This book is the culmination of over twenty years of work toward a pedagogical theory that promotes experiential learning of model-laden theory and inquiry in science.

The debate on the possibility of attaining metaphysical knowledge by the method of reasoning began with the ancient Greek philosophers and continues to this day. This article aims to examine how Râzî argues for the possibility of attaining metaphysical knowledge through the method of reasoning. He first argues that existence has two parts, the sensed and the thought, in order to demonstrate that metaphysical knowledge can be obtained through the method of reasoning. Then he tries to prove that existence is (...) not limited to the material. After presenting evidence for the existence of things other than the sensible in existence that can be perceived with the intellect, he tries to discuss our devices to relate to this sphere of existence in a comparative manner. In this comparison, two possible devices for attaining metaphysical knowledge emerge: the theoretical intellect and the purified soul. After revealing the positive and negative aspects of both in this comparison, he argues that the most reliable device is the theoretical intellect and the technique is the method of reasoning Râzî gives various answers to those who object to the possibility of obtaining metaphysical knowledge through the method of reasoning. Râzî tries to put forward the grounds on which the groups who object to the method of reasoning are based. He then evaluates their justifications in terms of accuracy and consistency. Thus, he tests both the relevance of each group's objection to the subject and its consistency with the group's other beliefs. He then presents the justifications for his own opinion on the method of reasoning and the consistency of this method with his other beliefs. Following this method, Râzî first divides those who object to the method of reasoning into two categories according to whether or not they accept a metaphysical sphere of existence. According to this division, those who object to the method because they do not accept a metaphysical sphere of existence are the Sophists, Sumeniyya, Mujasimah, Dhahriyya, and Hashawiyya. Although this group does not accept a metaphysical sphere of existence, they are divided into two classes: those who believe in God and those who do not. According to Râzî, the group that accepts the metaphysical sphere of existence but objects to the method of reasoning is the Talimiyya. They claim that metaphysical knowledge can only be attained through the teaching of an innocent instructor, not by the method of reasoning. The different approaches of these groups are the reason why Râzî sometimes emphasizes accuracy, sometimes consistency, and sometimes proving the metaphysical domain of existence in his answers to those who object to the method of reasoning. (shrink)

Differentiated instruction is an approach that centers on the fact that every student is different and shapes the teaching process according to this reality. Students in the learning environment differ from each other in terms of characteristics such as prior knowledge, interest, needs, learning style, socio-cultural background, cognitive-affective-psychomotor readiness. In order for students with different characteristics to benefit from education in the best way, it is necessary to diversify education in terms of content, teaching-learning process and measurement-evaluation dimensions, taking these (...) differences into account. In this diversification, students' readiness, interest and learning profiles are taken into account as a whole. Although educational programs are prepared by taking the similarities between individuals into account in practice, teachers are expected to diversify the process by taking the individual differences of the students into account and design different learning paths for students with different characteristics. One of the areas that needs to be planned and implemented with a differentiated teaching approach within formal education is religious education. Differentiated religious teaching is to diversify religious teaching in terms of content, learning-teaching process and measurement and evaluation dimensions, taking the individual differences of students into account such as their prior religious knowledge, interest and attitudes towards religion, cultural affiliations and learning profiles. In this study, the self-efficacy perceptions of Religious Culture and Moral Knowledge (“Din Kültürü ve Ahlâk Bilgisi”, abb. DKAB in Turkish) teachers towards differentiated teaching were examined. Determining the self-efficacy perceptions of DKAB teachers regarding differentiated instruction is important in terms of providing information about their success in planning, implementing and evaluating according to differentiated instruction in the Religious Culture and Moral Knowledge course. The research sought answers to the following questions: 1. What are DKAB teachers' self-efficacy perceptions towards differentiated instruction? 2. Is there a significant relationship between DKAB teachers' self-efficacy perceptions towards differentiated instruction and teachers' gender, age, years of service, graduated higher education program and the type of school they work in? The research is a descriptive study and is of quantitative type and survey model. The population of the research consists of DKAB teachers working in primary and secondary education institutions in the 2nd semester of the 2021-2022 academic year. The sample of the research consists of 425 DKAB teachers selected from the population using the appropriate sampling method. Differentiated Instruction Self-Efficacy Scale developed by Mutlu, Öztürk and Aktekin was used to collect the data used in the research. The data collected in the study was analyzed using the SPSS 25.0 package program. According to the findings obtained in the study, DKAB teachers' self-efficacy perceptions regarding differentiated instruction are at a high level. The characteristics of DKAB teachers' age, years of service, and the type of school they work in do not have a significant effect on teachers' self-efficacy perceptions regarding differentiated instruction. There is a significant relationship between DKAB teachers' gender and the characteristics of the higher education program they graduated from and their self-efficacy perceptions. Male teachers consider themselves more competent in differentiated instruction. The self-efficacy perceptions of the teachers who graduated from the primary education DKAB Teaching program are at a higher level than the teachers who graduated from the theology (Ilahiyat) program, which is described as the faculty of theology. It is thought that the research will contribute to the field of differentiated religious teaching. (shrink)

Beş sanattan şiir felsefe tarihi boyunca kendini sürekli gündemde tutmayı başarmıştır. Platon şiire daha çok politik/dini kaygı çerçevesinde yaklaşarak onun dönüştürücü gücünü ideal devleti bağlamında kontrol altına almaya çalışırken Aristoteles şiir sanatına büyük önem vermiş ve bu bağlamda Poetika adlı müstakil eserini kaleme almıştır. Daha sonraki süreçte bu eser öğrencileri tarafından Organon (alet) isimli mantık külliyatının içine dâhil edilmiştir. Platon’un muhteva kritiği diyebileceğimiz yaklaşımından farklı olarak şiiri daha çok form bağlamında ele alan Aristoteles’in söz konusu politik kaygıyı gütmediği anlaşılmaktadır. Ancak (...) şiir, tüm bu geleneklerden beslenen Fârâbî’ye kadar mantık ile doğrudan ilgisi kurulan bir sanat olarak ortaya çıkmaz. Fârâbî’nin özgünlüğü şiiri edebi bir tür olmanın yanında mantıksal ilgisi bağlamında ele almış olmasıdır. Bu makalede şiir ile mantık ilişkisinin Fârâbî’de biri şiirin felsefe öğreniminde ve kıyas türleri bağlamında işlevselliğine diğeri ise mantığın şiirin beş sanat içerisinde tanınmasını ve ayrıştırılmasını sağlayan yönüne işaret eden iki veçheli bir şekilde tasarlandığı savunulacaktır. (shrink)

Intersecting authority-language-and-symbolic power, this article tells the story of a group of continental Francophone African youth who find themselves in an urban French-language high school in southwestern Ontario, Canada. Through their narrative, one is confronted by the trauma of one's own language being declared an illegitimate child, hence becoming a ‘deceptive fluency’ in the ‘eyes of power’ thanks to race and post-coloniality. They are fully consciousness of this situation and their ‘linguistic return’, thus gazing back at the eyes of power (...) and declaring themselves ‘subjects’ capable of love and desire. I briefly address questions of hospitality and language ownership and conclude by addressing the need to re-think the connection between race, power and language. (shrink)

Roots, Cogwheels and Clouds: A Tale of Encounters In her first book The Illusion of Freedom published in 2006 and in The Age of Gluttony published in 2010 Yıldız Silier focused on the notions of freedom and happiness respectively. This last book on justice completes her trilogy. Instead of taking injustices as a discourse on victimization, she focuses on the life experiences of resisting subjects and collates them through semi fictional tales, letters and diaries. The concrete, material foundations of (...) injustices are exposed in the Roots. The Cogwheels, puts forward what happens when the rebellions fail and the Clouds predict what would have happened if the rebellions had succeeded. Through these three axes, the past (the lost possibilities), the present (dystopia) and the future (utopia) are merged. -/- Those that resist the dictator in the country of animals, peasant risings in the 14th century England, women’s rebellion during the witch hunts in the 16th century Italy, 18th century slave riots in the plantations of West Indies and in workers’ rebellion in the 21st century in a Chinese factory that produces tablets and mobile phones; these are the main subjects of these semi fictional tales. In the second part of the book on “the meeting of old class mates” five friends having different political views discuss “what will happen to our country?” and uncompromising conflicts appear. The last part of the book includes three essays on the Gezi rebellion, Pontecorvo’s film Burn and Calvino’s book Invisible Cities. (shrink)

A picture which reflects the contradictions of our era: Glutton adults, who are always bored and constantly demand new toys and hungry children who have grown untimely. Completely different lives in the same world: Those in the display windows and those in the garbage... This picture is the starting point of the Age of Gluttony. -/- Silier who uses a plain and fluent language, starts from a story of Kafka and touches upon the reasons of obedience to authorities, the internal (...) fears that hinder freedom and issues related with the “meaning of life”. She then proceeds by searching answers to new questions: How does the fetishism of happiness encourage individualism and prevent the flourishing of individuality? Taking inspiration from Kant, Marx, Mill and Sartre can we form a conceptual frame for critical and objective ethical values? -/- What are the different accounts of individuality that lay at the foundations of Marx’s goal of overcoming alienation and existentialists’ yearning for authenticity? How does postmodernism confuse different conceptions of “reason” and “progress”, to charge the Enlightenment as guilty for the crimes and devastation caused by capitalism? How were women transformed through history from goddess to pariah by being domesticated? Can motherhood experiences be saved from the oppressive effects of “motherhood ideology” and have a liberating potential? What kind of link exists between narcissistic individuals who relate freedom with the absence of rules and limits and the ideology of consumerism, which redefines gluttony as a virtue? As greedy companies which rule the world shape both consumers and employers in their image, how does the “irrational” system at the basis of “deformed” and alienated individuals become naturalised and invisible? (shrink)

Dürziler, gerek itikadi açıdan gerekse de hukuki prensipleri bağlamında Osmanlı-Hanefi ideolojisi dışında kalan bir cemaatti. Bununla birlikte Dürzi liderler 19. Yüzyılın başlarına kadar devletin Cebel-i Lübnan’daki idari tem-silcileri olarak siyasi otoriteyi ellerinde tutmayı başardılar. Bunun yanı sıra geleneksel hukuklarını da koruyan Dürziler, Osmanlı Devleti’nin sosyal yapısını oluşturan Millet Sistemi içinde farklı bir pozisyonda kimlik edindiler. Tanzimat reformlarının Cebel-i Lübnan’da uygulanmaya başlaması ise Dürzilerin kimlik tanımlarında siyasi paradigmaların dışına çıkmalarına sebep olmuş, Osmanlı kimliğini İslami terminolojiyle tamamlamak adına hareket eden cemaat, hukuki (...) statülerini bir meşruiyet aracı olarak kullanmaya başlamış ve devletin değişen reformist duruşu karşısında farklı bir hukuki yer edinmeye çalışmışlardı. Bu çalışma, Cebel-i Lübnanlı Dürzilerin Osmanlı Devleti’nin son zamanlarında ortaya çıkan kimlik problemine bakışlarını ele almakta, cemaatin meşruiyet kaygılarına karşı aldığı tedbir ve devletin hukuk politikasını incelemektedir. Araştırmada kendi kaynaklarında ve Osmanlı arşivinde yer alan bazı Dürzi davalarından örnekler verilerek cemaatin iç hukukuna değinilmiş, ayrıca devletin mezhep siyasetinde izlediği yöntemin Dürziler üzerindeki etkisi analiz edilmiştir. (shrink)

Governance of biomedical research in the United States has been characterized by ethical individualism, a mode of reasoning that treats the individual person as the center of moral concern and analysis. However, genomics research raises ethics issues that uniquely affect certain genetically related communities as collectives, not merely as aggregates of individuals. This is especially true of identifiable populations—including Indigenous Peoples—that are often minoritized, socially marginalized, or geographically isolated. We propose an alternative, complementary framework based on the United Nations Declaration (...) on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP) (2007), which explicitly recognizes both individual and collective rights. We use the CARE Principles for Indigenous Data Governance as a case study to show how this UNDRIP‐based framework can complement the individual‐focused national standard for research oversight represented by the Belmont principles, thereby better protecting Indigenous Peoples’ rights and interests in genomic data. (shrink)

Antony Flew has spent nearly two-thirds of his life arguing against the existence of an omnipotent and all-knowing God, but towards the end of his life, he has accepted the existence of one. He argues that his change is due to the principle of “follow the argument wherever it leads”. He states that at first the argument required to oppose the existence of God, but the argument now leads him to accept the idea that there is a God. This study (...) will consider whether Flew applies the principle “follow the argument wherever it leads” when it comes to Islam. While doing this, first, Flew's conception of God, which he endorsed after accepting the existence of God, will be briefly described. Then, his thoughts on Christianity after the acceptance of God’s existence will be addressed. Next, the arguments he developed against Islam will be evaluated. Finally, it will be discussed whether he adapts the principle of “follow the argument wherever it leads” when Islam is at stake. As a result, it has been seen that Flew should at least have shown the tolerance he showed to Christianity, which he rejected, to Islam in accordance with the principle of “follow the argument wherever it leads” nevertheless, he did not reconsider his former harsh and biased claims about Islam. (shrink)

Bu risale üç temel konuyu ele almaktadır. Bu konulardan birincisi elest bezmi ikincisi cennet ve cehennemliklerin belirlenmesi sonuncusu ise levhi mahfuzdur.

En este presente artículo se propone analizar la lucha de los grupos negros contra la discriminación, basándose en trabajos de diversos historiadores que han abordado la temática. El problema aquí es el procedimiento de éstos para ser visible en Argentina. El objetivo principal es mostrar el rol de las organizaciones culturales, religiosas y las diferentes agrupaciones. La hipótesis que guía el trabajo es la noción de lucha contra la discriminación como una de las formas en que se presenta el racismo. (...) Los métodos utilizados son el heurístico, hermenéutico, el deductivo-inductivo y un submétodo que es la cronología. El estado-nación de Argentina ha instrumentado un mecanismo para la construcción de una identidad blanca en el país. Asimismo, empezará por un recorrido histórico que irá desde la discriminación hasta la lucha de las asociaciones afrodescendientes para su visibilidad en Argentina. (shrink)

BackgroundStudies conducted in the health sector have determined a positive relationship between job satisfaction and work engagement. However, this paper reveals that this relationship turns into a negative or non-significant relationship during the COVID-19 pandemic. We explore the reasons for inconsistency in research findings in this critical period through a meta-analysis.MethodsThis study was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines and PICO framework. Online databases including Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, ProQuest, Google Scholar, and additional records from other databases were searched (...) without any time limitation, and all studies published in English that reported the correlation between work engagement and job satisfaction were included in the analysis. In total, 36 individual correlation coefficients were synthesized. R statistical language was used to analyze the data.ResultA total of 36 studies with a sample size of 16,087 were synthesized. The overall effect size was found as r = 0.57. While the moderating effect of national culture was not statistically significant, presence of COVID-19 as the significant moderator explained 37.08% of effect size heterogeneity. Such that the presence of COVID-19 has transformed the positive relationship between work engagement and job satisfaction into a negative but statistically non-significant relationship.ConclusionThis study empirically challenges the existing assumptions about the positive link between work engagement and job satisfaction. The results of the research can be a guide for managers and policymakers. Specifically, based on these results, different mechanisms can be put in place to support work engagement and, in turn, job satisfaction in the COVID-19 process. (shrink)

Ethical decision-making is often evaluated in the literature through deontological and teleological approaches, commonly referred to as ethical positions. Ethical decision-making requires an awareness of ethical sensitivity and ethical dilemmas. It involves understanding the emotional experiences of others and assisting them. In cases of alexithymia, where there is difficulty in understanding and expressing emotional experiences, empathy may be limited, and emotions may not be effectively used. In this research, the impact of the level of alexithymia on ethical positions in students (...) of the School of Health Services, along with demographic variables, was evaluated. In this descriptive research using a quantitative research approach, data was obtained using the "Ethical Position Scale-EPQ" and the "Toronto Alexithymia Scale-TAS." Analysis was performed using the reliability testing, t-test, One-Way ANOVA Test, LSD multiple comparison test, and Pearson Correlation and Regression Analysis test were used. In ethical decision-making, it has been found that women are more idealistic than men, while men tend to be more alexithymic and deficient in outward thinking. As students' levels of alexithymia increase, they are determined to adopt a more relativistic approach. It has been observed that relativism increases and idealism decreases significantly among individuals with high alexithymia scores. These findings indicate that the level of alexithymia has a significant impact on ethical positions. The fact that individuals with high levels of alexithymia adopt a subjective position that is less concerned with the consequences of an action on others and resembles egoism suggests that these individuals may have difficulty in empathizing due to emotional inadequacy. (shrink)

In this paper an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model, for predicting the category of a tumor was developed and tested. Taking patients’ tests, a number of information gained that influence the classification of the tumor. Such information as age, sex, histologic-type, degree-of-diffe, status of bone, bone-marrow, lung, pleura, peritoneum, liver, brain, skin, neck, supraclavicular, axillar, mediastinum, and abdominal. They were used as input variables for the ANN model. A model based on the Multilayer Perceptron Topology was established and trained using (...) data set which its title is “primary tumor” and was obtained from the University Medical Centre, Institute of Oncology, Ljubljana, Yugoslavia Test data evaluation shows that the ANN model is able to correctly predict the tumor category with 76.67 % accuracy. (shrink)

There is a sizeable group of self-described Christian companies which have declared their belief in the successful merging of biblical principles with business activities. As these companies have become more visible, an increasing number of anecdotal newspaper and magazine articles about these companies have appeared. Surprisingly, no rigorous research has been conducted prior to our recent study. This article provides national estimates of the size and predominant characteristics of self-identified Christian companies. In addition, the study investigated the types of relationships (...) these companies maintained with their employees, customers, communities, and suppliers. (shrink)

Delilci kötülük argümanları, teizme karşı sunulan en güçlü argümanların başında gelmektedir. Bu argümanlar arasında gereksiz ve anlamsız kötülük türlerini merkeze alan argümanlar özellikle önemlidir. Edward H. Madden ve Peter Hare gereksiz kötülük üzerine bir argüman formüle ederken, William Rowe anlamsız kötülük üzerine argümanlar geliştirmiştir. Madden ve Hare argümanlarını altmışlarda, Rowe ise yetmişlerde öne sürmüş olsalar da İslam düşüncesinde gereksiz ve anlamsız kötülük kavramına ışık tutabilecek bir teori bulunmaktadır. Bu tür kötülükleri açıklamak için öne sürdüğüm teori, ivaz teorisidir. Bu makalede ivaz (...) teorisinin nedensiz ve anlamsız kötülükleri nasıl açıklayabileceğini inceleyeceğim. (shrink)

This paper examines public accountants' perceptions of the relative importance of business ethics as a selection criterion for entry-level public accounting positions. Also, it seeks to determine whether gender differences do exist with respect to these perceptions. The data were collected through a survey of 335 professional accountants in four southeastern states. The results show that, among the eight selection factors that were studied, technical competence in accounting, communication skills, and interpersonal skills were the most influential, while professionalism and leadership (...) abilities were the least important. Ethics was ranked fourth by the females and sixth by the males. A multivariate analysis of variance revealed significant differences between the genders with respect to five of the eight factors. The females' scores were higher for ethics and interpersonal skills and lower for conceptual aptitude, strategic thinking, and leadership abilities. Implications for accounting educators and practitioners are discussed. (shrink)

Employing manifold symbolic, iconic, and indexical signs – whether linguistic or extralinguistic – along with their polysemic and multimodular features, edusemiotics is an integrative and interdisciplinary conceptual framework that surmounts learning processes where learners find significance and meaning under the assumed responsibility of English language teachers for the provision of such a participative environment. Allowing for the salience of intonation despite its intricate nature, thus its inevitable underrepresentation in course books and teaching practices, this article intends to propose a novel (...) means of intonation instruction as well as its components (i.e., stress, pitch, and juncture) for English language teacher education (henceforth ELTE) contexts within the edusemiotic framework. Promoting the importance of edusemiotic teaching of intonation, this article further aims to add to our understanding of how signs and sign systems can be benefitted in ELTE settings and their potential exploitation across various other disciplines. It concludes with suggestions for future research on more practical aspects of edusemiotic tools and learner and teacher attitudes toward integrating them within the teaching program. (shrink)

Bu çalışmada Herakleitos’un DK1 numaralı fragmanı ve filozofun felsefesinin temel kavramı olan logos terimi üzerinde inceleme yapılmıştır. Çalışmada ayrıca Herakleitos’un fragmanda kul-landığı sözcükler, kurduğu cümleler ve kullandığı üsluptan hareketle filozof olmasının yanı sıra aynı zamanda bir kâhin ya da peygamber olarak da nitelendirilebileceği iddia edilmiştir. Buna göre bu çalışma şu hususların ele alınmasından oluşmaktadır: DK1 numaralı fragmanın üç başlık altında incelenmesi suretiyle Herakleitos düşüncesinin merkezini oluşturan logos terimini anla-mak amaçlanmıştır. Logos terimini anlama noktasında sözcüğün sözlükteki anlamları üzerinde durularak ilgili fragmanda (...) sözcüğe yüklenen anlamlar tespit edilmiştir. Böylelikle Dk1 numaralı fragmanda Herakleitos’un logos sözcüğüne yüklediği temel anlamların, akıl, söz, rasyonel pren-sip, yönetici ilke türünden anlamlar olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Çalışmada ayrıca filozofun frag-manda kullandığı üslubun filozof olmasının yanı sıra kâhinlere veya peygamberlere özgü olduğu iddiasında bulunulmuştur. Bu iddia ise fragmanı oluşturan cümlelerin ve sözcüklerin dile getiri-lişindeki üslup ve jargondan hareketle ve rütbeli Herakleitos yorumcularının ifadeleri ile gerek-çelendirilmeye çalışılmıştır. (shrink)