The article analyses the legal, economic and other problems of the legal regulation of supervision of business entities in Lithuania and outlines solutions to these problems. The first chapter describes the present situation of the legal regulation of supervision of businesses in Lithuania. The second chapter analyses the problems of the legal regulation of business supervision that the authors consider the most important. The article concludes by offering solutions to the key issues identified.

Tento text se zabývá širším pojetí svobody Člověka jako subjektu. V první části se autor snaží poodhalit zastřené a málo diskutované principy znemožňující plné sebeuskutečnění subjektů. Druhá část využívá poznatků tzv. třetí generace frankfurtské školy. V rámci tohoto přístupu se profilují dva významné proudy, inspirované hegelovskou a marxistickou tradicí. Jedná se tak o povrchní sjednocení "opozice" současného liberálně-kapitalistického konceptu ve věci svobody subjektu. V poslední části autor objevuje nové perspektivy svobody subjektu prostřednictvím emancipačních nástrojů frankfurtské školy. Cílem bádání je klasifikovat (...) postavení Člověka vůči Vnějšku; poskytnout ojedinělý pohled na dnešní nesvobodu a zároveň formulovat teoretickou bázi pro její možná řešení. (shrink)

Die Subject- und Objektkategorie in der neuzeitlichen Philosophie.

Predmet ovog rada je istraživanje i kritika nekih aspekata teorije Dejvida Luisa o tvrđenjima kojima se pripisuje znanje subjektu. U prvom odeljku izlažem skeptički paradoks i osnovne postavke epistemičkog kontekstualizma. U drugom odeljku objašnjavam na koji način Luis kombinuje teoriju relevantnih alternativa i epistemički kontekstualizam prlikom formulisanja svoje teorije o tvrđenjima kojima se pripisuje znanje subjektu. U trećem odeljku pokazujem da ova teorija dopušta postojanje znanja koje je zasnovano samo na ignorisanju i argumentujem da ova nepovoljna posledica proističe iz načina (...) na koji Luis formuliše pravilo verovanja u okviru svoje teorije. U zaključnom odeljku ukazujem na problematične aspekte i ad hoc karakter Luisovog pravila pažnje i tvrdim da je ono tako formulisano da bi omogućilo rešavanje skeptičkog paradoksa. Zaključujem da je Luisova teorija o tvrđenjima kojima se pripisuje znanje subjektu neodrživa u svom originalnom obliku. (shrink)

[The conditions of rationality as reflected from. the standpoint of the knowing subject].

The object of this study is the legal framework for the sale or purchase of company shares when the goal of the transaction is the sale of a business. The impact of such transactions on Lithuanian economic development underlines the importance of this study. The recent wave of mergers and acquisitions in Lithuania is likely to substantially increase the number of related legal disputes as well. Legislation on the purchase and sale of company shares and the resulting transfer of business (...) has been enacted in Lithuania only recently. The regulation of such cases remains rather unclear, few cases have been brought to court, and the topic has been barely addressed by legal scholarship in Lithuania to date. It is unclear whether the fact that the real purpose of the transaction is not a simple reassignment of company shares, but business transfer, results in any differences in the interpretation and application of the law. An especially delicate question, raised in Lithuania and other European countries, is whether the buyer may submit a warranty claim to the seller regarding the business acquired. (shrink)

The validity (probability) of non-competition covenants which are typical for business transfer transactions is one of those issues on which discussions go in the international business transfer theory and practice. On one hand, such covenants help ensure the business interests of the buyer, on the other hand, by their nature, they can mean a restriction of competition, which is prohibited by law. This article, based on the analysis of the European Union, the Lithuanian and foreign legislation, case-law and doctrine, is (...) designed for a disclosure of the concept of non-competition covenants, which are concluded by the parties in the context of a business transfer as well as for the identification of the conditions of the validity (admissibility) of those covenants. (shrink)

On the grounds of the fundamental value of the human rights, which is the human dignity, this article describes a basis of the right to health care in terms of quality, discloses its concept, reviews the spheres of health system in which this right is exercised: health care and public health. The right to health care is stressed as one of the fundamental rights, without which the person will not able to enjoy other rights: economic, political and social rights. It (...) comprises the right to enjoy the best physical and mental health. The right to health care is not absolute in itself: efficiency of its implementation depends upon both ability of administrative and institutional systems, which were created by the state, to properly implement the assigned functions and upon the individual, its state of health and lifestyle. (shrink)

Notwithstanding the expectations related to the ‘invasion’ of human rights into the field of healthcare, the complexity of this field raises some problematic questions about the applicability of such a legal instrument. The present paper analyses the possible limits to the content of the core right to healthcare. These limits are discussed through the examination of two normative pillars of health law: the right to individual self-determination (or the principle of individual autonomy) and the right to healthcare itself. The authors (...) conclude that in the context of the scarcity of resources the effectiveness of the guarantees of the right to healthcare will depend on the narrowing of the concept of the right by choosing the biomedical definition of health as the basis. (shrink)

The 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and the 1967 Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees embody fundamental provisions of refugee law. However, since the adoption of these documents the world has changed dramatically and the laws are not developing fast enough in order to catch up with dynamically changing contemporary situations. The application and interpretation of definition of a refugee was developed through traditional practice of Western states, which was influenced by two world wars and the (...) Cold War, when refugees from Africa or Asia were uncommon. The Qualification Directive specifically aims at ensuring that the member states apply common qualification criteria for persons who need international protection in line with the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees. The author supports the statement that the Qualification Directive in principle aims at bringing back under the definition of refugee those, who have been left outside of its scope during the last decades as a result of the restrictive interpretation and application of the definition of refugee. (shrink)

Financial services have a very significant impact on and meaning to the daily life and welfare of consumers. The spectrum of these types of services is very broad, and their regulation is also changing both at EU and national (Member State) level. In order to implement the main or the most relevant EU level goals, such as high level consumer rights protection, consumer trust in business sector, proper and effective functioning of the EU internal market it is essential to ensure (...) clear and sufficient legal regulation, establish responsibility of the services providers, consumer rights and duties as well as promote, seek for the more effective, faster and cheaper ways of solving consumer and business sector disputes. The authors of this article support the idea that the abovementioned goals can be achieved by close and more fruitful cooperation between the EU and national competent authorities, participation in various ad hoc expert working groups, committees or EUwide networks, such as FIN-NET. This article reflects general ideas about the problems arising in the financial consumer services sector, the activity of the EU and national institutions, seeking to ensure fair and transparent provision of such services to consumers, analysis of alternative dispute resolution (hereinafter – the ADR) methods and the good practice of their application in the EU Member States. This article highly supports the application of alternative, nonjudicial procedures and broader application of the means of selfregulation, such as codes of conduct. (shrink)

Consumer disputes and their nature are changing very fast every day. E-commerce is promoted by the all relevant stakeholders such as European Commission, consumers associations, competent institutions, and business sector in order to achieve the main present goal—consumer confidence in business and full functioning of the internal EU market. Here the third parties are important—trade partners from all over the word. There is no legal relation or actions between disputes and searching for the most convenient, fast, cheap and comfortable. Because (...) of that, this article sets out general views on online transactions and consumer protection in the context of e-commerce and possible online dispute resolution means. The authors of this article are chiefly concerned about legal uncertainty and the jurisdiction as well as applicable law in business-to-consumer (B2C) e-commerce. Online dispute resolution or in other words it is called the ODR is seen as a possibility to solve these barriers in dispute resolution using technology to facilitate the resolution of disputes between parties primarily involving negotiation, mediation or arbitration, or a combination of all three. In this respect it is often seen as being the online equivalent of alternative dispute resolution. However, ODR can also augment these traditional means of resolving disputes by applying innovative techniques and online technologies to the process. (shrink)

The principle of solidarity is one of the fundamental legal principles applied in the field of health care regulation. This article analyses EU and Lithuanian legal acts, judicial practice, the doctrine of law and foreign scientific resources in order to reveal the content of solidarity principle and to discuss its role in the legal regulation of health care both at EU and national levels. The article is divided into three parts. The first part of the paper examines the correlation between (...) the right to health established in the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights (the Charter) and the principle of solidarity as the fundamental value upon which the EU is ‘founded’ and which it seeks to ‘preserve and develop’, as the preamble to the Charter states. It is noticed that the principle of solidarity is one of the principles which characterize the European law on social protection. In the summary of the findings of the article, the author states that this principle can be considered as a tool to achieve a greater social cohesion within the EU Member States in defining and implementing all policies and activities in order to ensure a high level of human physical, mental and social health protection through, first of all, a reduction of health care inequalities. For that it is necessary to tackle the factors which determine health care inequalities among the EU Member States. (shrink)

The article “Outline of article 5 of the OECD model Convention” is written on a relevant topic, which is important because the object of analysis has many meanings. The author analyzes the concept of permanent establishment, provided for in Article 5 of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development Model Convention with respect to taxes on income and on capital. The main goal of the article is to discuss the institute of permanent establishment and to help understand it better. The (...) author does not seek to provide a thorough analysis of the content of Article 5, but rather, to concentrate on its main aspects. Even though the study of permanent establishment, provided in this article, related only to the context of the Convention, it can also be useful while analysing the concept of permanent establishment under the US Model Income Tax Convention and the 2001 UN Model Convention. (shrink)

The aim of this paper is a philosophical generalisation of the results, which we obtained through the analysis of the development of synthetic geometry. I our papers Náčrt analytickej teórie subjektu and Topológia versus teória množín we proposed a method of analysis of the development of geometry based on Wittgensteinś Picture theory of meaning from the Tractatus. It turned out, that the concept of the form of language can be effectively used to characterise the changes, which occured in the course (...) of development of geometry. In the present paper we would like to generalize our approach and outline a universal approach to epistemology, which we call formal epistemology. (shrink)

Straipsnyje atskleidžiu tam tikrą pragmatizmo ir egzistencializmo suderinamumą tiesos sampratos aspektu. Siekdamas pagrįsti šį suartėjimą, tyrinėju Jameso pragmatinį metodą ir Nietzschės kritinį požiūrį į „valią tiesai“. Abu mąstytojai stoja prieš absoliučios, fiksuotos ir praktinių individo poreikių nepaisančios tiesos idėją. Atitinkamai, abu jie teigia, kad tiesa, suprantama ikiteoriškai, yra procesas, imanentiškas konkrečiai subjektų gyvenimo patirčiai. Pasitelkdamas pragmatinius ir egzistencialistinius svarstymus, aš kritiškai tyrinėju, kaip šie filosofai kvestionavo tiesą individo kaip veikėjo egzistencijos kontekste.

Šiame straipsnyje nagrinėjamos teorinės bei praktinės mediacijos taikymo prielaidos sprendžiant administracinius ginčus Lietuvoje. Remiantis mokslininkų darbais, teisės aktuose įtvirtintomis nuostatomis, administracinių teismų praktika vertinama, ar Lietuvoje galėtų būti taikoma mediacija, sprendžiant administracinius ginčus, ar šiuo metu egzistuojančiame teisiniame reguliavime galima pastebėti taikaus administracinių ginčų sprendimo galimybes. Straipsnyje pirmiausia akcentuojama galimybė kilusį administracinį ginčą išspręsti taikiai taikant mediaciją, t. y. suderinant skirtingus, konkuruojančius interesus, todėl būtent taikaus administracinių ginčų išsprendimo prielaidų ir buvo ieškoma analizuojant mokslininkų darbus, teisės aktus bei teismų praktiką. (...) Šiame darbe remiantis atliktu tyrimu vertinama, kokie administraciniai ginčai ir tarp kokių subjektų galėtų būti sprendžiami taikant mediaciją. (shrink)

Straipsnyje analizuojamos 2 fenomenologinės prieigos prie gyvūnų gyvenimo antropocentrizmo kritikos kontekste. Pirmoje dalyje apžvelgiamas antropocentrizmo klausimas. Pradedant posthumanistine antropocentrizmo kaip žmogiškojo išskirtinumo ideologijos kritika siūloma fenomenologiniu požiūriu reflektuoti žmogaus antropocentriškumą kaip patirties sąlygą. Antroje dalyje apžvelgiama San Martíno ir Pintos prieiga, kuri, remdamasi Husserlio transcendentalinio ego analize Ideen II, atskleidžia žmonių ir gyvūnų tapatumą egotiškumo, kūniškumo ir prasmės konstitucijos aspektais. Jų pozicija labai svarbi antropocentrizmo kritikoje, tačiau laikoma nepakankama žmonių ir gyvūnų santykių įvairovei reflektuoti. Trečioje dalyje analizuojama Depraz pateikta keturių (...) pakopų empatijos struktūra ir siekiama nustatyti, kokios yra ribinių subjektų – gyvūnų – prieinamumo sąlygos ir ribos. Išskiriamas kūniškumas kaip bendriausias sluoksnis, analizuojama gyvūnų sąmonių prieinamumo, jų patirties supratimo galimybės ir ribos. Galiausiai daroma išvada, kad šios dvi pozicijos gali prisidėti suprantant žmonių ir gyvūnų bendrumo ir skirtumo ribas bei tai, kiek gali būti apribotas antropocentrizmas. (shrink)

Studie nabízí přehled různých přístupů k pojmu „znalosti“. Hlavní důraz je kladen na relevanci vybraných a aplikovaných znalostí vzhledem k dané úloze nebo řešené problémové situaci a na kompetenci subjektu znalosti, zejména vzhledem k výběru a integraci různých znalostí. To zahrnuje nejen integraci různých oblastí znalostí, ale také integrací znalostí a hodnot.

Studie je zaměřena na proces interpretace textu, přičemž sleduje jev nazvaný „iracionální interpretace“. Protiklad racionální – iracionální chápe na základě konceptu Donalda Davidsona, a vychází tedy více z filosofie jazyka a mysli nežli z psychologie. Iracionalita interpretace spočívá v nesoudržnosti přesvědčení interpreta, tedy v narušení logických vazeb mezi jeho jednotlivými přesvědčeními. Na konkrétních příkladech je ukázáno, jak k takovému stavu mysli interpretujícího subjektu může dojít a jaký vliv má na porozumění celému textu. Pojem iracionální interpretace je uvažován na pozadí celé (...) sítě vztahů – interpreta k textu, k autorovi, ke kontextu a k tradici. Tyto vztahy jsou zachyceny pomocí několika schémat zakládajících se na Davidsonových modelech triangulace. Tyto modely ovšem podstatným způsobem modifikuje. Klíčová slova: interpretace – iracionalita – přesvědčení – vnitřní nesoudržnost – triangulace. (shrink)

Nietzschův zájem o tématiku rétoriky dosáhl prvního pomyslného vrcholu na konci roku 1872 a v první polovině roku následujícího. Průsečíkem textů z tohoto období, tedy eseje O pravdě a lži, univerzitních přednášek a osobních skic, se stala myšlenka, podle které nelze rétorickou aktivitu subjektu redukovat pouze na prostor jazyka; ta je totiž přítomná i po celou dobu konstituce naší názorné zkušenosti. Ve snaze po vysvětlení této pro dějiny rétoriky zcela atypické představy se ovšem budu muset dotknout i několika dobových filosofických (...) tradic, na základě kterých si na konci 60. a na začátku 70. let ujasňoval svá epistemologická východiska. Na závěr se pokusím (bez hlubší kritiky) najít možné paralely mezi touto Nietzschovou představou a teoriemi konceptuálních metafor, které v mnohém předznamenal. (shrink)

Příspěvek je zaměřen na prezentaci proměn v chápání významu pojmu analogie od starověku, přes krizi analogického pojmu v období středověké scholastiky až k převažujícímu významu, jež tento pojem získal s nástupem novověku a vědeckou revolucí. Na pozadí této proměny je pro stejné období akcentován vývoj lidského vědomí, především jeho sílící intencionalita a schopnost reflexe vlastní kognitivní aktivity a vlastního vědomí. Naznačena je teze, že proměna vývoje chápání analogie přímo souvisí s rozvojem intencionálního vědomí. Charakteristickým rysem plně rozvinutého intencionálního vědomí je (...) však zkušenost vydělenosti, odtržení člověka od světa (jakožto niterného subjektu od externího objektu). V druhé polovině článku je následně předložen syntetizující náhled, umožňující takto vzniklou mezeru ve vztahu člověka ke světu překonat právě tím, že je na tento vztah nahlíženo jako na vztah bytostně analogický. The article is dealing with presentattion of historical changes in the understanding of and the meaning of analogy from antiquity through the crisis of the analogical concept in medieval period to its presently prevalent meaning, which the term gained at the onset of renaissance and scientific revolution. With this as a frame of reference, the change of human consciousness in the same time period is mapped – mainly its growing intentionality and the ability of reflection of one’s own cognitive activity and consciousness. The proposition is outlined, that the change in understanding and meaning of analogy directly corresponds with the development of intentional consciousness. The characteristic features of fully developed intentional consciousness is the experience of separation of man from the world (of the inward subject separated from the outward object). In the second part of the article a synthetic view is presented, in which the arisen gap between the man and the world is bridged by considering their relationship as essentially analogical. (shrink)

U tekstu se traga za vezom između Descartesovih životnih obrata i razloga zbog kojih filozof u Raspravi o metodi i Meditacijama o prvoj filozofiji primjenjuje ispovjednički način pisanja. Takvo nastojanje otkriva posebnu ulogu maske pod kojom se Descartes namjerava prvi put pojaviti pred javnošću. Iako masku spominje još u dnevničkim bilješkama, on je konačno oblikuje, i to kao ‘osobu’, tek s otkrićem cogito, dakle, u vrijeme dok piše Raspravu o metodi. U tom mu djelu ‘osoba’, shvaćena kao čist razum, daje (...) mogućnost svoje filozofsko preobraćanje ispovijediti kao obrazac intelektualnog preobražaja čovječanstva, čime se njegova ispovijest pretvara u propovijed. U Meditacijama, međutim, Descartes ide korak dalje. Njegova vještina služenja maskom, te njegovo iskustvo koje je u snovima imao sa zloduhom i Bogom, dovode ga do toga da se u ovom spisu pojavljuje kao glumac sa tri lika: kao »ja«, kao zli genije i kao istinoljubivi Bog. Iza sva tri lika, naravno, stoji Descartesov ratio; ali bitno je primijetiti da zloduh nije samo maska kojom filozof prikriva grijeh skeptičke aktivnosti u koju uvlači čitaoca. Na osnovu Descartesovih snova može se tvrditi da postoji još jedan zloduh u Meditacijama, ovoga puta stvarni, koji stoji nasuprot meditirajućem subjektu. Taj je oličenje općeprihvaćenih stavova, predrasudnog mišljenja i lijenosti ljudskog uma.The text explores the connection between Descartes’ life conversions and the reason why in the Discourse on the Method and Meditations on First Philosophy he utilizes a confessional tone to his writing. Such an endeavour exposes a specific role of the mask under which the philosopher intends to present himself to the public for the first time. Although the mask is already mentioned in his Private thoughts, Descartes gives it a form of persona only after the discovery of cogito, as he is writing the Discourse. The mask of persona, conceived as a pure reason, allows him to confess his philosophical conversions as a paradigm of intellectual conversion of humanity, transforming his confession into a sermon. However, in the Meditations, Descartes takes a step further. His ability to utilize the mask, combined with his experience in dreams with a malicious demon and God, enable him to appear in this work as a multi-faced actor: as »I«, as a malicious genius and as a truthful God. Behind all three masks is evidently Descartes’ ratio, however it is important to recognize that the malicious genius is not only the mask the philosopher uses to hide the sins of the sceptical activity in which he involves the reader. On the basis of Descartes’ dreams, we can argue that there is one more malicious genius in the Meditations, this time a real one, standing opposite the meditating subject. This one is the embodiment of widely accepted opinions, prejudices and laziness of human intellect. (shrink)

Fenomenológia ducha, zdôrazňuje Heidegger, je prvou časťou Hegelom plánovaného systému vied. Jej podtitul znie: Veda o skúsenosti vedomia. Tou vedou (Wissenschaft) bude filozofia, chápaná ako veda o skúsenosti vedomia, teda o skúsenosti, ktorú má vedomie seba samého. Filozofii, podľa Hegela, ide o absolútne poznanie, teda o poznanie v najvšeobecnejšom zmysle slova. Možno teda tvrdiť, že kým Hegelovi išlo vo Fenomenológii ducha o vzťah človeka, poznávajúceho subjektu, schopného sebauvedomenia, k absolútnu, tak Heideggerovi v jeho interpretácii Hegelovej Fenomenológie ducha išlo predovšetkým o (...) absolútno samé, teda o bytie, ako ho chápal. Pre Heideggera nie je problematika obsiahnutá vo Fenomenológii ducha ničím iným ako artikuláciou protikladu: nekonečnosť bytia verzus konečnosť jestvujúcna. (shrink)

Članek poskuša ob Machereyevi knjigi pokazati, da je naslovna alternativa slabo zastavljena. Macherey zoperstavlja Heglovo strategijo, temelječo na univerzalnem subjektu, negaciji negacije in teologiji, in Spinozov radikalno anti-teleološki postopek ter ob problemih geometrične metode, atributov in determinacije kot negacije razkriva slepe pege Heglovega branja Spinoze. Avtor pa skuša nasprotno pokazati, da je pri tem podoba Hegla zvedena na nekaj počeznih preprostih formul, da se mora sama analiza Spinoze, kljub upravičeni kritiki Heglovih spregledov, zaplesti v notranja protislovja ter da je naposled (...) najboljša alternativa heglovskim zablodam Hegel sam. (shrink)

Tekst razvija idejo interpasivnosti, novega koncepta, oblikovanega po modelu interaktivnosti in ki pokriva vrsto pojavov, v katerih subjekt delegira svojo pasivnost in užitek na drugo osebo ali stvar. Izhodišče je tekst, ki gaje leta 1874 napisal Villiers de 1'Isle-Adam in ki nemara lahko velja za rojstno mesto te ideje. Ta tekst razvija pojem la claque, in predlaga njegovo razširitev, tako da bi ga pretvorili v mehanični aparat. Pričujoči tekst skuša pokazati, daje ta claque mogoče vzeti za vzorec za delovanje želje (...) in njene inherentne interaktivnosti, medtem ko leži ključ do interpasivnosti v neki dimenziji, ki se inherentno razlikuje od želje in seji zoperstavlja, in ki jo je Freud zakoličil kot nagon. Medtem ko se želja vzdržuje skozi svojo nenehno nezadovoljenost, pa je nagon vselej zadovoljen, subjektu priskrbi užitek, pred katerim ga želja skuša obvarovati. Psihoanalizo je tako mogoče dojeti kot proces, ki vodi od struktur želje k strukturam nagona. (shrink)

Formiranje prepričanja v Humovi filozofiji je glavna tema članka, ki izhaja iz temeljnega razlikovanja med naravno in nenaravno domišljijo v Humovem svetu Narave. Za razliko od vere prepričanje pri Humu prestopa meje zaznave v smeri skritih vzrokov, a vendar ostaja v okvirih izkustva in navade; naloga filozofije, ki je razpeta med skepticizem in vsakdanje življenje, je formiranje domišljije, na katero se opira vzročno sklepanje v prepričanjih. Formiranje domišljije se pri Humu neposredno izrazi v razmerju filozofije na eni strani in literature (...) ter zgodovinopisja na drugi, kot gaje mogoče zaznati v kratkem spisu A Dialogue in nadaljevanja tretjega poglavja Raziskovanja človeškega razuma. To obliko neposrednega formiranja domišljije, ki jo opredeljuje razmerje odkrite prevare, Hume dopolni z razmerjem prikrite prevare, ki subjektu formiranja hkrati omogoča distanco in onemogoča, da bi se prevare zavedal. (shrink)

Badioujevo zanimanje za Pascala je posledica načina, kako slednji misli skupaj um in vero, namesto da bi ju preprosto zoperstavljal. Um mora ne le spoznati svoje lastne omejitve, ampak tudi pripoznati presežek, ki deluje hkrati kot ovira in kot poriv njegovega delovanja. Badiou je očitno naklonjen pascalovskemu subjektu, ki veruje, ne da bi bila njegova vera zunanja in zoperstavljena umu. A vseeno se zdi, da Badiou spregleda poseben kontekst Pascalove misli in zato ostaja slep za problematičen značaj pascalovskega, s tem (...) pa tudi svojega lastnega militantnega subjekta. Na kratko rečeno: politični militant zase morda misli, da je subjekt postopka resnice, a da bi to naposled tudi postal, se bo moral izogniti vsaj temu, da postane objekt temačnega, okrutnega in nehvaležnega Boga. Tu nam prav Lacanovo branje Pascala omogoči izdelati bolj rafinirano teorijo subjekta, ki je hkrati svarilo pred krščansko, »perverzno« eksploatacijo tega subjekta. Sodoben primer tovrstne eksploatacije je mogoče videti v neoliberalizmu, ki od nas pričakuje, da dejansko ljubimo sistem, ki nam v zameno ne dolguje ničesar. (shrink)

Od poloviny dvacátého století se nejrůznější společenskovědní disciplíny obzvláště důkladně zabývají otázkou subjektu, jeho povahy a vymezitelnosti. Koncept subjektu se ukazuje jako obtížně uchopitelný a celkově problematický. Na pozadí krátkých rozborů textů zvolených ze škály oborů od historie filozofie přes psychoanalýzu a sociologii až po teorii jazyka a filozofii vědy se v našem pojednání snažíme konstruovat mozaiku několika víceméně aktuálních pohledů na subjekt, na jejímž základě pak poukazujeme na vnitřní rozporuplnost samotného procesu, jímž je subjekt konstituován.Since the middle of the (...) twentieth century, the notion of the subject and the possibilities of delineating its nature have been the focus of particular attention within a number of humanities disciplines. The concept of the subject has proved difficult to tackle, and wholly problematic in general. Briefly analysing selected texts by authors involved in various fields of study, ranging from history of philosophy by psychoanalysis and sociology to theory of language and philosophy of science, we endeavour to construct a mosaic of several more or less contemporary views of the subject, on the basis of which we then point to the instability of the process itself by means of which the subject is constituted. (shrink)

Izvorni pojam obrazovanja kao centralni pojam pedagogije ne razumijeva se kao znanje o nekom biću, ili pak o nekom procesu ili činjenju, već kao sebeznanje ovog bića ili činjenja u slobodnom subjektu. Tek refleksija znanja u sebe samo jest ono što može istinski obrazovati, za razliku od svakog funkcionalnog, heteronomnog »obrazovanja« za izvanjske svrhe. Slobodan subjekt jest tek onaj subjekt koji je u punom smislu autonoman, tj. u mogućnosti samoodređivanja iz slobode. Rad će pokušati razmotriti odnos pojma obrazovanja spram pojma (...) »slobodnog vremena« kao vremenovanja istinskog subjekta te razvidjeti mogućnosti sprege i razilaženja ovih pojmova u njihovoj biti, te na fenomenalnoj razini u području sustava odgoja i obrazovanja. Namjeravano izlazište rada utoliko nije »obrazovanje u slobodnom vremenu« u kontekstu pretpostavljene dihotomije slobodno-radno vrijeme, kao niti »obrazovanje za slobodno vrijeme«, već »obrazovanje kao obrazovanje slobodnog subjekta u za taj proces primjerenim ustanovama«. (shrink)

Předkládaná stať aplikuje Hegelovo „vyvrácení“ spinozismu na Marxe. Nejprve osvětluje povahu Hegelova pojetí filosofické kritiky, kterou Hegel staví do kontrastu s pouhou polemikou – střetem jedné geniální mysli s druhou. Na tomto pozadí lépe vyniká Hegelovo „vyvrácení“ spinozismu jako ukázky filosofické kritiky, a nikoli pouhé polemiky. Filosofická kritika si nárokuje být imanentní. Kritizovanou filosofii ničím zvnějšku neobohacuje, ale přihlíží, jak ona sama sebe překonává. Příkladem takového sebepřekonání je pochopení substance zároveň jako subjektu, či jako ducha. Toto pochopení vlastně dělá to, (...) že dává ontologický význam tomu, čemu Hegel říká „vnější myšlení“ a co na první pohled žádný ontologický význam nemá, co se zdá být pouhou ideologií, afekcí či více či méně adekvátní ideou. V této „ontologizaci myšlení“ Hegel vidí to jediné skutečné vyvrácení spinozismu. Mým návrhem je přihlížet téže „ontologizaci“ – řekněme „ontologizaci ideologie“ u Marxe. Toto sebepřekonání Marxovy filosofie spatřuji v Hegelově vyvození pojmu státu z pojmu občanské společnosti. Hegelem vypracovaný logický či pojmový přechod od občanské společnosti ke státu odpovídá re-konceptualizaci substance v ducha. Tato re-konceptualizace vyvrací nejen spinozismus, ale i marxismus. (shrink)

Cílem studie je interpretovat fenomenologii obrazotvornosti Gastona Bachelarda jakožto fenomenologickou redukci sui generis. Autor článku představuje snění jako proces návratu do naivního vědomí prvotní (zakládající) a primitivní povahy, v němž je možné dosáhnout stavu dětství, harmonizujícího vztah subjektu ke světu. Svět je v této koncepci znovu zhodnocován (valorizován) a otevírá se jako domov, a to jednak prostřednictvím vzpomínek, jednak recipročním charakterem obrazotvornosti. Studie ukazuje fenomenologickou redukci v Bachelardově pojetí jako opozitní, ale komplementární k vědeckému rozumu a zdůrazňuje její terapeutický charakter.

Širším tématem tohoto článku je otázka kulturní relativity v metodologii antropologie a sociálních věd. Cílem textu je popsat anti-anti-relativistický postoj antropologa Clifforda Geertze, v němž se odráží jeho interpretace pozdního díla L. Wittgensteina a jeho pojmu „životní forma“. Geertzův anti-anti-relativismus je výsledkem odmítnutí zaujmout pozici relativisty nebo etnocentristy, a to z několika důvodů. Hlavním problémem obou táborů je podle něj mylná představa kultury jako nedynamického a uzavřeného celku, která vyplývá z filozofické představy „ideálních“ pojmů. Taková představa je podle něj zvlášť (...) neudržitelná v dnešním globalizovaném propojeném světě. Geertz taktéž upozorňuje na dynamický způsob formování identity (subjektu nebo kultury) prostřednictvím setkání se s cizím. Životní forma je pro Geertze metodologický nástroj, který umožňuje vyhnout se rozhodování mezi relativismem nebo anti-relativismem a který naopak poskytuje dynamickou střední cestu, jejíž pomocí jde zkoumat vzájemné prolínání identit kultur a sociálních skupin. (shrink)

The Civil Code of Lithuania re-established enterprise (business) as a self-sufficient object of civil rights and introduced several legal transanctions with it, the so- called asset deals (sale-purchase of enterprise and lease of enterprise). Since every transfer of enterprise comprises the transfer (delegation) of debts to the new owner, the legal regulation on asset deals must be orientated to the protection of creditors’ rights. However, the legal practice showed that the existing legal regulation regarding asset deals, in particular the mechanism (...) of the protection of creditors’ rights, is complex, and thus unappealing to legal practitioners. Therefore, this research focuses on an analysis of the legal regulation of the mechanism of the protection of creditors’ rights applicable to asset deals and its impact on the civil turnover of enterprise as an object of civil rights. In order to thoroughly examine the problem of the efficient mechanism of the protection of creditors’ rights, the national legal regulation is analysed in comparison to the legal systems of France, Germany and Russia. (shrink)

Energy services have a particularly significant impact on the daily life and welfare of consumers. The importance of such services is high, and their regulation is also changing both at the EU and Member States level, especially after the adoption of the Third Energy Package1, which is focused on improving the operation of retail markets to yield real benefits for both electricity and gas consumers. In order to implement the main or the most relevant goal of the EU, such as (...) high level of consumer rights protection, resulting in consumer trust in business sector, proper and effective functioning of the EU internal market etc., it is essential to ensure clear and sufficient legal regulation, establish responsibility of the services providers, consumer rights and duties as well as promote more effective, faster and cheaper ways of solving consumer and business disputes. The authors of this article feel the lack of scientific analysis on this issue. Despite its importance, discussions take place at political or practical level, but no recent analyses exist as to why energy services sector is so fragmented and how it affects different conditions or rights of consumers in various Member States. This article also clearly supports the idea that the above-mentioned goals can be achieved by close and more fruitful cooperation between the EU and national competent authorities, participation in various ad hoc expert working groups and committees, such as the Vulnerable Consumers Working Group. This article reflects general ideas about the problems arising in the energy consumer services sector, the activity of the EU and national institutions, seeking to ensure fair and transparent provision of such services to consumers, it also contains an analysis of alternative dispute resolution (hereinafter – the ADR) methods and good practice of their application in the EU Member States. This article highly supports the application of alternative procedures in the field of energy services and sees them as a possibility to minimise increasing consumer problems, e.g. a new phenomenon – consumer energy poverty in the EU, which is defined as the situation where a household is unable to access a socially and materially necessitated level of energy services at home and pay for the provided services. (shrink)