Results for 'relativization'

960 found
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  1. Relativizing the relativized a priori: Reichenbach’s axioms of coordination divided.Flavia Padovani - 2011 - Synthese 181 (1):41-62.
    In recent years, Reichenbach's 1920 conception of the principles of coordination has attracted increased attention after Michael Friedman's attempt to revive Reichenbach's idea of a "relativized a priori". This paper follows the origin and development of this idea in the framework of Reichenbach's distinction between the axioms of coordination and the axioms of connection. It suggests a further differentiation among the coordinating axioms and accordingly proposes a different account of Reichenbach's "relativized a priori".
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  2. (1 other version)Relativized metaphysical modality: Index and context.Benj Hellie, Adam Russell Murray & Jessica Wilson - 2018 - In Otávio Bueno & Scott A. Shalkowski, The Routledge Handbook of Modality. New York: Routledge.
    Relativized Metaphysical Modality (RMM: Murray and Wilson, 'Relativized metaphysical modality', Oxford Studies in Metaphysics, 2012; Murray, Perspectives on Modal Metaphysics, 2017) exploits 'two-dimensionalist' resources to metaphysical, rather than epistemological, ends: the second dimension offers perspective-dependence without contingency, diverting attacks on 'Classical' analyses of modals (in effect, analyses validating S5 and the Barcan Formulae). Here, we extend the RMM program in two directions. First, we harvest resources for RMM from Lewis's 1980 'Context--Index' (CI) framework: (a) the ban in CI on binding (...)
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  3.  8
    Relativizing Newton.Ramzi Suleiman - 2020 - New York: Nova Science Publishers.
    Relativizing Newton" is a first step towards a simple and beautiful theory of everything. The theory, termed "Information Relativity" (IR) takes a novel approach to physics that overlooks all post-Newtonian physics. It stands on the shoulders of Newtonian dynamics, but modifies it by accounting for the time-travel of information from one reference-frame to another, a fact which somehow was ignored by Galileo Galilee and Isaac Newton, and which remained ill-treated by the all post-Newtonian theories, including Einstein's relativity and quantum theories. (...)
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  4. Relativizing the A Priori By Way of Reflective Judgement.Sabina Vaccarino Bremner - 2023 - Kantian Review 28 (3):355-372.
    An influential strand in philosophy of science claims that scientific paradigms can be understood as relativized a priori frameworks. Here, Kant’s constitutive a priori principles are no longer held to establish conditions of possibility for knowledge which are unchanging and universally true, but are restricted only to a given scientific domain. Yet it is unclear how exactly a relativized a priori can be construed as both stable and dynamical, establishing foundations for current scientific claims while simultaneously making intelligible the transition (...)
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  5.  44
    (1 other version)A relativization mechanism in recursion categories.Stefano Stefani - 1993 - Journal of Symbolic Logic 58 (4):1251-1267.
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  6.  15
    Relativizing operational set theory.Gerhard Jäger - 2016 - Bulletin of Symbolic Logic 22 (3):332-352.
    We introduce a way of relativizing operational set theory that also takes care of application. After presenting the basic approach and proving some essential properties of this new form of relativization we turn to the notion of relativized regularity and to the system OST that extends OST by a limit axiom claiming that any set is element of a relativized regular set. Finally we show that OST is proof-theoretically equivalent to the well-known theory KPi for a recursively inaccessible universe.
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  7.  89
    Ontology relativized: Reply to Moulines.Stéphanie Ruphy - 2006 - Synthese 151 (3):325 - 330.
    Ontology is taken by Moulines as supervenient on science: what kinds of things there are is determined by our well-confirmed theories. But the fact is that today, science provides us with a multiplicity of well-confirmed theories, each having its own ontological commitments. The modest, ontological form of reduction advocated by Moulines (this volume) restores hope of putting some ontological order in the “huge chaotic supermarket of science”. In this paper I show that any claim on the amount of order obtained (...)
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  8.  63
    On Relativizing the Sensitivity Condition to Belief-Formation Methods.Bin Zhao - 2024 - American Philosophical Quarterly 61 (2):165-175.
    According to the sensitivity account of knowledge, S knows that p only if S's belief in p is sensitive in the sense that S would not believe that p if p were false. It is widely accepted that the sensitivity condition should be relativized to belief-formation methods to avoid putative counterexamples. A remaining issue for the account is how belief-formation methods should be individuated. In this paper, I argue that while a coarse-grained individuation is still susceptible to counterexamples, a fine-grained (...)
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  9.  18
    Relativized Adjacency.Dakotah Lambert - 2023 - Journal of Logic, Language and Information 32 (4):707-731.
    For each class in the piecewise-local subregular hierarchy, a relativized (tier-based) variant is defined. Algebraic as well as automata-, language-, and model-theoretic characterizations are provided for each of these relativized classes, except in cases where this is provably impossible. These various characterizations are necessarily intertwined due to the well-studied logic-automaton connection and the relationship between finite-state automata and (syntactic) semigroups. Closure properties of each class are demonstrated by using automata-theoretic methods to provide constructive proofs for the closures that do hold (...)
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  10.  56
    Relativizing chaitin's halting probability.Rod Downey, Denis R. Hirschfeldt, Joseph S. Miller & André Nies - 2005 - Journal of Mathematical Logic 5 (02):167-192.
    As a natural example of a 1-random real, Chaitin proposed the halting probability Ω of a universal prefix-free machine. We can relativize this example by considering a universal prefix-free oracle machine U. Let [Formula: see text] be the halting probability of UA; this gives a natural uniform way of producing an A-random real for every A ∈ 2ω. It is this operator which is our primary object of study. We can draw an analogy between the jump operator from computability theory (...)
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  11.  38
    Relativized Exhaustivity: mention-some and uniqueness.Yimei Xiang - 2022 - Natural Language Semantics 30 (3):311-362.
    _Wh_-questions with the modal verb _can_ admit both mention-some (MS) and mention-all (MA) answers. This paper argues that we should treat MS as a grammatical phenomenon, primarily determined by the grammar of the _wh_-interrogative. I assume that MS and MA answers can be modeled using the same definition of answerhood (Fox in Mention-some interpretations, MIT seminar, 2013 ) and attribute the MS/MA ambiguity to structural variations within the question nucleus. The variations are: (i) the scope ambiguity of the higher-order _wh_-trace (...)
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  12. Relativized metaphysical modality.Adam Murray & Jessica M. Wilson - 2008 - In Dean W. Zimmerman, Oxford Studies in Metaphysics. Oxford University Press. pp. 189-226.
    It is commonly supposed that metaphysical modal claims are to be evaluated with respect to a single domain of possible worlds: a claim is metaphysically necessary just in case it is true in every possible world, and metaphysically possible just in case it is true in some possible world. We argue that the standard understanding is incorrect; rather, whether a given claim is metaphysically necessary or possible is relative to which world is indicatively actual. We motivate our view by attention (...)
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  13.  71
    Relativizing innateness: innateness as the insensitivity of the appearance of a trait with respect to specified environmental variation.Elizabeth O’Neill - 2015 - Biology and Philosophy 30 (2):211-225.
    I object to eliminativism about innateness and André Ariew’s identification of innateness with canalization, and I propose a new treatment of innateness. I first argue that the concept of innateness is serving a valuable function in a diverse set of research contexts, and in these contexts, claims about innateness are best understood as claims about the insensitivity of the appearance of a trait to certain variations in the environment. I then argue that innateness claims, like claims about canalization, should be (...)
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  14.  58
    Relativized ordinal analysis: The case of Power Kripke–Platek set theory.Michael Rathjen - 2014 - Annals of Pure and Applied Logic 165 (1):316-339.
    The paper relativizes the method of ordinal analysis developed for Kripke–Platek set theory to theories which have the power set axiom. We show that it is possible to use this technique to extract information about Power Kripke–Platek set theory, KP.As an application it is shown that whenever KP+AC proves a ΠP2 statement then it holds true in the segment Vτ of the von Neumann hierarchy, where τ stands for the Bachmann–Howard ordinal.
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  15. Relativized Essentialism about Modalities.Salim Hirèche - 2022 - Argumenta 7 (2):463-484.
    On what I call absolutist essentialism about modality (AE), the metaphysical necessities are the propositions that are true in virtue of the essence (i.e. Aristotelian, absolute essence) of some entities. Other kinds of necessity can then be defined by restriction – e.g. the conceptual necessities are the propositions that are true in virtue of the essence of conceptual entities specifically. As an account of metaphysical modality and some other kinds (e.g. logical, conceptual), AE may have important virtues. However, when it (...)
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  16.  71
    Relativized logspace and generalized quantifiers over finite ordered structures.Georg Gottlob - 1997 - Journal of Symbolic Logic 62 (2):545-574.
    We here examine the expressive power of first order logic with generalized quantifiers over finite ordered structures. In particular, we address the following problem: Given a family Q of generalized quantifiers expressing a complexity class C, what is the expressive power of first order logic FO(Q) extended by the quantifiers in Q? From previously studied examples, one would expect that FO(Q) captures L C , i.e., logarithmic space relativized to an oracle in C. We show that this is not always (...)
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  17. Relativized Propositions and the Fregean Orthodoxy.Iris Einheuser - 2012 - Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 84 (3):590-603.
    This paper answer the question how propositions whose truth is relativized to times, places, asserters or assessers can, despite their relativity, be used to represent the world.
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  18.  18
    The Many Relativisms: Index, Context, and Beyond.Dan López de Sa - 2010 - In Steven D. Hales, A Companion to Relativism. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 102–117.
    This chapter contains sections titled: Abstract Introduction Relativism and Apparent Faultless Disagreement The Many Relativisms: Moderate vs. Radical Moderate Relativisms: Indexical vs. Non ‐ indexical Contextualism Radical Relativism: Content vs. Truth Relativism The Many “Relativism”s References.
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  19.  18
    The relativized Lascar groups, type-amalgamation, and algebraicity.Jan Dobrowolski, Byunghan Kim, Alexei Kolesnikov & Junguk Lee - 2021 - Journal of Symbolic Logic 86 (2):531-557.
    In this paper we study the relativized Lascar Galois group of a strong type. The group is a quasi-compact connected topological group, and if in addition the underlying theory T is G-compact, then the group is compact. We apply compact group theory to obtain model theoretic results in this note. -/- For example, we use the divisibility of the Lascar group of a strong type to show that, in a simple theory, such types have a certain model theoretic property that (...)
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  20.  7
    Relativization of Systems Theory in N. Luhmann’s Theory of Society. 정성훈 - 2019 - Journal of the Society of Philosophical Studies 127:207-231.
    니클라스 루만의 방대한 이론적 작업은 ‘체계이론’과 ‘사회이론’으로 요약될 수 있다. 이 논문은 이 두 이론들 중 내가 루만에게 더 중요한 이론이었다고 판단하는 사회이론의 연구계획이 어떻게 수립되었고 어떤 변경 과정을 거쳤는지 살펴본다. 특히 연구 초기인 1975년에 작성된 원고로 2017년에야 출간된 『사회의 체계이론』과 1997년에 출간된 사회이론의 최종 저작 『사회의 사회』를 비교하는 국내 최초의 작업을 수행하였다. 초기에 루만은 자신의 사회이론 연구계획을 주로 일반 체계이론의 수용을 통해 달성하고자 하였다. 즉 ‘사회의 체계 이론’을 정립하려 하였다. 하지만 그 진행 과정에서 매체이론과 진화이론 등 다른 일반 이론들의 (...)
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  21. (1 other version)Relativized Propositions.François Recanati - 2007 - In Michael O'Rourke & Corey Washington, Situating Semantics : Essays on the Work of John Perry. MIT Press. pp. 119-153.
    Can we solve the problem of the essential indexical, and account for de se belief, by appealing to 'relativized propositions' (functions from rich indices to truth-values)? According to John Perry, we cannot. This paper offers a detailed examination and a critique of Perry's argument.
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  22. Relativizing proportionality to a domain of events.Caroline Torpe Touborg - 2022 - Synthese 200 (2):1-20.
    A cause is proportional to its effect when, roughly speaking, it is at the right level of detail. There is a lively debate about whether proportionality is a necessary condition for causation. One of the main arguments against a proportionality constraint on causation is that many ordinary and seemingly perfectly acceptable causal claims cite causes that are not proportional to their effects. In this paper, I suggest that proponents of a proportionality constraint can respond to this objection by developing an (...)
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  23.  18
    Relativized projecta and [mathematical formula]-re sets.Colin G. Bailey - 1997 - Archive for Mathematical Logic 36 (4-5).
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  24.  3
    Relativized Galois groups of first order theories over a hyperimaginary.Hyoyoon Lee & Junguk Lee - forthcoming - Archive for Mathematical Logic:1-22.
    We study relativized Lascar groups, which are formed by relativizing Lascar groups to the solution set of a partial type Σ\Sigma . We introduce the notion of a Lascar tuple for Σ\Sigma and by considering the space of types over a Lascar tuple for Σ\Sigma , the topology for a relativized Lascar group is (re-)defined and some fundamental facts about the Galois groups of first-order theories are generalized to the relativized context. In particular, we prove that any closed subgroup (...)
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  25.  17
    The relativization of “separation” (khorismos) in the Sophist.Néstor-Luis Cordero - 2013 - In Beatriz Bossi & Thomas M. Robinson, Plato's "Sophist" Revisited. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 187-202.
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  26.  79
    Relativizing Relativity.K. Svozil - 2000 - Foundations of Physics 30 (7):1001-1016.
    Special relativity theory is generalized to two or more “maximal” signalling speeds. This framework is discussed in three contexts: (i) as a scenario for superluminal signalling and motion, (ii) as the possibility of two or more “light” cones due to the a “birefringent” vacuum, and (iii) as a further extension of conventionality beyond synchrony.
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  27.  45
    Relativization makes contradictions harder for Resolution.Stefan Dantchev & Barnaby Martin - 2014 - Annals of Pure and Applied Logic 165 (3):837-857.
    We provide a number of simplified and improved separations between pairs of Resolution-with-bounded-conjunction refutation systems, Res, as well as their tree-like versions, Res⁎. The contradictions we use are natural combinatorial principles: the Least number principle, LNPn and an ordered variant thereof, the Induction principle, IPn.LNPn is known to be easy for Resolution. We prove that its relativization is hard for Resolution, and more generally, the relativization of LNPn iterated d times provides a separation between Res and Res. We (...)
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  28.  31
    Relativization and Explanation: Two Responses to the Compresence of Opposites.Rachana Kamtekar - 2024 - In David Keyt & Christopher Shields, Principles and Praxis in Ancient Greek Philosophy: Essays in Ancient Greek Philosophy in Honor of Fred D. Miller, Jr. Springer Verlag. pp. 159-173.
    This paper describes two ways in which Plato addresses the compresence of opposites in appearances and shows how his treatment of the phenomenon is a response to Protagoras: (1) by relativizing the opposites so as to avoid making the contradictory claims that the same thing is characterized by F and not-F, and (2) by seeking the cause of the conflicting phenomena. Relativization, a rational strategy for avoiding contradiction which Plato inherits from Protagoras, enables the user to avoid refutation in (...)
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  29.  68
    Capturing Relativized Complexity Classes without Order.Anuj Dawar, Georg Gottlob & Lauri Hella - 1998 - Mathematical Logic Quarterly 44 (1):109-122.
    We consider the problem of obtaining logical characterisations of oracle complexity classes. In particular, we consider the complexity classes LOGSPACENP and PTIMENP. For these classes, characterisations are known in terms of NP computable Lindström quantifiers which hold on ordered structures. We show that these characterisations are unlikely to extend to arbitrary structures, since this would imply the collapse of certain exponential complexity hierarchies. We also observe, however, that PTIMENP can be characterised in terms of Lindström quantifers , though it remains (...)
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  30.  31
    A Relativization of Axioms of Strong Infinity to ^|^omega;1.Gaisi Takeuti - 1970 - Annals of the Japan Association for Philosophy of Science 3 (5):191-204.
  31. Relativized Grothendieck topoi.Nathanael Leedom Ackerman - 2010 - Annals of Pure and Applied Logic 161 (10):1299-1312.
    In this paper we define a notion of relativization for higher order logic. We then show that there is a higher order theory of Grothendieck topoi such that all Grothendieck topoi relativizes to all models of set theory with choice.
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  32.  38
    Relativized Schnorr tests with universal behavior.Nicholas Rupprecht - 2010 - Archive for Mathematical Logic 49 (5):555-570.
    A Schnorr test relative to some oracle A may informally be called “universal” if it covers all Schnorr tests. Since no true universal Schnorr test exists, such an A cannot be computable. We prove that the sets with this property are exactly those with high Turing degree. Our method is closely related to the proof of Terwijn and Zambella’s characterization of the oracles which are low for Schnorr tests. We also consider the oracles which compute relativized Schnorr tests with the (...)
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  33.  8
    The relativization of common sense.Maria Dmitrova - 1994 - Man and World 27 (1):89-97.
  34.  41
    (1 other version)Relativized Gödel speed‐up and the degree of succinctness of representations.Martin K. Solomon - 1990 - Zeitschrift fur mathematische Logik und Grundlagen der Mathematik 36 (3):185-192.
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  35. Relativized Rankings.Matthew Hammerton - 2020 - In Douglas W. Portmore, The Oxford Handbook of Consequentialism. New York, USA: Oup Usa. pp. 46-66.
    In traditional consequentialism the good is position-neutral. A single evaluative ranking of states of affairs is correct for everyone, everywhere regardless of their positions. Recently, position-relative forms of consequentialism have been developed. These allow for the correct rankings of states to depend on connections that hold between the state being evaluated and the position of the evaluator. For example, perhaps being an agent who acts in a certain state requires me to rank that state differently from someone else who lacks (...)
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  36.  93
    Undecidable relativizations of algebras of relations.Szabolcs Mikulas & Maarten Marx - 1999 - Journal of Symbolic Logic 64 (2):747-760.
    In this paper we show that relativized versions of relation set algebras and cylindric set algebras have undecidable equational theories if we include coordinatewise versions of the counting operations into the similarity type. We apply these results to the guarded fragment of first-order logic.
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  37.  4
    Relativ betydelse: individualitet och totalitet i arkeologisk kulturteori.Johan Hegardt - 1997 - Uppsala: Institutionen för arkeologi och antik kultur, Uppsala universitet.
  38.  12
    Relativisms and Their Opposites.Michael Krausz - 2017 - In Katharina Neges, Josef Mitterer, Sebastian Kletzl & Christian Kanzian, Realism - Relativism - Constructivism: Proceedings of the 38th International Wittgenstein Symposium in Kirchberg. Boston: De Gruyter. pp. 187-202.
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  39. Relativizations of the Principle of Identity.Décio Krause & Jean-Yves Béziau - 1997 - Logic Journal of the IGPL 5 (3):17-29.
    We discuss some logico-mathematical systems which deviate from classical logic and mathematics with respect to the concept of identity. In the first part of the paper we present very general formulations of the principle of identity and show how they can be ‘relativized’ to objects and to properties. Then, as an application, we study the particular cases of physics and logic . In the last part of the paper, we discuss the alphabar logics, that is, those logical systems which violate (...)
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  40.  36
    Generic relativizations of fine structure.Kai Hauser - 2000 - Archive for Mathematical Logic 39 (4):227-251.
    It is shown how certain generic extensions of a fine structural model in the sense of Mitchell and Steel [MiSt] can be reorganized as relativizations of the model to the generic object. This is then applied to the construction of Steel's core model for one Woodin cardinal [St] and its generalizations.
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  41.  19
    Relativizations of the $\mathscr{P} =?\mathscr{N} \mathscr{P}$ question.Theodore Baker, John Gill, Robert Solovay & Charles H. Bennett - 1986 - Journal of Symbolic Logic 51 (4):1061-1062.
  42.  23
    Alles relativ?: Ethische Orientierungen zwischen Beliebigkeit und Verantwortung. Vadian Lectures Band 3.Mathias Lindenau & Marcel Meier Kressig (eds.) - 2017 - transcript Verlag.
    Welche Werte und Normen als moralisch verbindlich erklärt werden und ob diese universelle Gültigkeit beanspruchen können, ist umstritten. So ist z.B. keineswegs geklärt, wozu wir gegenüber unserer Familie verpflichtet sind oder welche Verantwortung für uns aus dem Umgang mit der Vergangenheit erwächst. Können wir also je nach Belieben handeln? Sind durch den Wertepluralismus und die Vielfalt der Handlungsoptionen in modernen Gesellschaften allgemeingültige Werte und Normen überholt? Woran können wir uns dann noch orientieren? Die Beiträge von Konrad Paul Liessmann, Barbara Bleisch, (...)
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  43. Relativizing utterance-truth?Dan López de Sa - 2009 - Synthese 170 (1):1-5.
    In recent years, some people have held that a radical relativist position is defensible in some philosophically interesting cases, including future contingents, predicates of personal taste, evaluative predicates in general, epistemic modals, and knowledge attributions. The position is frequently characterized as denying that utterance-truth is absolute. I argue that this characterization is inappropriate, as it requires a metaphysical substantive contention with which moderate views as such need not be committed. Before this, I also offer a more basic, admittedly less exciting (...)
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  44. Ideology as Relativized A Priori: On the Mind's Relation to the Social World.Sabina Vaccarino Bremner & Chloé de Canson - 2025 - Political Philosophy 2 (1):62-97.
    We propose an account of the subject’s cognition and its relation to the world that allows for an articulation of the phenomenon of ideology. We argue that ideology is a form of what we call ‘a priori activity’: it transcendentally conditions the intelligibility of thought and practice. But we draw from strands of post-Kantian philosophy of science and social philosophy in repudiating Kant’s view that the a priori is necessary and fixed. Instead, we relativize the a priori: we argue that (...)
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  45. Relativized realizability in intuitionistic arithmetic of all finite types.Nicolas D. Goodman - 1978 - Journal of Symbolic Logic 43 (1):23-44.
  46. The relativized a priori and the laboratory of the mind: towards a neo-Kantian account of thought experiments in science.Yiftach J. H. Fehige - 2013 - Epistemologia 36 (1):55-73.
    Building on a previously published contextualization of Marco Buzzoni’s Neo- Kantian account of scientific thought-experiments, this paper examines the explanatory power of this account. It is argued that Buzzoni’s account suffers from a number of shortcomings. Einstein’s clock-in-the-box thought experiment facilitates the demonstration of these deficits. In the light of both the identified inadequacies of Buzzoni’s account and the long-standing history of Kantian approaches to thought experiments, this paper finally sketches an alternative Neo-Kantian account. This alternative utilizes Michael Friedman’s reading (...)
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  47.  69
    Relativizing Identity.Daniel Molto - 2019 - Thought: A Journal of Philosophy 8 (4):260-269.
    In this paper, I defend Peter Geach’s theory of Relative Identity against the charge that it cannot make sense of basic semantic notions.
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  48. (1 other version)Measurement, coordination, and the relativized a priori.Flavia Padovani - forthcoming - Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part B: Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics.
  49. Protagorean Relativisms.Gail Fine - 1994 - Boston Area Colloquium in Ancient Philosophy 10:211-43.
     
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  50. Perceptual variation, realism, and relativization, or: How I learned to stop worrying and love variations in color vision.Jonathan Cohen - 2003 - Behavioral and Brain Sciences 26 (1):25-26.
    In many cases of variation in color vision, there is no non-arbitrary way of choosing between variants. Byrne and Hilbert insist that there is an unknown standard for choosing, while eliminativists claim that all the variants are erroneous. A better response relativizes colors to perceivers, thereby providing a color realism that avoids the need to choose between variants.
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