Results for ' medical necessity'

961 found
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  1.  39
    Medical necessity under weak evidence and little or perverse regulatory gatekeeping.John P. A. Ioannidis - 2023 - Clinical Ethics 18 (3):330-334.
    Medical necessity (claiming that a medical intervention or care is – at minimum – reasonable, appropriate and acceptable) depends on empirical evidence and on the interpretation of that evidence. Evidence and its interpretation define the standard of care. This commentary argues that both the evidence base and its interpretation are currently weak gatekeepers. Empirical meta-research suggests that very few medical interventions have high quality evidence in support of their effectiveness and very few of them also have (...)
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  2.  48
    Defining ‘medical necessity’ in an age of personalised medicine: A view from Canada.Timothy Caulfield & Amy Zarzeczny - 2014 - Bioessays 36 (9):813-817.
    The concept of medical necessity plays a central role in many healthcare systems, including Canada's, by helping determine which healthcare services will receive funding. Despite its significance in health policy frameworks, medical necessity has proven to be notoriously difficult to define and operationalise. A shift toward a more personalised and genetically‐informed approach to the provision of healthcare seems likely to heighten associated policy challenges. One of the stated goals of personalised medicine is to save healthcare systems (...)
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  3.  90
    Medical necessity, mental health, and justice.Emma Prendergast - 2023 - Clinical Ethics 18 (3):292-297.
    This paper examines the concept of medical necessity as it relates to mental health care rationing, arguing that the normal functioning model of medical necessity is insufficient because it fails to cohere with an important aim and function of mental health care, which is to provide support for individuals in abusive or otherwise difficult personal relationships.
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  4.  42
    Disrupting medical necessity: Setting an old medical ethics theme in new light.Seppe Segers & Michiel De Proost - 2023 - Clinical Ethics 18 (3):335-342.
    Recent medical innovations like ‘omics’ technologies, mobile health (mHealth) applications or telemedicine are perceived as part of a shift towards a more preventive, participatory and affordable healthcare model. These innovations are often regarded as ‘disruptive technologies’. It is a topic of debate to what extent these technologies may transform the medical enterprise, and relatedly, what this means for medical ethics. The question of whether these developments disrupt established ethical principles like respect for autonomy has indeed received increasing (...)
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  5.  35
    What is ‘medical necessity’?Dominic J. C. Wilkinson - 2023 - Clinical Ethics 18 (3):285-286.
    Imagine that we are considering whether our healthcare system (or insurer) should fund treatment or procedure X. One factor that may be cited is that of so-called ‘medical necessity’. The claim would be that treatment X should be eligible for funding if it is medically necessary, but ineligible if this does not apply. Similarly, (and relevant to the debates in this special issue), if considering whether a particular treatment should be ethically and/or legally permitted, we may wish to (...)
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  6.  48
    The paradox of medical necessity.Samantha Godwin & Brian D. Earp - 2023 - Clinical Ethics 18 (3):281-284.
    The concept of medical necessity is often used to explain or justify certain decisions—for example, which treatments should be allowed under certain conditions—as though it had an obvious, agreed-upon meaning as well as an inherent normative force. In introducing this special issue of Clinical Ethics on medical necessity, we argue that the term, as used in various discourses, generally lacks a definition that is clear, non-circular, conceptually plausible, and fit for purpose. We propose that future work (...)
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  7. Medicalization, medical necessity, and feminist medicine.Laura Purdy - 2001 - Bioethics 15 (3):248–261.
    New and proposed medical technologies continually challenge our vision of what constitutes appropriate medical treatment. As scholars and consumers grapple with the meaning of innovation, one common critical theme to surface is that it constitutes undesirable medicalization. But we are embodied creatures who can often benefit from medical knowledge; in addition, rejection of medicalization may be in some cases based on an untenable appeal to nature. Harnessing the power of medicine for women’s welfare requires us to rethink (...)
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  8.  68
    Determining “Medical Necessity” in Mental Health Practice.James E. Sabin & Norman Daniels - 1994 - Hastings Center Report 24 (6):5-13.
    Should mental health insurance cover only disorders found in DSM‐IV, or should it be extended to treatment for ordinary shyness, unhappiness, and other responses to life's hard knocks?
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  9.  37
    Medical necessity”: challenges of a fuzzy concept.Bettina Schöne-Seifert, Daniel R. Friedrich, Anke Harney, Stefan Huster & Heiner Raspe - 2018 - Ethik in der Medizin 30 (4):325-341.
    „Medizinische Notwendigkeit“ (MedN) ist der zentrale Steuerungsbegriff für die Finanzierung medizinischer Versorgung in der deutschen Gesetzlichen Krankenversicherung. Trotz seiner scheinbaren Objektivität und Bestimmtheit durch ärztliche Expertise ist der Begriff alles andere als eindeutig definiert. In diesem ersten von fünf geplanten Aufsätzen zur Begriffsklärung von MedN aus medizintheoretischer, -ethischer, rechtlicher und (sozial)medizinischer Perspektive geht es um eine Systematisierung der aktuellen Kontroversen. Damit soll eine Fundierung für Detaildebatten gelegt werden, die bisher fehlt. Geklärt werden sollen die begriffliche Struktur, Funktion, Kontextualität und Missverständlichkeit (...)
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  10.  62
    Body integrity dysphoria and medical necessity: Amputation as a step towards health.Richard B. Gibson - 2023 - Clinical Ethics (3):321-329.
    Interventions are medically necessary when they are vital in achieving the goal of medicine. However, with varying perspectives comes varying views on what interventions are (un)necessary and, thus, what potential treatment options are available for those suffering from the myriad of conditions, pathologies and disorders afflicting humanity. Medical necessity's teleological nature is perhaps best illustrated in cases where there is debate over using contentious medical interventions as a last resort. For example, whether it is appropriate for those (...)
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  11.  29
    Medical necessity and consent for intimate procedures.Brian D. Earp & Lori Bruce - 2023 - Journal of Medical Ethics 49 (9):591-593.
    This issue considers the ethics of a healthcare provider intervening into a patient’s genitalia, whether by means of cutting or surgery or by ‘mere’ touching/examination. Authors argue that the permissibility of such actions in the absence of a relevant medical emergency does not primarily turn on third-party judgments of expected levels of physical harm versus benefit, or on related notions such as extensiveness or invasiveness; rather, it turns on the patient’s own consent. To bolster this argument, attention is drawn (...)
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  12.  42
    Medical Necessity’ and Domination.Allison Massof - 2018 - American Journal of Bioethics 18 (12):31-32.
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  13.  69
    Needs, medical necessity, and the problem of helping the uninsured.Andrew Ward - 2007 - Theoria 54 (112):73-98.
    The nature of health care, a multifaceted system of reimbursements, subsidies, levels of care, and trade-offs between economics, values and social goods, makes it both a problematic area of policy and critical to the well-being of society. In the United States, provision of health care is not a right as in some countries, but occurs as a function of a complex set of cross-subsidized mechanisms that, according to some analysts, exclude from coverage those who may be in the most need (...)
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  14.  39
    The Fundamental Right of Medical Necessity and Genetic Intervention for Substance Abuse.William Kitchin - 2006 - Journal of Evolution and Technology 15 (1):1.
    Genetic intervention is on the near horizon for the treatment of substance abu se. Genetic intervention involves a reprogramming of a person’s own genetic instructions so that that person will no longer have the physical craving for the drug of choice. Unlike pharmacologic intervention, genetic intervention will change the genetic identity of the person, albeit slightly. The legal issue is whether one has a fundamental right to this medical procedure. A fundamental right is one that the government cannot deny (...)
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  15.  34
    MRI algorithm for medical necessity for auto accident injured patients.Shande Chen & James E. Laughlin - 2009 - Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice 15 (1):189-194.
  16.  57
    The therapeutic exception: Abortion, sterilization and medical necessity in Costa rica.María Carranza - 2007 - Developing World Bioethics 7 (2):55–63.
    ABSTRACTBased on the case of Rosa, a nine‐year‐old girl who was denied a therapeutic abortion, this article analyzes the role played by the social in medical practice. For that purpose, it compares the different application of two similar pieces of legislation in Costa Rica, where both the practice of abortion and sterilization are restricted to the protection of health and life by the Penal Code. As a concept subject to interpretation, a broad conception of medical necessity could (...)
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  17.  35
    Surrogacy and the Fiction of Medical Necessity.Teresa Baron - 2024 - Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 33 (1):40-47.
    A number of countries and states prohibit surrogacy except in cases of “medical necessity” or for those with specific medical conditions. Healthcare providers in some countries have similar policies restricting the provision of clinical assistance in surrogacy. This paper argues that surrogacy is never medically necessary in any ordinary understanding of this term. The author aims to show first that surrogacy per se is a socio-legal intervention and not a medical one and, second, that the intervention (...)
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  18.  55
    Medical Futility, Medical Necessity: The‐Problem‐Without‐A‐Name.Daniel Callahan - 1991 - Hastings Center Report 21 (4):30-35.
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  19.  31
    ‘Maternal request’ caesarean sections and medical necessity.Rebecca C. H. Brown & Andrea Mulligan - 2023 - Clinical Ethics 18 (3):312-320.
    Currently, many women who are expecting to give birth have no option but to attempt vaginal delivery, since access to elective planned caesarean sections (PCS) in the absence of what is deemed to constitute ‘clinical need’ is variable. In this paper, we argue that PCS should be routinely offered to women who are expecting to give birth, and that the risks and benefits of PCS as compared with planned vaginal delivery should be discussed with them. Currently, discussions of elective PCS (...)
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  20.  21
    Pain: no medical necessity defense for marijuana to controlled substances act.Aviva Halpern - 2000 - Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics 29 (3-4):410-411.
  21.  50
    The public funding of abortion in Canada: going beyond the concept of medical necessity[REVIEW]Chris Kaposy - 2009 - Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy 12 (3):301-311.
    This article defends the public funding of abortion in the Canadian health care system in light of objections by opponents of abortion that the procedure should be denied public funding. Abortion opponents point out that women terminate their pregnancies most often for social reasons, that the Canadian health care system only requires funding for medically necessary procedures, and that abortion for social reasons is not medically necessary care. I offer two lines of response. First, I briefly present an argument that (...)
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  22.  27
    Physician-Soldier: Navigating the Tension Between Military and Medical Necessity.Michael D. April, Carolyn W. April & Chetan U. Kharod - 2017 - American Journal of Bioethics 17 (10):59-61.
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  23.  79
    Darurah (Necessity) and Its Application in Islamic Ethical Assessment of Medical Applications: A Review on Malaysian Fatwa.Noor Munirah Isa - 2016 - Science and Engineering Ethics 22 (5):1319-1332.
    The discovery and invention of new medical applications may be considered blessings to humankind. However, some applications which might be the only remedy for certain diseases may contain ingredients or involve methods that are not in harmony with certain cultural and religious perspectives. These situations have raised important questions in medical ethics; are these applications completely prohibited according to these perspectives, and is there any room for mitigation? This paper explores the concept of darurah and its deliberation in (...)
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  24.  92
    The Medical Nonnecessity of In Vitro Fertilization.Carolyn McLeod - 2017 - International Journal of Feminist Approaches to Bioethics 10 (1):78-102.
    Debate has raged in Canada recently over whether in vitro fertilization (IVF) should be funded through public health insurance. Such a move would require that the provinces classify IVF as a medically necessary service. In this paper, I defend the position I have taken publicly—especially in Ontario, my own province—that IVF is not medically necessary. I contend that, by funding IVF on grounds of medical necessity, governments like Ontario's violate their commitments to equality and fairness, and cause harm. (...)
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  25.  54
    What is the best age to circumcise? A medical and ethical analysis.Alex Myers & Brian D. Earp - 2020 - Bioethics 34 (7):645-663.
    Circumcision is often claimed to be simpler, safer and more cost-effective when performed in the neonatal period as opposed to later in life, with a greater benefit-to-risk ratio. In the first part of this paper, we critically examine the evidence base for these claims, and find that it is not as robust as is commonly assumed. In the second part, we demonstrate that, even if one simply grants these claims for the sake of argument, it still does not follow that (...)
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  26. Medical need and health need.Ben Davies - 2023 - Clinical Ethics 18 (3):287-291.
    I introduce a distinction between health need and medical need, and raise several questions about their interaction. Health needs are needs that relate directly to our health condition. Medical needs are needs which bear some relation to medical institutions or processes. I suggest that the question of whether medical insurance or public care should cover medical needs, health needs, or only needs which fit both categories is a political question that cannot be resolved definitionally. I (...)
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  27. The gastroenterologist and his endoscope: The embodiment of technology and the necessity for a medical ethics.M. Wayne Cooper - 1996 - Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics 17 (4).
    The purpose of this essay is to argue for the necessity of an ethics of the practice of the specialist-technologist in medicine. In the first part I sketch three stages of medical ethics, each with a particular viewpoint regarding the technology of medicine. I focus on Brody's consideration of the physician's power as a example of contemporary medical ethics which explicitly excludes the specialist-technologist as a locus of development of medical ethics. Next, the philosophy of Heidegger (...)
     
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  28. The use of animals in medical education: A question of necessity vs. desirability.Josepha Cheong - 1989 - Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics 10 (1).
    An issue in current animal welfare ethics is the use of animals in medical education. At stake is the conflict of pain and suffering of the animals vs. the benefit to the students. The educator's role is to balance these two concepts. If the animals do suffer, this has to be justified by clearly establishing the necessity of their use. Neither this justification nor the methods for making the decision are clear. Addressed in this discussion are the arguments (...)
     
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  29. Medical Need, Equality, and Uncertainty.L. Chad Horne - 2016 - Bioethics 30 (8):588-596.
    Many hold that distributing healthcare according to medical need is a requirement of equality. Most egalitarians believe, however, that people ought to be equal on the whole, by some overall measure of well-being or life-prospects; it would be a massive coincidence if distributing healthcare according to medical need turned out to be an effective way of promoting equality overall. I argue that distributing healthcare according to medical need is important for reducing individuals' uncertainty surrounding their future (...) needs. In other words, distributing healthcare according to medical need is a natural feature of healthcare insurance; it is about indemnity, not equality. (shrink)
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  30.  20
    A discourse upon the duties of a physician: with some sentiments, on the usefulness and necessity of a public hospital: delivered before the president and governors of King' College, held on the 16th of May 1769: as advice to those gentlemen who then received the first medical degrees conferred by that university.Samuel Bard - 1769 - Bedford, Mass.: Applewood Books.
    This classic essay on the responsibilities of a doctor was first published in New York in 1769. It remains a perfect gift for a young doctor just starting out or for one who is older and wiser. This classic will be an inspiration to any who read its timeless message.
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  31.  20
    Military medical ethics in contemporary armed conflict: mobilizing medicine in the pursuit of just war.Michael L. Gross - 2021 - New York: Oxford University Press.
    The goal of military medicine is to conserve the fighting force necessary to prosecute just wars. Just wars are defensive or humanitarian. A defensive war protects one's people or nation. A humanitarian war rescues a foreign, persecuted people or nation from grave human rights abuse. To provide medical care during armed conflict, military medical ethics supplements civilian medical ethics with two principles: military-medical necessity and broad beneficence. Military-medical necessity designates the medical means (...)
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  32. Preserving the Concept of Race: A Medical Expedient, a Sociological Necessity.Stephen G. Morris - 2011 - Philosophy of Science 78 (5):1260-1271.
    In this paper I argue that there are strong reasons for preserving the concept of race in both medical and sociological contexts. While I argue that there are important reasons to conceive of race as picking out distinctions among populations that are both legitimate and important, the notion of race that I advocate in this paper differs in fundamental ways from traditional folk notions of race. As a result, I believe that the folk understanding of race needs either to (...)
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  33.  85
    In Quest of 'Good' Medical Classification Systems.Lara K. Kutschenko - 2011 - Medicine Studies 3 (1):53-70.
    Medical classification systems aim to provide a manageable taxonomy for sorting diagnoses into their proper classes. The question, this paper wants to critically examine, is how to correctly systematise diseases within classification systems that are applied in a variety of different settings. ICD and DSM , the two major classification systems in medicine and psychiatry, will be the main subjects of this paper; however, the arguments are not restricted to these classification systems but point out general methodological and epistemological (...)
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  34.  60
    Medical Education and Disability Studies.Fiona Kumari Campbell - 2009 - Journal of Medical Humanities 30 (4):221-235.
    The biomedicalist conceptualization of disablement as a personal medical tragedy has been criticized by disability studies scholars for discounting the difference between disability and impairment and the ways disability is produced by socio-environmental factors. This paper discusses prospects for partnerships between disability studies teaching/research and medical education; addresses some of the themes around the necessity of critical disability studies training for medical students; and examines a selection of issues and themes that have arisen from disability education (...)
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  35.  12
    Medical Futility: A Contemporary Review.Ellen Coonan - 2016 - Journal of Clinical Ethics 27 (4):359-362.
    As medical technology has advanced, the question of medical futility has become a topic of intense debate both within the medical community and within society as a whole. However, a unanimous definition thereof is yet to be decided—some commentators are sceptical as to whether an agreement will ever be reached—and this continues to lead to difficulties, tension, and even legal action when a treating physician disagrees with a patient and/or a patient’s family regarding care and treatment options. (...)
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  36.  11
    Letter to the Editor: The Necessity of Teaching Medical Students to Voice Their Values.Ira Bedzow - 2020 - American Journal of Bioethics 20 (1):W3-W4.
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  37.  35
    Medication communication through documentation in medical wards: knowledge and power relations.Wei Liu, Elizabeth Manias & Marie Gerdtz - 2014 - Nursing Inquiry 21 (3):246-258.
    Health professionals communicate with each other about medication information using different forms of documentation. This article explores knowledge and power relations surrounding medication information exchanged through documentation among nurses, doctors and pharmacists. Ethnographic fieldwork was conducted in 2010 in two medical wards of a metropolitan hospital in Australia. Data collection methods included participant observations, field interviews, video‐recordings, document retrieval and video reflexive focus groups. A critical discourse analytic framework was used to guide data analysis. The written medication chart was (...)
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  38.  23
    When do caregivers ignore the veil of ignorance? An empirical study on medical triage decision–making.Azgad Gold, Binyamin Greenberg, Rael Strous & Oren Asman - 2021 - Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy 24 (2):213-225.
    In principle, all patients deserve to receive optimal medical treatment equally. However, in situations in which there is scarcity of time or resources, medical treatment must be prioritized based on a triage. The conventional guidelines of medical triage mandate that treatment should be provided based solely on medical necessity regardless of any non-medical value-oriented considerations (“worst-first”). This study empirically examined the influence of value-oriented considerations on medical triage decision–making. Participants were asked to prioritize (...)
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  39.  12
    Evaluation of the Cervical Physiotherapeutic Treatment Needs, Work Ergonomics, and Necessity for Physical Activity Among Students of Dentistry at a Medical University. A Pilot Study.Joanna Kuć & Małgorzata Żendzian-Piotrowska - 2020 - Frontiers in Psychology 11.
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  40.  61
    Dire Necessity and Transformation: Entry‐points for Modern Science in Islamic Bioethical Assessment of Porcine Products in Vaccines.Aasim I. Padela, Steven W. Furber, Mohammad A. Kholwadia & Ebrahim Moosa - 2013 - Bioethics 28 (2):59-66.
    The field of medicine provides an important window through which to examine the encounters between religion and science, and between modernity and tradition. While both religion and science consider health to be a ‘good’ that is to be preserved, and promoted, religious and science-based teachings may differ in their conception of what constitutes good health, and how that health is to be achieved. This paper analyzes the way the Islamic ethico-legal tradition assesses the permissibility of using vaccines that contain porcine-derived (...)
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  41. Islamic bioethics of pain medication: an effective response to mercy argument.Mohammad Manzoor Malik - 2012 - Bangladesh Journal of Bioethics 3 (2):4-15.
    Pain medication is one of the responses to the mercy argument that utilitarian ethicists use for justifying active euthanasia on the grounds of prevention of cruelty and appeal to beneficence. The researcher reinforces the significance of pain medication in meeting this challenge and considers it the most preferred response among various other responses. It is because of its realism and effectiveness. In exploring the mechanism and considerations related to pain medication, the researcher briefly touches the Catholic ethical position on the (...)
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  42. The Necessity for a Theology of Disease: Reflections on Totalities and Fragments.Philip Hefner - 2004 - Zygon 39 (2):487-496.
    . Our ideas of disease try to explain it, and they aim at facilitating cures. In the process, they become entwined in sociocultural networks that have totalizing effects. Disease, however, counters this totalizing effect by revealing to us that our lives are fragments. Unless we engage this fragment character of disease and of our lives, we cannot properly understand disease or deal with it. HIV/AIDS clarifies these issues in an extraordinarily powerful fashion. Medical, legal, commercial, political, and institutional approaches (...)
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  43.  27
    Rethinking the problems of adherence to medications.Paula Boddington - 2015 - Clinical Ethics 10 (4):91-96.
    Poor adherence to medication is a persistent problem in the practice of medicine, which gives rise to problems for individual patients, for the healthcare system as a whole, and in some cases, for third parties and for public health. There has been some progress in understanding the causes and solutions but much more work needs to be done. To develop the ethical responses to adherence, the problems need to be analysed more precisely. It is argued that, given that one pressing (...)
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  44. Medical Killing – An Evangelical Perspective.Thomas Schirrmacher - 2003 - Christian Bioethics 9 (2-3):227-244.
    Evangelicals are unconditionally opposed to active euthanasia. Indirect euthanasia is seen as simply belonging to the risks inherent in any medical intervention. Passive euthanasia is accepted if used in order to save the dignity of the dying and is seen as merely ceasing to interfere with an irreversible dying process. The basis of evangelical ethics is the Bible supplemented by science and experience as a kind of natural law. Even though natural law comes under Biblicial revelation, its acceptance is (...)
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  45.  35
    More Necessary than Medical: Reframing the Insurance Argument for Transition-Related Care.Elizabeth Dietz - 2020 - International Journal of Feminist Approaches to Bioethics 13 (1):63-88.
    The healthcare system—the assemblage of hospitals, insurers, professional associations, policymakers, patients, caregivers, and other entities oriented toward health in the United States—does more than cure illness. It is, and in some cases ought to be but falls short, attentive to endpoints other than cure, such as comfort, participation in desired activities, and the creation of families—things that may broadly be understood as promoting well-being. In the United States, health care utilization is prohibitively expensive. As a result, most people can only (...)
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  46.  8
    Military Medical Staff in Hybrid Wars.Paul Gilbert - 2021 - In Daniel Messelken & David Winkler, Health Care in Contexts of Risk, Uncertainty, and Hybridity. Springer. pp. 77-85.
    In one common type of hybrid war states intervene on behalf of insurgents who represent a repressed identity group, but without ‘putting boots on the ground’. Such cases may be regarded as hybrids which contain elements of both ‘old’ and ‘new wars’. In ‘old wars’ victory in combat is sought and non-combatants do not need to be targeted. ‘New wars’ are identity conflicts in which civilians on the opposing side themselves become the hated objects of attack. This poses problems for (...)
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  47.  17
    A “medical moment”: Guicciardini and Lycurgus’ knife.Nikola Regent - 2008 - History of European Ideas 34 (1):1-13.
    The article explores the role of the Spartan example in Guicciardini's political thought, giving a particular attention to his early writings. Examining a series of medical metaphors Guicciardini uses in the analysis of the state, the author uncovers Plutarch as their main source. It is argued that Plutarch, and his description of Lacedaemon, exercised a major influence in the formation of Guicciardini's political ideas. The author focuses on the crucial issue of the usage of “Lycurgus’ knife,” while answering two (...)
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  48.  33
    Medical Vitalism and Philosophical Materialism in the Eighteenth-Century Debate on Monsters.Aurélie Suratteau-Iberraken - 2000 - Graduate Faculty Philosophy Journal 22 (1):123-148.
    “It is less a matter of happiness and unhappiness than of darkness and light: one does not consist in a pure and simple privation of the other.” In contrast to Condillac, Diderot begins with the recognition of the mutually reflexive character of the state of suffering, which is independent of an alternation of pleasure and pain. Or rather, the painful state is spontaneously devalued without any invocation of a hypothetical state of constant happiness. The emergence of an affirmation of physical (...)
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  49.  69
    Substituted Judgment in Medical Practice: Evidentiary Standards on a Sliding Scale.Mark R. Tonelli - 1997 - Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics 25 (1):22-29.
    Consensus is growing among ethicists and lawyers that medical decision making for incompetent patients who were previously competent should be made in accordance with that person's prior wishes and desires. Moreover, this legal and ethical preference for the substituted judgment standard has found its way into the daily practice of medicine. However, what appears on the surface to be an agreement between jurists, bioethicists, and clinicians obscures the very real differences between disciplines regarding the actual implementation of the sub (...)
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  50.  58
    Response to Open Peer Commentaries on “Saving Life, Limb, and Eyesight: Assessing the Medical Rules of Eligibility During Armed Conflict”.Michael L. Gross - 2017 - American Journal of Bioethics 17 (10):1-3.
    Medical rules of eligibility permit severely injured Iraqi and Afghan nationals to receive care in Coalition medical facilities only if bed space is available and their injuries result directly from Coalition fire. The first rule favors Coalition soldiers over host-nation nationals and contradicts the principle of impartial, needs-based medical care. To justify preferential care for compatriots, wartime medicine invokes associative obligations of care that favor friends, family, and comrades-in-arms. Associative obligations have little place in peacetime medical (...)
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