The problem is focused on showing how fundamental knowledge arises from two dominances in opposition. Such fundamental knowledge gives structure to texts whose content is dedicated to the teaching.

This open access book discusses individual, collective, and institutional responsibilities with regard to vaccination from the perspective of philosophy and public health ethics. It addresses the issue of what it means for a collective to be morally responsible for the realisation of herd immunity and what the implications of collective responsibility are for individual and institutional responsibilities. The first chapter introduces some key concepts in the vaccination debate, such as ‘herd immunity’, ‘public goods’, and ‘vaccine refusal’; and explains why failure (...) to vaccinate raises certain ethical issues. The second chapter analyses, from a philosophical perspective, the relationship between individual, collective, and institutional responsibilities with regard to the realisation of herd immunity. The third chapter is about the principle of least restrictive alternative in public health ethics and its implications for vaccination policies. Finally, the fourth chapter presents an ethical argument for unqualified compulsory vaccination, i.e. for compulsory vaccination that does not allow for any conscientious objection. The book will appeal to philosophers interested in public health ethics and the general public interested in the philosophical underpinning of different arguments about our moral obligations with regard to vaccination. (shrink)

The purpose of this study is to identify the elements that can be implemented to achieve an ethical infrastructure, in small and medium enterprises. The ethical infrastructure is considered as a set of formal and informal systems, leadership, climate and culture, related to ethical issues. The research was carried out through interviews and focus groups with managers from 28 companies in Madrid, all signatories to the Global Compact. The identified key elements in SMEs are leadership, informal managerial and formal communication. (...) This study also explores different factors that influence the effectiveness, implementation, and sustainability of the ethical infrastructure in SMEs, discovering some factors that can act as both accelerators and barriers such as pressure from customers. Additional findings regarding the concepts of ethics and corporate social responsibility in SMEs, dilemmas and characteristics of the culture and climate are also presented. (shrink)

A careful observation of the phenomenon of human life allows us to understand that from the beginning of the human life cycle until its destruction, the existence of each subject is deeply marked b...

Current research in Explainable AI includes post-hoc explanation methods that focus on building transparent explaining agents able to emulate opaque ones. Such agents are naturally required to be accurate and trustworthy. However, what it means for an explaining agent to be accurate and trustworthy is far from being clear. We characterize accuracy and trustworthiness as measures of the distance between the formal properties of a given opaque system and those of its transparent explanantes. To this aim, we extend Probabilistic Computation (...) Tree Logic with operators to specify degrees of accuracy and trustworthiness of explaining agents. We also provide a semantics for this logic, based on a multi-agent structure and relative model-checking algorithms. The paper concludes with a simple example of a possible application. (shrink)

El 3 de enero de 1889, en Turín, se produjo la primera crisis que callaría a aquel que se llamaba a sí mismo Dionisos o el Crucificado, o ambos a la vez. Ya en Basilea, a Nietzsche se le había diagnosticado "parálisis progresiva". En Jena, los médicos supusieron una infección sifilítica que se remontaba hacia 1866. Paradójicamente, a fines del mismo mes de enero se publicaba El ocaso de los ídolos y en la primavera de ese mismo año, cuando Nietzsche (...) parecía haberse olvidado de todo lo referente a su obra y de sí mismo, se publicaba Nietzsche contra Wagner. (shrink)

Born in 1945, John Lane Bell is not only one of the greatest logicians of our time, but he is also one the most gifted in the art of writing, as witnessed by the success of his introductory texts, many of which were originally written as lecture notes: their essential clarity is an exemplar of the Attic style. More generally, Bell’s works are a rare example of how rigour and sophisticated elegance can coexist.

Clinical ethics consultation has become an integral part of healthcare, serving as a mechanism to navigate complex moral dilemmas that arise in medical practice. The critical dialogue method, as described by Delany et al 1, presents a structured approach that emphasises the role of dialogue in resolving ethical issues. This method is designed to enhance moral clarity and confidence among healthcare professionals, thus improving clinical decision-making. The following commentary delves into the practical application of the critical dialogue method’s seven facilitation (...) steps, analysing real-world cases to illustrate its effectiveness and identifying potential challenges, particularly in culturally diverse settings. The critical dialogue method is structured around seven facilitation steps that steer the ethical deliberation process. These steps are intended to foster a systematic and reflective discussion, prompting participants to consider diverse perspectives and work towards a consensus on ethical matters. The seven steps,1 initiation of dialogue,2 exploration of perspectives,3 identification of ethical principles,4 deliberation on options,5 consensus building, (6) implementation of the decision and (7) reflection and evaluation, are outlined in figure 1. Figure 1 The seven facilitation steps in practice by Delany et al.1 The critical dialogue method has the potential to significantly enhance clinical …. (shrink)

Many parents are hesitant about, or face motivational barriers to, vaccinating their children. In this paper, we propose a type of vaccination policy that could be implemented either in addition to coercive vaccination or as an alternative to it in order to increase paediatric vaccination uptake in a non-coercive way. We propose the use of vaccination nudges that exploit the very same decision biases that often undermine vaccination uptake. In particular, we propose a policy under which children would be vaccinated (...) at school or day-care by default, without requiring parental authorization, but with parents retaining the right to opt their children out of vaccination. We show that such a policy is likely to be effective, at least in cases in which non-vaccination is due to practical obstacles, rather than to strong beliefs about vaccines, ethically acceptable and less controversial than some alternatives because it is not coercive and affects individual autonomy only in a morally unproblematic way, and likely to receive support from the UK public, on the basis of original empirical research we have conducted on the lay public. (shrink)

A mudanza climática representa un desafío urxente para as democracias modernas e para as formas de acción colectiva organizadas para loitar contra as consecuencias das alteracións climáticas. Ante isto, poden os sistemas democráticos evolucionar para enfrontar estes desafíos? O presente traballo deseña unha reformulación da democracia liberal baseada en dous principios xerais: a sostenibilidade e a democratización da democracia. Tendo en consideración que as consecuencias xeradas pola mudanza climática terán un impacto considerábel nas formas sociais de organización, analizarei o vencello (...) entre sostenibilidade e democracia; en primeiro lugar, para definir de que vou falar cando falo de sostenibilidade. En segundo lugar, para estudar como os novos riscos orixinados polas alteracións climáticas esixen dunha revisión das formas representativas de democracia. (shrink)

A Political Life is the compelling autobiography of Norberto Bobbio, one of the foremost political thinkers in postwar Italy. In dramatic and lively prose, Bobbio guides us through some of the most significant events of the twentieth century, charting their influence on his life and work. Born in 1909, Norberto Bobbio's early life was marked by the experience of growing up in Mussolini's Italy - an experience that helped to shape his passionate commitment to the anti-fascist cause. As a result (...) of these early experiences, Bobbio has tirelessly emphasized the fundamental, unassailable importance of democratic rights in the modern state. He has been a voice of reason and moderation in a political context where democratic values have often been threatened by extremes. This masterly autobiography traces the development of Bobbio's political thought, providing a penetrating analysis of the changing political landscape of Italy. At the same time, it represents an intimate account of Bobbio's personal experiences, giving a rare insight into the life and work of this distinguished thinker.A Political Life will be of great interest to students and scholars of social and political theory and of Italian politics, as well as to a general readership interested in political biography and contemporary politics. (shrink)

Michel Foucault and Roberto Esposito have been two of the most influential biopolitical thinkers of the twentieth century, but their respective approaches to the relationship between life and politics do not address the main problem of the Anthropocene: the relationship between life and energy. Thus, this article analyzes the biophysical limits of biopolitics in the works of Foucault and Roberto Esposito and, to overcome these limits, it proposes to analyze the physiological assembly of the devices of power within the energetic (...) flows of social metabolisms. The article concludes that the physio-political approach to human societies allows us to overcome the biophysical limits of both Foucauldian biopolitics and Esposito's immunological paradigm. (shrink)

Papers of the international conference "Franz von Baader: Philosophie und Theologie im Spannungsfeld von Technik, Naturwissenschaft und Geschichte" held Oct. 3-6, 2013 in Dresden.

La democracia hizo que los sentados a la mesa fuésemos más. Que pudiéramos tener mejores productos y más cocineros. Que el sabor no tuviese que pedir permiso para poder viajar. Que los aromas no fuesen detenidos por alcabalas ni en aduanas. Con la libertad se come mejor. La posibilidad de escoger se agranda hasta volverse casi infinita. La presencia de la democracia, y también su ausencia y restricciones, se observan no sólo en la calle y en la prensa sino también (...) y mejor en la mesa cotidiana. La libertad se olfatea, se bebe y se mastica. La democracia en la mesa tiene también su precio. Los malos, el engaño y la especulación forman parte del proceso. Saber escoger implica saber vivir. Table and FreedomDemocracy increased the number of those sitting at the table. It made possible for us to have better products and more cooks; for flavor not to ask for permission to be able to travel around; for aromas not to be detained by checkpoints or customs. With freedom one eats better. The possibility to choose grows larger, ultimately becoming almost infinite. The presence of democracy, and also its absence and restrictions, can be noticed not also in the street and the press, but also, and in a better fashion, at the ordinary table. Freedom can be smelled, drunk and chewed. Democracy at the table also has its price. The delinquents, deceit and speculation are part of the process. The art of choosing entails knowing the art of living. (shrink)

L’articolo ragiona intorno al film-saggio Histoire(s) du cinéma (1988-1998) di Jean-Luc Godard e si sofferma in particolare su un controverso montaggio in cui il regista francese accosta estratti da un film pornografico, Freaks di Tod Browning e riprese dai campi di concentramento. In questa sequenza Godard sottopone a una verifica estrema la sua teoria del montaggio, l’idea della riconciliazione, destinata a produrre scintille di pensiero, tra realtà contrapposte. Questa forzatura delle immagini richiama un’analoga forzatura del testimone mostrata in una scena (...) del documentario Shoah di Claude Lanzmann. Interpretando lo shock prodotto dal montaggio delle Histoire(s), l’articolo approfondisce il tema della degradazione dello statuto indessicale della pellicola, dei limiti della rappresentazione, dell’etica dello sguardo. (shrink)

La inteligencia artificial doxástica (IAD) es un tipo de inteligencia artificial que reproduce actitudes doxásticas. Si la IAD cumple con las condiciones de paridad epistémica que se le exige a un humano, ¿podría ser también un igual epistémico? Dos iguales epistémicos sostienen propiedades cognitivas simétricas como la inteligencia, el razonamiento o la ausencia de sesgos. Para evaluar si alguien es un igual se tendrán en cuenta estas condiciones: (1) la igualdad probatoria, (2) la igualdad cognitiva y (3) revelación completa. La (...) IAD cumple tanto (1) como (2), pero es en (3) cuando se descubre que no puede ser un igual epistémico. Ésta responde con la opinión popular más aceptada estadísticamente, es incapaz de sostener y defender sus propias afirmaciones y éstas no son un genuino acto de habla. Es una máquina doxástica incapaz de señalar cuáles son las razones que guían su respuesta. (shrink)

Translated from the Italian by Dorothy Bonchino-Demmler.

Sally Haslanger's notion of ‘pure structural oppression’ is the idea of an institution or structure that is unjust independent of any and all agential wrongdoing, and for which no agent is liable. Haslanger argues that pure structural oppression is possible, but she does not defend it as a viable phenomenon in the actual world. The rough equivalent of ‘pure structural oppression’ in the racial domain is the ‘racism without racists hypothesis’. This is the claim that institutional racism without racist agents (...) is not just logically possible but probable under some set of viable circumstances. My aim in this paper is to clarify and assess two arguments for the racism without racists hypothesis. These are Haslanger's and Joshua Glasgow's arguments. I explain the limitations of their arguments as well as the general limitations of the hypothesis for a theory of racism. (shrink)

Molte ossessioni individuali, arcaismi culturali, nichilismi teoretici hanno in comune il tentativo di negare il tempo. E invece dal tempo non è possibile uscire se non cessando di vivere. Vita significa esattamente tempo vissuto, tempo consapevole di sé, tempo che scorre nel corpo, che è il corpo. Ego, vita e mondo costituiscono una radicale unità ontologica intessuta di tempo, il quale non è dunque un concetto, tanto meno è una forma logica o una metafora. Il tempo è il corpo stesso (...) che produce significati come il ragno fila la sua tela. La fenomenologia è il tempo che diventa consapevole di sé in una coscienza che lo sa. Il presente contributo articola tale unità di temporalità e semantica in un percorso che va dalla psicologia all’ontologia del tempo. (shrink)

A slow study of the letters written by Nietzsche in the last five years of his conscious life shows a suffering man who trans-values the sorrow of his body recognizing it as both a face and a mask. The subject fades within history, art, science, within the time that becomes eternal through the death and beyond it, through the speech that becomes the seal of the world. Despite every insufficient reading which underlines the pathological feature in Nietzsche’s last writings madness (...) has been a real fiction: it became the Great Health in which “it’s finished” and the ego multiplies and vanishes in “all the names of History”. (shrink)

The essay is subdivided into three parts. In the first and introductory one the current debate on human enhancement is presented, with specific reference to its interdisciplinary characteristics and to the aspects which explicitly challenge “the human condition” as a whole. The second and third parts attempt to frame the comprehensive area of questioning opened by such a perspective, which is grounded in the practical philosophy of Aristotle – a model that seems particularly neglected within the human enhancement debate. Specifically, (...) part two is devoted to a “rehabilitation” of the theory of justice and fairness developed in the Nicomachean Ethics. In turn, part three goes into detail with reference to the taxonomy used, and tries to sketch out a possible area of theoretical application regarding both the rights of restoring and possible criteria of legitimate advantage. The proposal outlined is also integrated by a synthetic list of possible points of criticism which might be taken seriously into account in a wider and deeper exploration of this approach to the topic. (shrink)

El artículo intenta mostrar la unión entre el mundo civil y el mundo metafísico como un principio rector de la antropología, la gnoseología y la teoría política de Vico. La relación entre sentido común y libre albedrío es examinada en conexión con las modificaciones de la mente y con la Práctica de la Ciencia Nueva. This paper aims to show that the connection between the civil and the metaphysical world is a ruling principle in Vico’s anthropology, in his epistemology and (...) his political philosophy as well. The relationship holding between common sense and free will related with the modifications of mind and with the Practic of the New Science is finally assessed. (shrink)