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Xenophon
Edited by Carol Atack (Cambridge University)
About this topic
| Summary | Xenophon of Athens was a contemporary of Plato and a fellow student of Socrates. His writings span a range of genres but those with a greater philosophical focus provide important evidence for the development of Socratic ethics in the first half of the fourth century BCE, and perhaps also for the wider thought of the historical Socrates. While Xenophon’s ethical thought (mostly found in his Socratic dialogues, the Memorabilia) was highly valued during the early modern period, his philosophical acuity was questioned in the twentieth century. However, political philosophers in the Straussian tradition have asserted his importance, seeing important political lessons on autocracy in his Cyropaedia and Hiero, and on leadership in his Anabasis, his historical works (Hellenica, Agesilaus), and various minor works of military instruction. Xenophon’s Symposium and Oeconomicus provide playful views of Athenian gender norms, while his Apology gives an honest appraisal of Socrates’ impact on his fellow citizens. |
| Key works | Edited volumes surveying Xenophon’s work include Tuplin & Azoulay 2004, Martínez et al 2008, Tuplin & Hobden 2012, Danzig et al 2018, and Mársico & Rossi Nunes Lopes 2023. The most detailed edition (Greek text and French translation) and commentary on the key Socratic work, the Memorabilia, is Bandini & Dorion 2000; Pangle 2018 gives a Straussian interpretation, building on Strauss 1970. On Xenophon’s social philosophy (Oeconomicus) see #POMOAS (with Pangle 2018). On his political thought Strauss 2013 (on the Hiero) and Christ 2020 offer distinctive perspectives. |
| Introductions | The recent re-evaluation of Xenophon has seen a flurry of publications. Introductions include Atack 2024, Hobden 2020, and to the Socratic works Johnson 2021. Useful edited collections surveying Xenophon’s work include Flower 2012 and (with an explicitly philosophical focus) Mársico & Rossi Nunes Lopes 2023. Hobden 2023 |
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- Classical Greek Philosophy, Misc (817)
- Socrates (3,080)
- Plato (23,022 | 3,200)
- Aristotle (15,766 | 5,266)
- Socratics (143)
- Old Academy (35 | 9)
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- “Sparta in Greek political thought: Xenophon, Plato, Aristotle, Plutarch,”.Thornton C. Lockwood - manuscriptClassical Sparta is an enigma in many ways, but for ancient and contemporary political theorists it is especially intriguing insofar as its politeia (or its educational/political/social system or “constitution”) produced a city-state that was both the hegemon of all other Greek city-states, for instance during the 5th century Persians wars, but was also ignobly defeated by Thebes at the battle of Leuctra in 371, slightly more than a century later, after which its hegemony collapsed and its subject population of helots (...)
- Xenophon.Carol Atack - 2024 - Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Introduction to Xenophon's work and overview of his philosophy. _Greece and Rome_ New Surveys in the Classics Vol 48.
- “By Zeus,” said Theodote: women as interlocutors and performers in Xenophon’s philosophical writing.Carol Atack - 2024 - In Sara Brill & Catherine McKeen (eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Women and Ancient Greek Philosophy. Routledge. pp. 118-134.In settings ranging from an Athenian home to a Persian palace, Xenophon shows women engaging in dialogue and asserting a distinctive perspective that comments on their own position in society. It also illuminates their experience of being the objects of the male gaze and restricted in their social interactions. In using women such as Theodote, an Athenian courtesan (Memorabilia) and Pantheia, a non-Greek queen (Cyropaedia) to represent ethical positions and virtue itself, Xenophon both draws on and contests the Greek literary (...)Remove from this listExport citation
Bookmark - Athens/Sparta bipolarity in Xenophon’s Hellenika.Cinzia Bearzot - 2024 - Araucaria 26 (57).The article traces the reflections found in the Hellenika on the theme of Athens/Sparta bipolarity, with the intention of illustrating Xenophon's interest in this international arrangement of the Greek world and of emphasizing its repercussions in Xenophon’s historiographical project.
- Senofonte, Ciropedia: Ciro bambino e adolescente.Fiorenza Bevilacqua - 2024 - Peitho 15 (1):295-322.In the last decades the Cyropaedia enjoyed a renewed interest, mostly addressed to the controversial character of Cyrus, exemplary leader or susceptible to a dark reading. However the character of Cyrus as a child and adolescent, who appears in Cyr. 1.3-4, has been usually overlooked, especially with regard to the psychological side of his behavior, which instead deserves to be carefully analyzed. Xenophon indeed created a complex, multifaced character: on the one hand a Cyrus as a child, who already shows (...)No categories
- Foreign Influences: The Circulation of Knowledge in Antiquity.Benoît Castelnérac, Luca Gili & Laetitia Monteils-Laeng (eds.) - 2024 - Brepols.The essays collected in this volume focus on the Ancient Greeks' perception of foreigners and of foreign lands as potential sources of knowledge. They aim at exploring the hypothesis that the most adventurous intellectuals saw foreign lands and foreigners as repositories of knowledge that the Greeks σοφοί had to engage with, in the hope of bringing back home valuables in the form of new ideas. It is a common place to state that the "Greeks" displayed xenophobia, which is probably best (...)No categories
- Xenophon’s Cyropaedia.John Dillery - 2024 - Hermes 152 (4):387-408.The Cyropaedia is a notoriously difficult text to identify in terms of generic affiliation. This paper examines the distribution of reported speech to narrative and finds that the only comparable texts that demonstrate the same preference for dialogue are philosophical ones, esp. Plato. The introduction to the Cyr. is also examined, and certain key terms explored, in particular διήγησις/διηγέομαι, for clues as to the type of narrative that is being launched. Finally, other texts and narrative traditions that seem to be (...)
- Did Socrates intend to commit suicide? A rereading of the defense of Socrates in Xenophon's Apology.Louis-André Dorion - 2024 - Araucaria 26 (57).In recent years, several commentators have argued that Socrates, at the time of his trial, intended to die, and that he therefore used megalêgoria ("boasting") to provoke his judges into condemning him to death. Contrary to this reading of the Apology, I shall endeavor to show that Socrates actually defends himself during his trial, and that the intention behind his choice of megalêgoria is not to provoke his judges into condemning him to death.
- On economic rationality in Xenophon’s Economics.Etienne Helmer - 2024 - Araucaria 26 (57).El _Económico_ de Jenofonte es un escrito controvertido. Algunos lectores lo consideran un texto carente de toda racionalidad en el ámbito económico, mientras que otros detectan en él una racionalidad precapitalista basada en la búsqueda de la maximización de la utilidad. Este artículo plantea la hipótesis de una tercera vía: el objeto del _Económico_ de Jenofonte es reflexionar sobre cómo las prácticas económicas ponen en juego, por un lado, una racionalidad instrumental que implica procedimientos de elección que comparan riesgos y (...)
- (1 other version)The Bloomsbury Handbook of Socrates (2nd edition).Russell E. Jones, Ravi Sharma & Nicholas D. Smith (eds.) - 2024 - Bloomsbury Handbooks.This handbook provides detailed philosophical analysis of the life and thought of Socrates across fifteen in-depth chapters. Each chapter engages with a central aspect of the rich tradition of Socratic studies and, after surveying the state of scholarship, points the way forward to new directions of interpretation. A leading team of scholars present dynamic readings of Socrates, extracted from the historical context of Plato's dialogues, covering elenchus, irony, ignorance, definitions, pedagogy, friendship, politics and the daemon. Building on these core Socratic (...)
- XENOPHON AND SOCRATES - (S.) Brennan Xenophon's Anabasis. A Socratic History. Pp. xvi + 287, ills, map. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2022. Cased, £90. ISBN: 978-1-4744-8988-1. [REVIEW]Alex Lee - 2024 - The Classical Review 74 (2):409-411.
- À propos de la pensée économique pré-aristotélicienne en général et de celle de Platon en particulier.David Lévystone - 2024 - ΠΗΓΗ / FONS 7:21-47.One usually considers that pre-Aristotelian thought had little interest in economic problems. In reality, various authors from the end of the 5th or beginning of the 4th century BC (Ps.-Xenophon, Plato, Xenophon, Phaleas of Chalcedon) paid particular attention to these questions when they developed their political thought. Although their ideas differ in detail, they all share the same distrust of trade and monetary economy. These thinkers develop, from a certain number of (aristocratic) political presuppositions, a strong and detailed critique of (...)
- Administração e dissolução do οἶκος no período clássico.Janaína Silveira Mafra - 2024 - Educação E Filosofia 38:1-21.A hipótese deste artigo é que o Econômico de Xenofonte, considerado um diálogo socrático, fornece um modelo de economia ao qual Platão, de maneira radical, contrapõe-se na República ao propor a dissolução do οἶκος dos guardiões como uma das condições para a idealização da cidade justa. Na primeira parte dele, discorreremos sobre a administração do οἶκος no Econômico e, por conseguinte, sobre um ideal de economia e de mulher. Na segunda parte, mostraremos o caráter paradoxal –– levando em conta o (...)No categories
- Lugares de atuação e tarefas das mulheres: a natureza (φύσις) como justificativa dos costumes (νόμοι) no Econômico, de Xenofonte.Janaína Silveira Mafra - 2024 - Archai: Revista de Estudos Sobre as Origens Do Pensamento Ocidental 34:e03423.Xenofonte foi um dos autores clássicos mais desconsiderados do último século. O descrédito que marcou seus escritos socráticos é uma consequência das conclusões a que chegaram, no começo do século XX, alguns historiadores que buscavam uma solução à Questão socrática. Segundo alguns comentadores, desde as origens dessa Questão, o testemunho de Xenofonte foi submetido a críticas impiedosas: 1) Xenofonte não era um filósofo, mas, sim, um militar e político e 2) Xenofonte se empenhava em defender seu mestre da acusação de (...)No categories
- Sócrates y la divinidad providente.David Torrijos Castrillejo - 2024 - In Jorge Luis Gutiérrez, David Torrijos Castrillejo, Andre da Paz, Luiz Eduardo Freitas & Pedro Maurício Garcia Dotto (eds.), Filosofía y religión en la Grecia antigua. Madrid: Pontificia Universidad de Salamanca / Sindéresis.This article explores the figure of Socrates as a religious reformer along the lines of McPherran's studies. Particular attention is paid to the conception of providence as expressed in the accounts of Socrates by Xenophon.
- Political Performativity in Performance Culture: Xenophon’s Hipparchikos and the Dithyrambic Chorus.Vladimir Gildin Zuckerman - 2024 - Polis 41 (2):227-251.This article examines Xenophon’s suggestion for conducting cavalry displays in Eq. mag. 3 and develops the argument that the text is a significant document of Xenophon’s thought about political performativity as well as of 4th century Athenian political culture. I argue that one of Xenophon’s strategies to reform the relationship between the Athenian demos and the ideologically fraught elite institution of the cavalry was to conduct public displays that draw on the aesthetics and formal features of New Dithyramb. On the (...)
- Memories of Socrates.Carol Atack - 2023 - Oxford: Oxford University Press. Translated by Martin Hammond.A new translation by Martin Hammond of Xenophon's Memorabilia and Apology of Socrates, with introduction and notes by Carol Atack, in the Oxford World's Classics series. -/- ISBN: 9780198856092 -/- 'Who would you say knows himself?' -/- In 399 BCE Socrates was tried in Athens on charges of irreligion and corruption of the young, convicted, and sentenced to death. Like Plato, an almost exact contemporary, in his youth Xenophon (c. 430-c. 354 BCE) was one of the circle of mainly upper-class (...)
- Ambiguities of Despotic Power in Xenophon’s Cyropaedia.Carol Atack - 2023 - Cahiers «Mondes Anciens». Histoire Et Anthropologie des Mondes Anciens 17.The ambiguity of Xenophon’s Cyropaedia, a fictionalised portrait of Cyrus the Great and his rise to rule an empire, has led present-day interpretations to diverge widely. Should Cyrus be seen as an ideal king, whose capabilities exceed those of other rulers, or a despot whose ascent to power depends on deception and manipulation? This paper uses the modern conceptualisation of transgression to look at Xenophon’s careful depiction of political and personal boundaries throughout the work. It suggests that the key final (...)
- Xenophon and the Cynegeticus: the construction of the ideal Greek hunter.Thiago Biazotto - 2023 - Archai: Revista de Estudos Sobre as Origens Do Pensamento Ocidental 33:03321-03321.Starting from the hunting treatise Cynegeticus, assigned to Xenophon, this article seeks to reflect on the way in which the construction of the ideal hunter of the polis described by the Attic author. This aim will aboard both practical terms - equipment, prey, methods of hunting conducting etc - and moral terms, taking in account the numerous attacks made against the sophists throughout the booklet. To accomplish this aim, the present text includes a brief recapitulation of Xenophon's life, the most (...)
- The dialectical method in Xenophon and Antisthenes.Santiago Chame - 2023 - In Claudia Mársico & Daniel Rossi Nunes Lopes (eds.), Xenophon, the Philosopher. Argumentation and Ethics. Peter Lang. pp. 231-248.Xenophon’s conception of the dialectical method shares many similarities with Antisthenes’ point of view regarding the relation between language and reality. The key element supporting this reading is the parallel between Xenophon’s method of dialegein kata genē and Antisthenes’ method of episkepsis tōn onomatōn. In this paper, I claim that a correct understanding of both methods yields a clear structural proximity between the two Socratics on the issue of dialectics. Although they present some significant differences, which I will also explore, (...)
- Socrates the Eutrapelos: Xenophon and Aristotle on Ethical Virtue.Gabriel Danzig - 2023 - Classical Quarterly 73 (2):602-619.The social virtues are not discussed thematically in the Socratic writings of Plato and Xenophon, but they are on display everywhere. Taking Aristotle's accounts of these virtues as a touchstone, this paper explores the portrait of Socrates as a model of good humour in Xenophon's Symposium. While Xenophon is addressing the same issues as Aristotle, and shares some of his red lines, his conception of the ideal humourist and of virtue in general differs from Aristotle's not only in detail but (...)
- Xenophon, the Philosopher. Argumentation and Ethics.Claudia Mársico & Daniel Rossi Nunes Lopes (eds.) - 2023 - Peter Lang.Xenophon was considered a talented writer and quick-witted political philosopher, which won him many readers and praise, especially during the Renaissance and early Modernity, but the storm of the nineteenth century that swept away in disdain and derision.
- The Virtue of Agency: Sôphrosunê and Self-Constitution in Classical Greece.Christopher Moore - 2023 - New York, US: OUP Usa.Sôphrosunê ("self-discipline") is the often-forgotten sibling of justice, wisdom, courage, and piety in discussions of canonical Greek virtues. Christopher Moore shows that during the classical period it was the object of significant debate--about its scope, its feel, its practical manifestations, and its value. By interpreting sôphrosunê as a commitment to norm-following, we see that these pointed discussions of the virtue, previously ignored as parodic moralizing or expressions of political propaganda, are in fact concerned with the ideal of human agency. These (...)
- The Ignorance of Xenophon’s Socrates.Sandra Peterson - 2023 - Ancient Philosophy 43 (1):21-34.This article responds to scholars that claim that Xenophon’s Socrates, unlike Plato’s Socrates, never professes ignorance about moral matters (§1). I cite instances when the behavior of Xenophon’s Socrates implies that he acknowledges ignorance about particular moral matters. Implied acknowledgement of ignorance amounts to implicit profession (§2). I then consider passages that are evidence that Xenophon’s Socrates professed his ignorance about ‘the greatest things’, which include ethical matters much larger than particular (§3).
- The relay race of virtue: Plato's debts to Xenophon.William H. F. Altman - 2022 - Albany: SUNY Press.Demonstrates that Plato and Xenophon ought to be regarded less as rivals and more as engaged in a dialogue advancing a common goal of preserving the Socratic legacy.
- Xenophontic Narrative of the Socratic Political Philosophy: A Commentary on The Education of Cyrus.Shervin Moghimi Zanjani - 2022 - Politics Quarterly 51 (4):1149-1171.The Education of Cyrus is Xenophon’s magnum opus in political philosophy. If Memorabilia is in the center of his Socratic writings, then The Education of Cyrus is the main work in his portrayal of Cyrus. The Education of Cyrus, as Plato’s Republic, is an educational work in the Socratic sense of the word and hence an original text in the tradition of the Socratic political philosophy. The biographical form of this writing originates from the educational intention of his writer who, (...)
- Cyrus’ Beehive: Ruling Eros and with Eros in Xenophon’s Cyropaedia.Antoine Pageau-St-Hilaire - 2022 - Polis 39 (1):99-122.This paper examines the role of love in Xenophon’s Cyropaedia. I argue that an essential aspect of Cyrus’ knowledgeable rule is a specific understanding of eros and a corresponding strategy to cope with the power of love. Specifically, I contend that by exploiting a common Greek distinction between the beloved and the lover, he articulates the view that lovers are subjects or even slaves to their beloved who deceive themselves into thinking that their attraction and the ensuing behaviors are voluntary. (...)
- A Gentleman or a Philosopher? Xenophon vs. Aristotle on Kalokagathia.Heather L. Reid - 2022 - In David Konstan & David Sider (eds.), Philodorema: Essays in Greek and Roman Philosophy in Honor of Phillip Mitsis. Parnassos Press – Fonte Aretusa. pp. 121-134.$50.00 new (collection) View on Amazon.comRemove from this list Direct download (2 more)Export citation Bookmark 1 citation
- Xenophon's Hybris: Leadership, Violence and the Normative Use of Shame in Anabasis 5.8.Matteo Zaccarini - 2022 - Classical Quarterly 72 (1):152-166.Through a detailed analysis of Xenophon's defence against a charge forhybrisamong the Ten Thousand, this paper discusses violence, reputation and hierarchy in Greek military and social contexts. Contrary to other recent treatments of the episode, the study highlights the centrality of honour/shame dynamics and of desert in establishing and upholding social order, showing that these notions are found consistently in numerous examples as early as Homer. Addressing the apparent lack of strict discipline in Greek armies, the paper concludes that shame (...)
- Xenophon’s Oeconomicus: the “maîtresse de la maison”.Fiorenza Bevilacqua - 2021 - Archai: Revista de Estudos Sobre as Origens Do Pensamento Ocidental 31.Xenophon’s Oeconomicusincludes an interesting treatise on married life, at the hearth of which is the figure of Ischomachus’ wife, such as she is described by Ischomachus’ words to Socrates. It is an almost innovative figure, because she shares the management of the oikosas being responsible for what is carried out within the oikos: her role is different from her husband’s, who runs and manages what is carried out outside of the oikos. Therefore husband’s and wife’s tasks are different, though complementary. (...)
- Xenophon's Socrates on Wisdom and Action.Joseph Bjelde - 2021 - Classical Quarterly 71 (2):560-574.Xenophon's Socrates, like Plato's, holds that wisdom comes with practical abilities. But influential interpretations of Xenophon's Socrates attribute to him a splintered view of wisdom, on which there is no wisdom simpliciter which is specially connected to all good actions. In this paper, I argue that a crucial text is significantly more problematic for the splintered view than hitherto appreciated, while the texts which are supposed to support the splintered view do not. But Xenophon's Socrates comes apart from Plato's in (...)
- (1 other version)Plato, Xenophon, and the Uneven Temporalities of Ethos in the Trial of Socrates.Collin Bjork - 2021 - Philosophy and Rhetoric 54 (3):240-262.ABSTRACT Many rhetorical theories of ethos mark their relationship with time by focusing on two temporal poles: the timely ethos and the timeless ethos. But between these two temporal poles, ethos is also durative; it lingers, shifts, accumulates, and dissipates over time. Although scholarship often foregrounds the kairotic and static senses of ethos popularized in Aristotle's Rhetoric, this article highlights how the chronic elements of ethos are no less important to rhetoric. By examining Xenophon's and Plato's representations of the trial (...)
- (1 other version)Plato, Xenophon, and the Uneven Temporalities of Ethos in the Trial of Socrates.Collin Bjork - 2021 - Journal of Speculative Philosophy 35 (3):240-262.
- Dialettica, Virtù e Felicità nei Socratici.Santiago Chame - 2021 - Thaumàzein 9 (1):396-415.
- Eudaimonia socratica e cura dell’altro | Socratic Eudaimonia and Care for Others.Santiago Chame, Donald Morrison & Linda Napolitano Valditara (eds.) - 2021Special volume of "Thaumàzein - Rivista di Filosofia" dedicated to the theme of Socratic Eudaimonia and care for others. It is a multilingual volume comprising twenty papers divided into six sections with an introduction by Linda Napolitano. Edited by Santiago Chame, Donald Morrison, and Linda Napolitano. -/- Despite the appearances given by certain texts, the moral psychology of Socrates needs not imply selfishness. On the contrary, a close look at passages in Plato and Xenophon (see Plato, Meno 77-78; Protagoras 358; (...)
- Teaching sophrosyne: The use of the elenchos by Xenophon’s Socrates.Gabriel Danzig - 2021 - Archai: Revista de Estudos Sobre as Origens Do Pensamento Ocidental 31.The Socratic elenchos in Xenophon's work plays a central role even though it may seem to have a secondary part. The following article aims to work on the xenophontic characterization of the Socratic elenchos, as well as his assessment from the point of view of its educational qualities. In this sense, the socratic elenchos potentialities will be analyzed in three directions: first, the strictly formative dimension; secondly, its role for acting in political affairs; and, finally, his contribution to the acquisition (...)
- Xenophon of Athens: A Socratic on Sparta.Noreen Humble - 2021 - Cambridge University Press.Xenophon of Athens has long been considered an uncritical admirer of Sparta who hero-worships the Spartan King Agesilaus and eulogises Spartan practices in his Lacedaimoniôn Politeia. By examining his own self-descriptions - especially where he portrays himself as conversing with Socrates and falling short in his appreciation of Socrates' advice - this book finds in Xenophon's overall writing project a Socratic response to his exile and situates his writings about Sparta within this framework. It presents a detailed reading of the (...)
- What the Rulers Want: Xenophon on Cyrus’ Psychology.Rodrigo Illarraga - 2021 - Classical Quarterly 71 (1):170-182.This article presents an interpretation of Cyrus’ psychology in Xenophon'sCyropaedia. Its point is that Cyrus’ psychological structure is composed by a set of three desires (philotimía, philanthrōpía, philomátheia) given by nature and a set of virtues (sōphrosúnēandenkráteia) acquired by education. The paper will argue that Cyrus, as an enkratic ruler, does not long for any kind of honours, but is guided by truephilotimía, that is, the desire for true honours—honours freely given by gratitude or admiration.philanthrōpíais the key to achieve these (...)
- Xenophon’s Socratic Works.David M. Johnson - 2021 - Routledge.Xenophon's Socratic Works demonstrates that Xenophon, a student of Socrates, military man, and man of letters, is an indispensable source for our understanding of the life and philosophy of Socrates. David M. Johnson restores Xenophon's most ambitious Socratic work, the Memorabilia, to its original literary context, enabling readers to experience it as Xenophon's original audience would have, rather than as a pale imitation of Platonic dialogue. He shows that the Memorabilia, together with Xenophon's Apology, provides us with our best evidence (...)
- Plato, Xenophon, and the Laws of Lycurgus.Malcolm Schofield - 2021 - Polis 38 (3):450-472.The relation between the opening section of Plato’s Laws and Xenophon’s Constitution of the Lacedaemonians usually goes unnoticed. This paper draws attention to its importance for understanding Plato’s project in the dialogue. It has three sections. In the first, it will be shown that the view proposed by Plato’s Athenian visitor that Lycurgus made virtue in its entirety the goal of his statecraft was anticipated in Xenophon’s treatise. It has to be treated as an interpretation of the Spartan politeia, alternative (...)
- Xenophon's Socratic Education: Reason, Religion, and the Limits of Politics.Dustin Sebell - 2021 - University of Pennsylvania Press.It is well known that Socrates was executed by the city of Athens for not believing in the gods and for corrupting the youth. Despite this, it is not widely known what he really thought, or taught the youth to think, about philosophy, the gods, and political affairs. Of the few authors we rely on for firsthand knowledge of Socrates—Aristophanes, Xenophon, Plato, and Aristotle—only Xenophon, the least read of the four, lays out the whole Socratic education in systematic order. In (...)
- Xenophon’s Socrates on Concern for Friends.Ravi Sharma & Russell E. Jones - 2021 - Thaumàzein: Rivista di Filosofia 9:232–42.In Xenophon’s Socratic literature, there is repeated emphasis on the utility the friends provide one another. One extended passage, _Memorabilia_ 2.6, shows that Socrates takes a good person to care about a friend both for the benefits to be gained for oneself and for the sake of the other’s welfare. Genuine friendship, for Socrates, is not transactional or self-interested but rather rooted in the mutual benefit that only good people can provide one another.Remove from this listExport citation Bookmark
- Xenophon’s Other Voice: Irony as Social Criticism in the 4th Century BCE.Yun Lee Too - 2021 - Ann Arbor: Michigan.This volume explores irony – in its essence, saying other than one actually means – in the collected works of Xenophon. Xenophon's Other Voice argues that there are two voices in the author: one ostensible at the level of the literal text, which is available to everyone, while the sub-title designates the other voice, which is less obvious to the reader and indeed, an ironic one. It presents a unified view of the author's entire corpus and argues that the function (...)
- Xenophon and the Graces of Power – A Greek Guide to Political Manipulation, written by Vincent Azoulay. [REVIEW]G. S. Bowe - 2020 - Polis 37 (1):190-193.
- Xenophon and the Athenian Democracy: The Education of an Elite Citizenry.Matthew R. Christ - 2020 - Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.This book seeks to understand Xenophon as an elite Athenian writing largely for an elite Athenian audience in the first half of the fourth century BC. It argues that Xenophon calls on men of his own class to set aside their assumptions of superiority based on birth or wealth and to reinvent themselves as individuals who can provide effective leadership to the democratic city and serve it as good citizens. Xenophon challenges, criticizes, and sometimes satirizes the Athenian elite, and seeks (...)
- Xenophon.Fiona Hobden - 2020 - London: Bloomsbury Academic.This book offers a concise introduction to Xenophon, the Athenian historian, political thinker, moral philosopher and literary innovator who was also a pupil of Socrates, a military general on campaign in Persia, and an exile in residence in the Peloponnese during the late fifth and fourth centuries BC. Alive during one of the most turbulent periods in Greek history, Xenophon wrote extensively about the past and present. In doing so he not only invented several new genres, but also developed pointed (...)
- Xenophon: The Shorter Writings, edited by Gregory A. McBrayer. [REVIEW]David Johnson - 2020 - Polis 37 (1):216-220.
- Xenophon's Socrates on Justice and Well-being.Russell E. Jones & Ravi Sharma - 2020 - Ancient Philosophy 40 (1):19-40.
- The Socratic Way of Life: Xenophon’s Memorabilia, written by Thomas L. Pangle.Harold Tarrant - 2020 - Polis 37 (2):378-381.
- The Socratic Way of Life: Xenophon’s Memorabilia. By Thomas L. Pangle.William H. F. Altman - 2019 - Ancient Philosophy 39 (1):224-229.
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