Déjà vu and involuntary autobiographical memories (IAMs) are differentiated by a number of factors including metacognition. In contrast to IAMs, déjà vu activates regions associated with self-awareness including the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.

According to Fink, self-reference is one of the distinct features of philosophy. This isn’t merely restricted to her referring to herself thematically. Self-reference is also the key feature of philosophy’s principles, inasmuch as any principle has to be a principle for the very philosophical position explicating this principle. Thus, in my article I will look at four ways in which Fink addresses the self-referential structure of philosophy: Firstly, I will recapitulate Fink’s concept of a “meontic” philosophy. Secondly, I will link (...) this “meontic” philosophy with Fink’s reading of Hegel’s concept of theophany, tracing it back to neoplatonic tradition. Thirdly, I will follow Fink’s reading of Hegel as it transforms his former phenomenological approach into a speculative dialectics of a metaphilosophy of philosophical principles. In a fourth and last step, I will try to give a sketch of Fink’s “phenomenology of the absolute” which combinesHusserl, Heidegger, and Hegel into a speculative phenomenology. (shrink)

Embryonic development combines paradoxical properties: it has great precision, it is usually conducted at breakneck speed and it is flexible on relatively short evolutionary time scales, particularly at early stages. While these features appear mutually exclusive, we consider how they may be reconciled by the properties of key early regulatory networks. We illustrate these ideas with the network that controls development of endoderm progenitors. We argue that this network enables precision because of its intrinsic stability, self propagation and dependence on (...) signalling. The network enables high developmental speed because it is rapidly established by maternal inputs at multiple points. In turn these properties confer flexibility on an evolutionary time scale because they can be initiated in many ways, while buffering essential progenitor cell populations against changes in their embryonic environment on both evolutionary and developmental time scales. Although stable, these networks must be capable of rapid dissolution as cell differentiation progresses. While we focus on the core early endodermal network of vertebrates, we argue that these properties are likely to be general in early embryonic stem cell populations, such as mammalian ES cells. BioEssays 30:757–765, 2008. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (shrink)

Empathie ist in den vergangenen Jahren zu einem der zentralen Begriffe in Gesellschaft und Wissenschaft geworden. Steht er fur die einen fur das Vermogen von Personen oder gar einer ganzen Gesellschaft, fremden Perspektiven, Erfahrungen und Gefuhlen sensibel und nachfuhlend zu begegnen, ist Empathie fur die anderen ein leerer Begriff oder ein fehlgeleitetes Prinzip. In diesem Band wird "Empathie" kritisch, historisch und semantisch aus asthetischen Blickwinkeln betrachtet: Untersucht werden die Funktion und der Wert der Empathie in unserem Umgang mit Musik, Literatur, (...) Film und Sprache. Braucht es Empathie, um sich in Klange, Melodien, Performer einzufuhlen? Gehen wir empathisch mit fiktionalen Charakteren mit? Wie reagieren wir empathisch gegenuber Sprache und ihren Rhythmen? Was genau heisst in all diesen asthetischen Kontexten eigentlich Empathie? Der Band enthalt eine differenzierte Zusammenstellung aus aktuellen wissenschaftlichen und kunstlerischen Perspektiven zum Thema. (shrink)

Although workplace bullying is common and has universally harmful effects on employees’ outcomes, little is known about workplace bullies. To address this gap in knowledge, we draw from the tenets of social exchange and displaced aggression theories in order to develop and test a model of workplace bullying that incorporates the effects of employees’ individual differences, perceptions of their work environments, and perceptions of supervisory treatment on their tendencies to bully coworkers. The results of mediated moderation analyses that examine responses (...) from two samples of working adults support our hypotheses. Specifically, we find evidence of an indirect relationship between entitlement and coworker bullying through perceptions of abusive supervision that is stronger for employees who report lower levels of felt accountability than employees who report higher levels of felt accountability. This study makes important theoretical and practical contributions to abusive supervision research, bullying research, and organizational efforts to promote ethical work environments devoid of interpersonal mistreatment by providing novel insight into how employees’ entitlement and felt accountability combine to influence their tendencies to perceive themselves as victims of abusive supervision and culprits of coworker bullying. (shrink)

The majority of antimicrobials that are produced are administered to animals, particularly food animals. While the overall impact of antimicrobial use in animals on antimicrobial resistance in humans and the environment is unclear, it undeniably has a role. Yet, some degree of antimicrobial use in animals is necessary for animal health and welfare purposes. Balancing the benefits and risks of antimicrobial use in animals is challenging because of the complexity of the problem and limitations in available data. However, a range (...) of measures can be implemented to reduce, refine and optimize antimicrobial use in animals, with a goal of minimizing the impact on human and environmental health while maintaining necessary therapeutic use in animals. A pandemic instrument can provide the necessary foundation for the whole-of-society and whole-of government One Health approach that is required to strengthen surveillance, communication, collaboration, and action. (shrink)

We analyze Zorn's Lemma and some of its consequences for Boolean algebras in a constructive setting. We show that Zorn's Lemma is persistent in the sense that, if it holds in the underlying set theory, in a properly stated form it continues to hold in all intuitionistic type theories of a certain natural kind. (Observe that the axiom of choice cannot be persistent in this sense since it implies the law of excluded middle.) We also establish the persistence (...) of some familiar results in the theory of (complete) Boolean algebras--notably, the proposition that every complete Boolean algebra is an absolute subretract. This (almost) resolves a question of Banaschewski and Bhutani as to whether the Sikorski extension theorem for Boolean algebras is persistent. (shrink)

This essay is an excerpt for a larger paper exploring the concept of autonomy as it emerges in the life and work of the composer, performer, record label executive and club-owner John Zorn. Zorn’s activities over his wide-ranging career span from performing at jazz lofts in the 1970s to winning the MacArthur “genius” grant in 2008, while maintaining his status as a prolific composer and producer of avant-garde music. In interviews, documentaries, and in his music, Zorn often (...) comments on his status as an avant-garde producer, specifically within the context of the record industry and within New York City’s so-called “Downtown” scene. Economics take the forefront in determining artistic attitudes towards both production of music and the music itself, as Zorn has, seemingly, been forced by the “mainstream market” to create a parallel, vertically-integrated economic system to support the livelihood of himself and his collaborators. This excerpt, from the first third of the essay, unpacks Zorn’s relationship with Downtown scene, his conception of the avant-garde, and his attitude towards artists who have set precedents for Zorn’s version of autonomous cultural production. It also notes the idiosyncratic way that both Zorn and his critics have placed Zorn’s music both within and without two distinct traditions: Avant-Garde composition and free Jazz. (shrink)

Excerpt from Vom Zorne Gottes: Eine Studie Über den Einflusz der Griechischen Philosophie auf das Alte Christentum Zur Einleitung war es nötig, auch die Anschauungen des Neuen Testamentes uber den Zorn Gottes zu besprechen. N atür lich war es hier aber nicht meine Absicht, zu allen schwebenden Fragen Stellung zu nehmen oder gar mich auf Polemik, gegen abweichende Ansichten einzulassen. Es mußte genügen, die Punkte herauszuheben, die für das Verständnis der folgenden Entwicklung von Wichtigkeit sind. About the Publisher Forgotten (...) Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works. (shrink)

Witold Wachowski’s brief exchange with John Zorn provides us with many valuable insights relating to the composer’s aesthetic. Zorn’s professed antipathy towards audiences, his faith in the creative instinct of the “artist,” and his belief in the transcendental nature of musical works are all refrains commonly encountered in many interviews with the composer. Given the fact that Zorn emphasizes these themes in his very short interview with Wachowski, we can assume that these ideas form the core of (...) Zorn’s musical and artistic aesthetic. For any person with even a basic knowledge of Western aesthetic traditions, however, these same aesthetic features and positions characterize musical institutions common to the Western art tradition, particularly the “romantic” ideal of music and composers that developed in the nineteenth century. Philosophers along with music critics and composers all contributed to the development of a romantic musical aesthetic in the nineteenth century that emphasized the role of the artist who created “works” that – through purely musical relations that exist irregardless of the listener’s abilities – reveal hidden worlds of truth and beauty, worlds far-removed from the humdrum concerns of daily existence. Given the close correspondences between Zorn and aestheticians/philosophers of the nineteenth century, one could make the argument that Zorn holds a “romantic” view of music and art. (shrink)

In this article, I propose to see the emotion of anger in the ‘Antapodosis’ by Liudprand of Cremona as an important means of assessing characters. By depicting the anger of the Ottonian kings as just and predictable, Liudprand shows how the ideal ruler should behave. He uses various examples from the Old Testament and especially the Deuterocanonical books of the Maccabees to present the anger of the Ottonian kings in the same fashion. In his vision, the negative counterpart to the (...) Ottonians is played by the Italic kings, who show their unworthiness precisely through the inept and tyrannical use of anger. In addition to this, Liudprand writes about aristocratic anger-management as well as the anger of women. Although a man of the church, Liudprand shows himself to understand and to use the code of honour which applied to noblemen in conflicts. Women do not, on the contrary, show unmediated anger. Their emotion is mixed with grief and tears. (shrink)

Starting from the deficiencies of current approaches regarding the description of the hero in medieval narratives, this article aims to functionalise exorbitance as a new category of literary history. Unlike the conceptual and binary typing of the protagonist as ‘hero’ resp. ‘knight’, this category promotes a flexible model that operates relationally and hence enables gradual differentiations between the texts.Examples of medieval epic and romance will show the narrative treatment and stylisation of the exorbitant hero. The focus will be on the (...) varying assessments of his acts: If the epic hero is able to defy social norms and current laws without being penalised, the exorbitance in the romance falls within the scope of ‘ratio’. Thus, exorbitance is on the one hand confined and ‘assessed’, on the other hand excessive acts are rigorously sanctioned and inhibited. Referring to the current manifestations of exorbitance in the socio-political context, the concept of exorbitance emerges as an unchanged productive pattern. Its socio-political relevance encourages a literary-historical, epoch-spanning use of this concept, whose scope is a re-assessment of the history of literature as the history of exorbitance. (shrink)

Rage in the ‘Nibelungenlied’ is a positive, aboriginal energy. The more easily the hero can access this energetic source, the more powerful he becomes. Marshal charisma is essentially associated with the primary emotion of rage – a fact supremely exemplified by Siegfried. However, charismatic army commanders are quite different from political leaders. The position of the ruler is characterized by a high degree of self-control. Yet the disciplined king depends on his warriors, since the buttressing of his own cognitive distance (...) is accompanied by a weakening of his physical power. Representatives of this position are Gunther in the first part, and in the second, Etzel and his vassal Dietrich. Suspense in the ‘Nibelungenlied’ is thus built around the ambivalent qualities associated with anger. As a basic affect, anger's power stems from the sheer power of life itself; it helps those who admire the hero to identify with him and even feel a sense of delight in doing so. But whilst wrathful devotion is largely celebrated, it emerges elsewhere as the ugly face of general social impotence. The ecstasy of battle, which suggests narcissistic invulnerability, leads to deeply felt mourning amongst the survivors. Thus in the ‘Nibelungenlied’, anger is celebrated and unmasked simultaneously and in equal measure. (shrink)

The first part of this essay discusses certain aspects of current research dealing with historical theories of emotions as well as with historical (fictional and non-fictional) descriptions of emotions; trends in medieval philology that apply a vague concept of social constructionism to emotions are criticised. The second part attempts to provide some historical background in regard to the question of the location of anger within medieval faculty-based psychology. The third and fourth parts focus on the medieval conception of anger as (...) a specifically “moral” – and therefore human – emotion straddling the border between the animal and spiritual world. (shrink)

본 연구는 분노에 관한 철학적 근거를 살펴보고자 한다. 분노는21세기에 들어서면서 주목을 받기 시작한다. 스테판 에쎌(S.F.Hessel)의 저서 『분노하라』에서 촉발된 호모 이라쿤두스(Homo iracundus), 즉 분노하는 인간이라는 구호가 특별히 주목을받고 있다. 이 책은 출판되면서 40개국 이상의 언어로 번역되어 전세계적 호응을 얻고 있다. 에쎌의 외침은 미국 뉴욕의 월스트리트오큐파이(occupy) 운동, 스페인의 ‘분노한 사람들(los indignados)’ 운동으로 들불처럼 번져나갔다. 그렇다면 분노의 철학적 근거는 과연 무엇인가? 서양철학에서는전통적으로 분노에 대해 두 가지로 이해하고 있다. 한편 그리스시대 아리스토텔레스의 전통에 의하면 분노는 일반적 감정의 일종이다. 다른 한편 로마시대 스토아학파의 전통에 의하면 분노는 (...) 이성의 일시적 장애를 말한다. 중세에 들어서면서 특히 토마스 아퀴나스는 선과 악이라는 분노의 두 가지 대상에 주목한다. 즉 현실적으로 경험한 악을 위해서는 감정적이고 반응적인 보복이 선으로 추구된다는 사실이다. 이런 관점에 주의하면서 토마스 아퀴나스의다음 물음을 집중적으로 고찰할 것이다. 분노는 고유한 정념인가? 먼저 분노가 일상 언어로 사용되던 고전 시기에 주목하여 분노의 신화적, 성서적, 개념적 기원을 간략히 소개할 것이다. 다음으로일상의 분노가 학술개념으로 발전하는 과정을 살펴보고자 한다. 특히 중세 토마스 아퀴나스의 분노 개념에 대한 분석을 중심으로분노의 철학적 지위를 고찰할 것이다. 분노가 정념의 일종이라는근거를 밝혀내는 동시에 다른 정념들과 달리 분노개념만이 가진특수한 자체 대립성을 드러낼 것이다. (shrink)

In this article, I propose to see the emotion of anger in the ‘Antapodosis’ by Liudprand of Cremona as an important means of assessing characters. By depicting the anger of the Ottonian kings as just and predictable, Liudprand shows how the ideal ruler should behave. He uses various examples from the Old Testament and especially the Deuterocanonical books of the Maccabees to present the anger of the Ottonian kings in the same fashion. In his vision, the negative counterpart to the (...) Ottonians is played by the Italic kings, who show their unworthiness precisely through the inept and tyrannical use of anger. In addition to this, Liudprand writes about aristocratic anger-management as well as the anger of women. Although a man of the church, Liudprand shows himself to understand and to use the code of honour which applied to noblemen in conflicts. Women do not, on the contrary, show unmediated anger. Their emotion is mixed with grief and tears. (shrink)

>Anger shame< are exemplary emotions in the ancient reflections concerning the relation between emotions, the good and the just as well as the relation between emotions and reason. It is shown that these emotions have a regulative function for the community in the ancient world. But they have also quite an important function for becoming an autonomous self and even for the change in character of a self. It is then shown in interpreting the notions of anger and shame in (...) Augustine's writings in how far this changes for late antiquity. Emotions have still a function in relation to the just but only a marginal one to the good, and none for the developing of a self or for reasonable actions. They also do regain a cognitive function in the Middle Ages as is shown in an exemplary way in Thomas Aquinas' writings on emotions, the function they had in relation to the just is of no great importance anymore. It is then interesting to see that also a theory of emotions, as Thomas Aquinas developed is a theory that might be compared with modern theories of emotions, one has to look back to the ancient reflections on shame and the good in order to understand more fully what an author like Imre Kertész being a survivor of German concentration camps writes on shame and the good in his novels. (shrink)

The study focuses on fasting as a means of recovering God’s grace, an act which was frequently ordered by authorities throughout the European Middle Ages. Crop failure in particular, as well as the famine which regularly resulted from it, were countered by fasting lasting several days. The famine of the years 805 to 806 is a special case of collective asceticism focussed on a distinct geographical entity and carried out using suitable rules e.g. fasting, prayer, alms-giving etc. At the same (...) time it is shown to be a paradigmatic example of medieval crisis management. In cases such as these, renunciation seems to have been a sort of religiously motivated inward-looking self-compulsion. Consequently asceticism of this type can be regarded as the product of an external compulsion which seeks to mediate the world of events through a collectively established religious order. (shrink)

In my presentation I understand anger as an emotion that, in addition to its relationship to time, is also subject to cultural rules and is therefore related to probability and predictability. With the use of selected references from the theory of emotions (ranging from antiquity to the present day) I identify several consistent fundamental assumptions about this emotion and reconstruct a discourse of “just” anger. Viewed from the perspective of such extra-literary concepts of anger (particularly Thomas Aquinas' ‘De passionibus animae’) (...) Willehalm's outbursts of anger at the French court can be seen not only as an “illegitimate”, universally condemned act, through which the margrave unnecessarily puts at risk his legitimate claim to the king's support; equally, the very forbearance and expressions of solidarity which he is successively shown after his intemperate behaviour in Munleun can also be reinterpreted in light of the Aristotelian-Thomistic model of anger. (shrink)

Stolz, Ärger, Angst, Neid - das ganze Spektrum der Gefühle wird philosophischen Einzelanalysen unterzogen. Ausgehend von der Alltagserfahrung stehen die gemeinsamen Merkmale und die Differenzen der einzelnen Gefühle im Vordergrund. Dabei wird Bezug genommen auf die Philosophiegeschichte und aktuelle philosophische Kontroversen. Nicht nur Struktur und Gehalt der Gefühle, sondern auch ihre leibliche Erfahrung werden betrachtet. Ein einmaliges Nachschlagewerk für Philosophen und Psychologen.

In the present note we give a direct deduction of the Axiom of Choice from the Maximal Ideal Theorem for commutative rings with unit.

Two new intuitionistic equivalents to Zarn’s Lemma are stated and proved.

Many scholars working on the Old French ‘Song of Roland’ (from about 1100) and its Middle High German adaptation (from about 1170) have commented on the inconsistencies of the main character, the emperor Charlemagne. On the one hand, he is strong and active; on the other, he sinks into passivity and weakness. In this context, the ruler's emotions have often been seen as signs of his helplessness and, therefore, his humanity. By analyzing Charlemagne's grief and anger more closely, this article (...) aims to elaborate a different interpretation. Firstly, it shows that the contradictory depiction of the ruler's emotions is part of a strategy which brings Charlemagne into line with Christ. Thus, Charlemagne's emotions – even those apparently underlining his weakness – ultimately legitimize his position as a ruler. Secondly, there is another significant finding: Charlemagne's emotions do not simply represent the “human” part of his character, as has been suggested, but are themselves important means of power. (shrink)