Une des premières questions du public concernant les Amazones lors de conférences est la suivante : « Mais ces guerrières ont-elles vraiment existé? ». À cette interrogation, j’ai pris l’habitude de répondre qu’il n’y a pas de fumée sans feu, que je ne crois pas (après six années de recherches sur la question) qu’un peuple nommé Amazone, vivant en non-mixité, ait existé en Turquie. Cependant, je suis convaincu.e de l’existence de femmes guerrières peuplant les alentours du monde grec et que...

On July 2021, the UK High Court of Justice heard the Case CO/2066/2020 on the application of Heidi Crowter who lives with Down’s syndrome, and Máire Lea-Wilson whose son Aidan has Down’s syndrome. Crowter and Lea-Wilson, with the support of the disability rights campaign, ‘Don’t Screen Us Out’, have been taking legal action against the Secretary of State for Health and Social Care (the UK Government) for a review of the 1967 Abortion Act: the removal of section 1(1)(d) making termination (...) of pregnancy lawful for ‘severe’ fetal indications detected after 24 weeks' gestation. On 23 September 2021, the High Court dismissed the claim. This action came at a time when non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) was introduced into the NHS England Fetal Anomaly Screening Programme for the trisomies 21, 13 and 18. The implementation of NIPT has been heavily criticised, in particular by ‘Don’t Screen Us Out’ campaigners, for increasing fetal selection and discrimination of people living with disabilities. The case of Crowter and Lea-Wilson echoes debates in other European countries such as in France and Germany, where the introduction of NIPT in the public healthcare system has provoked equally vehement public reactions and discussions. The comparison between these three countries allows contextualising the public discourses around NIPT and the ground for termination of pregnancy in relation to different socio-cultural and political contexts. We examine how each country, and particularly England, deals with the conflict between the principles of promoting the rights of people living with disabilities and preserving women’s reproductive autonomy. (shrink)

Une centaine de fragments inédits attribués au plus célèbre représentant de l'Ecole cynique sommeillait depuis près de 2 500 ans sous le doux soleil d'Orient. La voix de Diogène de Sinope, le philosophe-chien, l'homme au tonneau qui embrasse les statues l'hiver, retraverse les âges. Au terme d'une véritable chasse au trésor remontant jusqu'aux penseurs arabes du Xe siècle, Adeline Baldacchino propose pour la première fois en langue française ces nouveaux fragments. On y retrouve avec délice le Diogène insolent dont les (...) paraboles sont si riches d'enseignements. Maître de l'invective, il témoigne de son amour de la vie, de son intransigeance et de sa résistance au pouvoir. Une occasion unique de redécouvrir l'esprit cynique, sa force critique, sa passion pour la liberté et son invraisemblable modernité. (shrink)

This article explores some of the crucial conceptual dimensions of Italian workerist Marxism [operaismo], identifying both its underlying impetus and its limits in particular interpretations of Marxian concepts. Particular emphasis is placed on the manner in which the focus of workerists such as Mario Tronti and Antonio Negri on living labour, antagonism and class-composition can be understood in terms of a philosophy of subjectivity founded on a Marxian conception of difference.

In this article I investigate the nature of the moral duties that citizens of a legitimate state have towards emigrants. A large part of the literature dedicated to the normative study of the migration phenomenon focuses on two major topics: the brain drain phenomenon and the legitimacy of restricting immigrations. If the first of these concerns the moral obligations that individuals have towards a state and their co-nationals, the second regards the policies that a state can justifiably adopt in order (...) to manage migration flows. With the exception of temporary labor migration, less discussed in the literature are the moral duties that we have towards those citizens who chose to emigrate. My answer is that a state has neither more, nor less responsibilities towards its emigrants than it has towards the other citizens. However, the particular way that it can discharge those duties have to pay attention to each citizen’s particular situation, so that public policies dealing specifi cally with the emigrants are required. If we embrace a sufficientarian position, we could see how public policies have to be forged in order to be morally justifiable. I compare in the article two potential ways in which a state could try to discharge its moral duties towards emigrants. The first consists in promoting policies that focus on reverse migration. The second is based on cooperating with host societies and ensuring that emigrants’ rights and well-being are protected to the fullest degree. I argue that the second proposal is the one that can be morally defended, and is in line with moral defenses of reformed temporary labor migration programs which would take into account the rights and legitimate interests of migrants (Baubock and Ruhs: 2022). (shrink)

A Lei nº 13.415/17, que instituiu o Novo Ensino Médio, classifica a Filosofia como estudos e práticas. Tal redação provoca a seguinte indagação: A Filosofia está presente ou não na Formação Geral Básica como disciplina nas matrizes curriculares elaboradas pelas 27 Secretarias Estaduais de Educação? O objetivo geral da pesquisa é analisar o quantitativo de aulas semanais de Filosofia no Novo Ensino Médio nos diferentes estados brasileiros, levando em consideração o ensino nas Redes Públicas Estaduais de Ensino. Assume relevância pelo (...) fato de que há uma necessidade de despertar na comunidade filosófica um movimento de luta pela mudança da redação do texto da Lei nº 13.415/17 de estudos e práticas para disciplina. A pesquisa é bibliográfica, documental e com abordagem qualitativa. Além das fontes bibliográficas atualizadas e do referencial teórico na área de ensino de Filosofia, foram consultadas as leis federais e documentos normativos que se relacionam com a temática. Para o levantamento de dados, foi consultado o _site_ do Observatório Movimento pela Base, que conta com informações sobre a implementação do Novo Ensino Médio e da Base Nacional Comum Curricular, a exemplo das matrizes curriculares. Constatou-se que o terceiro ano do Novo Ensino Médio, que possivelmente será implementado no ano de 2024, é o que possui menor carga horária da disciplina de Filosofia semanalmente. No geral, a carga horária da disciplina de Filosofia foi reduzida em 13 estados, nas redes públicas estaduais de ensino. (shrink)

Visual processing is thought to function in a coarse-to-fine manner. Low spatial frequencies, conveying coarse information, would be processed early to generate predictions. These LSF-based predictions would facilitate the further integration of high spatial frequencies, conveying fine details. The predictive role of LSF might be crucial in automatic face processing, where high performance could be explained by an accurate selection of clues in early processing. In the present study, we used a visual Mismatch Negativity paradigm by presenting an unfiltered face (...) as standard stimulus, and the same face filtered in LSF or HSF as deviant, to investigate the predictive role of LSF vs. HSF during automatic face processing. If LSF are critical for predictions, we hypothesize that LSF deviants would elicit less prediction error than HSF deviants. Results show that both LSF and HSF deviants elicited a mismatch response compared with their equivalent in an equiprobable sequence. However, in line with our hypothesis, LSF deviants evoke significantly reduced mismatch responses compared to HSF deviants, particularly at later stages. The difference in mismatch between HSF and LSF conditions involves posterior areas and right fusiform gyrus. Overall, our findings suggest a predictive role of LSF during automatic face processing and a critical involvement of HSF in the fusiform during the conscious detection of changes in faces. (shrink)

The book investigates the relationship between the economic and political writings of four seminal authors: Adam Smith, Karl Marx, Joseph A. Schumpeter, and..

Many important criticisms to the possibility of global justice are advanced following one or another operationalization of the Rawlsian concept of a basic structure. The purpose of this paper is twofold: i) to show that the existence of a global basic structure is irrelevant from the standpoint of justice; ii) to set the stage for a cosmopolitan theory of global justice that employs satisficing sufficientarianism as a distributive principle. One of the main contentions is that the institutional-interactional cut in the (...) recent literature should be transcended. That is, the site of justice should be extended to incorporate both the efficiency of discharging one’s duties through a just institutional scheme and the moral value of promoting a good state of affairs through one’s own efforts. In order to avoid the overdemandingness objection, however, the selected principles of justice ought to belong to the sufficientarian family. Towards the end of the paper I sketch one such theory, satisficing sufficientarianism. (shrink)

Objective: This study is a meta-analysis that considers the association between dyadic coping and emotional functioning, and between dyadic coping and the quality of the relationship as perceived by cancer patients and their life partners.Methods: A systematic search was conducted in the electronic databases PsycINFO, PubMed, ScienceDirect and those peer-reviewed cross-sectional and longitudinal studies published up until April 2020 that investigated these relationships were selected.Results: A total of 1,168 studies were identified, of which 10 met the inclusion criteria. These evidenced (...) statistically significant positive relationships between common dyadic coping and emotional functioning and between common dyadic coping and the quality of the relationship as perceived by patients and their partners. There was also a statistically significant positive association between stress communication, supportive dyadic coping, and the quality of the relationship. In addition, a statistically significant negative association was found between negative dyadic coping and the quality of the relationship as perceived by patients' partners and also between negative dyadic coping and the quality of the relationship as perceived by patients.Conclusions: The results suggest the existence of a significant association between dyadic coping and emotional functioning and between dyadic coping and the quality of the relationship as perceived by members of couples facing cancer. However, these results must be interpreted with caution due to the small number of studies included in the analysis. Clinically, an understanding of the existence of such relationships is helpful for the implementation, and study of the effectiveness of, interventions aimed at improving dyadic coping in order to improve both quality of life and quality of relationship in couples where there is an oncological diagnosis. (shrink)

This is the first edition of the Italian translation of J.A. Schumpeter’s last conference. The intervention analyzes the relationship between institutional change and capitalism with particular reference to the United States after the Second World War. It is at the same time a recapitulation of the most relevant Schumpeterian economic and political concepts. Translation and Introduction by Adelino Zanini: Of a "Private Writing". A Short Note on the Very Latest Schumpeter.

Cilia are unique eukaryotic organelles and exhibit remarkable conservation across evolution. Nevertheless, very different types of configurations are encountered, raising the question of their evolution. Cilia are constructed by intraflagellar transport (IFT), the movement of large protein complexes or trains that deliver cilia components to the distal tip for assembly. Recent data revealed that IFT trains are restricted to some but not all nine doublet microtubules in the protist Trypanosoma brucei. Here, we propose that restricted positioning of IFT trains could (...) offer potent options for cilia to evolve towards more complex (addition of new structural elements like in spermatozoa) or simpler configuration (loss of some elements like in primary cilia), and therefore be a driver of cilia diversification. We present two hypotheses to explain how IFT trains could be restricted to some doublets, either by a triage process taking place at the basal body level or by the development of molecular differences between ciliary microtubules. (shrink)

O objetivo principal deste artigo consiste em evidenciar a continuidade entre natureza e espírito no pensamento leibniziano. De fato, a adesão de Leibniz à ciência moderna é acompanhada de uma metafísica espiritualista, que o autor corrige no sentido de uma correspondência perfeita entre dois planos de fenómenos funcionando de acordo com princípios distintos. O elo de ligação entre esses dois planos é a noção de espontaneidade, que caracteriza a atividade da natureza e é elevada ao seu grau supremo através da (...) liberdade dos espíritos. (shrink)

In this paper, I argue that universities ought to account for the diverse conceptions of the good employed by their students. The complex nature of the good of education, which has both instrumental and intrinsic aspects, means that the modern university should be impartial between students who consume this good for itself or as a means towards more fulfilling goals. The discussion on the intrinsic nature of education follows the line of the Humboldtian perspective. The instrumental benefits considered are the (...) better democratic outcomes reached by having an educated population, the autonomy-facilitating character of higher education and the improvement of marketable skills. I put forward the view that achieving a balance between satisfying the needs of students valuing education intrinsically and those of students valuing it instrumentally is a strategy that should be employed by universities if they aim at regaining their imperiled legitimacy. (shrink)

Today parenthood is becoming a competence. This accentuates parental responsibility. Expertise and consultancy are developing in various scientific fields. It produces parenting standards used by public authorities to conceive services and programs for parents categorized as vulnerable. At the level of the law, persons with learning disabilities are considered vulnerable at the discretion of the judge, and therefore more or less able to protect themselves and defend their interests. However, they may have to protect a child and defend his or (...) her interests, since they have the freedom to become parents. This freedom, which has long been restricted, is now considered possible. Then, services have now to take into account the parenthood of people with learning disabilities. This short report is based on a qualitative study with twelve professionals accompanying these parents or future parents. The author analyzes the tensions and challenges to which professionals are exposed and how they build their expertise. In view of the results and their interest in the professional fields concerned, she envisages innovation perspectives aimed at optimising existing services and programs. (shrink)

This introduction analyzes some of the key questions concerning the political variations of the neoliberal economic discourse in today’s Europe. In particular, the relationship between the evanescence of nation-state sovereignty and the rebirth of the “economic nation” is taken into account. In the great transformation imposed by the ongoing economic crisis, the author stresses the importance of grasping not only the German roots of the European Ordoliberalism, but also those of a hybrid politics, based on governance policies, and implicitly imposed (...) by the unfinished character of the great transformation itself. (shrink)

In this paper I make a contribution to three distinct, but deeply interwoven subjects. Firstly, I argue that, at the level of ideal theory, the distribution of educational goods should follow a sufficientarian pattern and that the evaluative space of children’s advantage should be inspired by the capability approach. Secondly, the paper is delving into the more policy-oriented debates on the desirability of school choice. I argue that, given the non-ideal circumstances in which decision makers have to act, giving parents (...) the opportunity to choose the school for their children is a sine qua non condition for even approaching the ideals of sufficientarian justice. Lastly, I move the discussion on more empirical grounds, advancing a criticism of the Romanian educational legislation. I argue that the sufficiency-constrained school choice system that I envision could solve some of the problems that the Romanian educational system faces today. (shrink)

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:Creating the Conditions for Intergenerational Justice: Social Capital and ComplianceAdelin-Costin DumitruIntroductionSuppose philosophers succeeded in putting forward two equally desirable theories of intergenerational justice. Both of them fare extremely well in regard to either a case-implication critique or a prior-principle strategy of argumentation (with the former requiring us to check the implications of a principle in counterfactual cases, and the latter testing the compatibility of a principle with certain more (...) fundamental values, according to Sen [197]). How are we to decide between them? To the extent that we believe that one of the purposes of political philosophy is to issue achievable and desirable recommendations (Stemplowska 319) or to be action-guiding (Swift 363), we might compare the two by applying a feasibility criterion. Such a criterion indicates that a state of affairs could be realized “if we were to summon sufficient practical will and direct our (individual or collective) efforts in the right direction” (Gheaus 450). In our case, the decision is a relatively easy one: both theories pass a threshold of acceptability and thus we would be morally justified in attempting to bring them about. Furthermore, by stipulation, world A in which theory x were implemented would be equally desirable as world B, in which theory y were implemented. The only distinction would be one concerning their feasibility.Nonetheless, this scenario is usually not one that is available to us. If theories differ based on their desirability as well as their feasibility, how are we to choose? One option would be to choose that moral theory which best satisfies the criteria mentioned by Buchanan, of moral accessibility, feasibility, and accessibility (Justice, Legitimacy). However, feasibility entails not only a static conception of duties, but a dynamic one, in which we postulate that agents have “duties that do not focus merely on what can be done in given [End Page 20] circumstances, but also on how to change circumstances so that new things can be done” (Gilabert and Lawford-Smith 812). In the present article, I argue that taking the idea of dynamic duties seriously requires that we redirect our efforts and resources toward those actions that would maximize the probability of achieving a successful transition from a non-ideal to an ideal state of the world. The argument is that, in the specific context of intergenerational justice, we ought to pay more attention to the matter of social capital extant in a society, if we want to achieve the ends of an intergenerational theory of justice. The concept of social capital puts under the same umbrella distinct features of social life such as networks and civic engagement, the role of reciprocity and trust in building institutions, and the effects that informal rules and institutions have on formal ones (Ostrom and Ahn, “Social Science Perspective” 4). Intuitively, these aspects are relevant for an account of intergenerational justice. The particular way in which they are relevant will be detailed later in this article.The claim that I defend is that the higher the level of social capital in a community, the more probable it will be that individuals are willing to redistribute resources to future generations. The underlying assumption that holds throughout the article is that public justification is important in construing a defense of a conception of justice. I proceed as follows. In the first section, I present an account of social capital. In the second section, I present the literature connecting social capital to political philosophy. In the third section, I argue why developing social capital is a worthwhile goal to pursue if we want to achieve intergenerational justice. The fourth section presents a series of measures that can increase the level of social capital. The fifth section responds to a series of potential objections that could be raised and concludes the paper.The Many Faces of Social CapitalMuch of the intellectual history of the twentieth century was dedicated to institutions and their function in shaping the social, economic, cultural, and political order. In a comprehensive definition put forward by March and Olsen, institutions represent “routines, procedures, conventions, roles, strategies, organizational forms, technologies..., beliefs, paradigms, codes, cultures and knowledge that surround, support, elaborate, and... (shrink)

Like other health care practices, the increasing complexity in dentistry signals the need for a reconceptualisation of dentist professional learning. Professional dental bodies, at large, still privilege formal continuing professional development (CPD) provisions focusing on off-the-job activities despite growing evidence that much invaluable learning occurs through and at work. In exploring the two common dentist CPD approaches, this article critiques the narrow conceptions of learning inscribed in these frameworks, which are individualistic and acquisition oriented. Drawing on a vignette of dentists’ (...) professional practice at work, this paper argues for a shift in discussion from an emphasis on which CPD models work best to what counts as professional learning for dentists. To flesh out these arguments, the paper proposes using an innovative conceptual approach through the lens of ‘complexity thinking’ and the concept of ‘co-present group’. Through this lens, the reframing of thinking brings out two key features of learning: Emergent learning cannot be specified in advance and much significant learning is typically beyond an individual’s learning. Given the learning potentials of group practice and group learning, the paper concludes with suggestions to support dentists’ lifelong learning at work. (shrink)

When it comes to specifying the moral duties we bear towards future generations, most political philosophers position themselves on what could be regarded as a safe ground. A variant of the Lockean proviso is commonplace in the literature on intergenerational justice, taking the form of an obligation to bestow upon future people a minimum of goods necessary for reaching a certain threshold of well-being (Meyer, 2017). Furthermore, even this minimum is often frowned upon, given the non-identity problem and the challenges (...) this presents to the topic of justice between generations. Additional issues are raised at the level of non-ideal theory, the most significant being the problem of non-compliance (Gosseries and Meyer, 2009).In this paper I intend to probe the limits of “practical political possibility” (Rawls 1999), by inquiring whether embracing the sufficiency view (Frankfurt, 1987; Crisp, 2003; Benbaji, 2005) as a distributive pattern and capabilities as a metric can lead to more burdensome obligations for present generations. More specifically, I try to show that we have a duty to invest in research that aims at prolonging the lifespan of humans (the idea can already be found in the sufficientarian literature, for instance in Farrelly, 2007). Moreover, given the Earth’s limited resources, we ought to encourage the terraforming of other planets in order to make them inhabitable for (future) people.I argue that these two seemingly far-fetched projects are in fact worthwhile goals to pursue on the one hand, and moral obligations on the other hand. Nonetheless, they are not the only ones we ought to take on; for instance, we must simultaneously pursue them and try to improve the prospects of those who fall under a sufficiency threshold here and now. That is, specifying these (prima facie) duties towards future generations is connected with stronger obligations towards the current generation.Towards the end of the paper I engage in a discussion regarding the role of the feasibility constraint in a theory of justice, as rationales pertaining to feasibility are perhaps going to be the most recurrent criticisms raised against my proposal. To that end, I defend limitarian policies, which aim at setting an upper limit to how much money individuals are allowed to possess (Robeyns, 2017; Volacu and Dumitru, 2019). (shrink)

O conceito de narratividade tem sido frequentemente utilizado entre filósofos da mente que pretendem compreender criticamente a questão da identidade pessoal na filosofia contemporânea. Trata-se de pensá-la como uma teia narrativa que se desenrola durante a vida. Ao personagem narrado chamaríamos ‘eu’. Daniel Dennett e David Velleman são dois eminentes defensores deste tipo de visão. O presente artigo visa expor brevemente os pontos de aproximação entre estes autores, mas principalmente discutir um importante momento de afastamento entre eles, especialmente no que (...) tange à ideia de um módulo central narrativo, introduzida por Velleman e criticada por Dennett. Como contraposição à visão narrativa será, por fim, contraposta outra proposta de se pensar a identidade pessoal, como negação da narratividade, presente no pensamento de Galen Strawson. (shrink)

In the present chapter I try to determine to what extent the public policies adopted by Romanian governments following the fall of the communist regime contributed to alleviating the most egregious past injustice, the Holocaust. The measures taken for memorializing the Holocaust will be analysed through the lens of a mixed reparatory justice – relational egalitarian account. Employing such a framework entails a focus on symbolic reparations, meant to promote civic trust, social solidarity, and encourage the restoration of social and (...) cultural capital in societies affected by historical injustices. Such symbolic reparations can include public atonement, changing street names, establishing memorials, funding museums, including Holocaust study in the national curriculum, setting national days for the commemoration of the Holocaust, etc. The need for symbolic reparation has become increasingly clearer in the literature on Holocaust memorialization, and the present paper intends to go a step further, by providing researchers with a theoretical approach that can be used to make better sense of the effects of measures taken as part of the process of Holocaust remembrance. In the chapter I also address the issue of determining who the duty-bearers should be. I argue that there could be several indicators for reparatory justice, including in this case compensation programs and the establishment of institutions that would allow dialogue between descendants of the victims and descendants of the perpetrators, a sine qua non condition for restoring social trust in communities marked by violations of human rights, especially of such a scale as the Holocaust. (shrink)

A procura da evidência acompanha todo o esforço de veridição e constitui a forma prínceps da inteligibilidade. A via cartesiana da modernidade reforçou o papel da evidência como critério fundamental da verdade apodíctica. No entanto, a investigação sobre o quadro geral da evidência, os seus operadores e obscuridades é muito recente, devendo-se a Fernando Gil o contributo decisivo. O Tratado da Evidência (1993) e Modos da Evidência (1998) inauguram um programa de investigação, cuja fecundidade...