance are mentioned, as can be chosen from other law instruments (bailiffs, Guarantee child support fund) and it leads to the ultima ratio principle. On the other hand, it is not required to seek alternative remedies for affected interests, and it is possible to initiate a pre-trial investigation. Therefore, this article seeks to identify specific civil and criminal law rules delimitation. Avoidance of child maintenance is an ongoing crime. The main problem in legal practice is to determine an end of this ongoing criminal conduct. The practice of the Supreme Court of Lithuania is not unanimous. In some cases, the end of this ongoing conduct is considered to be a moment when the past judgment has entered into force, in other cases – the moment of indictment. These positions are criticized by many authors and it is suggested to follow the Supreme Court’s practice, according to which the moment when a judgment of conviction for the criminal act is passed should be considered as an end of an ongoing criminal conduct. (shrink)

El problema filosófico del libre albedrío tiene muchas caras, que tocan diversas disciplinas. Una de ellas es la armonización entre libertad y destino. El libre albedrío parece ir en contra del destino entendido como algo inevitable, como fatum. Scheler afirma la existencia de la libertad con muchos argumentos y con una perspectiva original. No obstante, dice que el destino es el límite del libre albedrío. Esto significa que, en realidad, ambas nociones no son diametralmente opuestas, sino que son realidades con (...) varias dimensiones y una complejidad interna. Son más compatibles entre sí de lo que parece: el destino es una puerta fenomenológica a una noción de libertad superior al libre albedrío. (shrink)

The treaty of Lisbon makes European Union (EU) accession to the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) an obligation of result. The issue has been intensely discussed for more than thirty years, arguing that such accession is necessary in view of the need to ensure the ECHR standard of fundamental rights protection in Europe. This question again gains prominence as the EU member states and the institutions seek to agree on the negotiation directives of EU accession to the ECHR. The (...) process brings up the difficulties involved in creating a mechanism which would both facilitate the autonomy of the EU legal order and enable individuals to bring claims against the EU to the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR). This involves the questions how it would be possible to ensure quick access to justice, and whether the ECtHR would continue to apply the doctrine of equivalent protection in relation to EU even after the latter becomes bound by the ECHR. The article argues that EU accession to the Convention is a prominent political step ensuring coherence of human rights protection mechanism in Europe. (shrink)

Socio-philosophical work in response to the philosophy of Pitirim Aleksandrovich Sorokin.