El artículo analiza e interpreta la significación filosófica de la novela San Manuel Bueno, mártir, incidiendo en los temas principales que estructuran la obra, en especial bondad, compasión y amor, y atendiendo a la significación del secreto de Don Manuel y su relación con la recepción de Pascal por parte de Unamuno.

El artículo aborda los modos de vivir la incertidumbre en el caso de Montaigne, Pascal y Unamuno, teniendo en cuenta la lectura que Pascal hizo de Montaigne y Unamuno de Pascal. Montaigne, que denunció las falsas certezas y exploró las contradicciones de la condición humana y del propio yo, finaliza aceptando la limitación y cultiva el arte de saber vivir. Pascal también exploró las ambivalencias de la condición humana, pero, a diferencia de Montaigne, considera que el ser humano no encuentra (...) el sustento en sí mismo, de ahí su referencia a un Dios oculto, certeza incierta. Por último, Unamuno, próximo a la sensibilidad de Pascal, destacó la dolorosa incertidumbre sobre la pervivencia más allá de la muerte. Su San Manuel Bueno, mártir ilustra la apuesta pascaliana: cómo vivir procurando el cuidado y el contento de los demás, a pesar de la incertidumbre citada. En su caso, la congoja orienta su acción y le hace vivir y obrar con extrema generosidad. (shrink)

The article analyzes and interprets the feeling of nature in the work of Miguel de Unamuno, within the framework of his poetic philosophy, highlighting his affinity with Rousseau. Selecting and analyzing some of his writings, the feelings of fullness and tranquility that Unamuno experiences in contact with nature are tackled. In his love of nature, personalizing the living, don Miguel found both the joy of living and the peace that it made him recover strength to start new battles. Far from (...) the agonist Unamuno, the analyzed writings reveal the contemplative who enjoys life and experiences its fullness. (shrink)

A vinculação do nome de Kant com o de Rousseau tem sido objecto de numerosos estudos desde o século XIX. Nesta linha, o objectivo do presente artigo é fazer um levantamento da problemática da compaixão presente nos dois autores. Com efeito, tanto Kant como Rousseau consideram que a compaixão é um sentimento natural, mas ambos diferem entre si no que respeita ao valor moral que lhe deve ser outorgado. Para Rousseau, a compaixão é a raiz da benevolência e de todos (...) os valores humanitários. Em Kant, porém, verifica-se uma certa evolução quando se trata de avaliar este sentimento. No começo, ressaltam sobretudo os aspectos negativos: Kant considera que a compaixão é expressão de debilidade y passividade e sublinha a sua cegueira. Apesar disso, a separação rígida entre o mundo sensível e o inteligível atenua-se no segundo livro da Metafísica dos Costumes, no qual se outorga um papel instrumental à compaixão. Aqui, a compaixão é valorizada positivamente como um sentimento que fomenta a benevolência fundada na razão, donde se segue o dever de a cultivar, sendo a sua uma validade provisória, prevalecendo enquanto os recursos morais do dever não sejam suficientes. Nesta medida, para Kant a compaixão constitui "uma predisposição natural muito útil para a moralidade em relação com os outros homens" (Metafísica dos Costumes, 2; II, 17). Assim, Kant acaba por considerar que a compaixão é um impulso que a natureza colocou em nós em ordem a levar-nos a fazer aquilo que a representação do dever por si só não lograria. Segundo o artigo, esta nova valorização da compaixão em Kant é precisamente um eco de Rousseau para quem a compaixão é também um sentimento perfectível que faz amar a virtude. /// The establishment of a link between the names of Kant and Rousseau has been the object of numerous studies since the 19th century. In this sense, the aim of the present article is to clarify the issue of compassion in the works of the two philosophers. As a matter of fact, both Kant and Rousseau understand compassion as a natural feeling. But the two differ when it comes to the understanding of the moral value that we should attribute to that feeling. For Rousseau, compassion is the root of benevolence and of all the other humanitarian values. In Kant, however, a certain evolution can be found when it comes to an evaluation of this feeling. At an early stage, Kant begins by underlining its negative aspects. For example, the philosopher of Königsberg considers that compassion is an expression of weakness and passivity and underscores its blindness. Nevertheless, the rigid separation between the sensible and the intelligible world is mitigated in the second book of The Metaphysics of Morals, where compassion is endowed with an instrumental role. Compassion is here evaluated positively as a feeling that fosters the benevolence that is founded in reason, a statement from which Kant derives the need to cultivate it, even if its validity is provisory, since it remains as long as the moral resources of duty are not sufficient. Accordingly, Kant considers compassion to be "a natural predisposition, highly useful, for morality in relation to the other human beings" (The Metaphysics of Morals, 2; II, 17). In this way, Kant ends up considering compassion as an impulse that nature has placed in the human being in order to lead him to do the things that a mere representation of duty alone would be unable to achieve. According to the article, this new evaluation of compassion in Kant is precisely an echo of Rousseau, for whom compassion is a perfectible feeling by means of which we come to love virtue. (shrink)

As imagens do maremoto do dia 26 de Dezembro de 2004 fazem-nos necessariamente perguntar: que podemos nós fazer perante catástrofes de tais dimensões? Como é possível tanto sofrimento? Para os filósofos do Iluminismo, o terramoto que assolou a cidade de Lisboa há 250 anos, no dia 1 de Novembro de 1755, foi também ocasião para reflectir sobre a condição humana e aprofundar a crença num Deus Omnipotente e Providente. Cassirer assinalou que a polémica mantida entre Rousseau e Voltaire contribuiu de (...) forma decisiva para a secularização do problema do mal. Voltaire no seu poema "Sobre o desastre de Lisboa" insistiu, tal como Job, na queixa e no protesto, no escândalo puro e duro perante a radicalidade do problema do mal, o qual, de forma alguma, o racionalismo leibniziano não alcançava compreender. Longe do optimismo que ele próprio tinha mantido noutros momentos, Voltaire adoptou um tom trágico por ele classificado de "paciente" diante das coisas que não podemos alterar. Por seu lado, Rousseau, o qual no dia 18 de Agosto de 1756 escreveu uma longa carta a Voltaire, quis sempre manter viva, apesar de tudo, a sua crença na Providência e extremou as res-ponsabilidades humanas que contribuem para acrescentar os efeitos das catástrofes. A opção de Rousseau foi deixar maior espaço para a esperança, tanto na vida futura, como nas possibilidades de a praxis humana construir um futuro melhor. Por ocasião do Terramoto de Lisboa, os dois filósofos viram-se obrigados a aprofundar as suas crenças e esforçaram-se por compreender a negatividade de uma realidade em que urgia converter a compaixão e os sentimentos humanitários naquilo a que hoje danamos o nome de solidariedade. /// The powerful images of the tsunami of the 26 th December 2004 make us raise the question: What can we do in the presence of disasters of such apocalyptic dimension? How is such a great suffering possible? For the philosophers of the Enlightenment, the earthquake that destroyed the city of Lisbon 250 years ago, on the 1 st of November 1755, was also occasion for a reflection on the human condition and for a deepening of the belief in a God that is omnipotent and provident. Cassirer noted that the polemics maintained between Rousseau and Voltaire was a major contribution for the secularization of the problem of evil. In his poem "On the disaster of Lisbon", Voltaire insisted, as another Job, in the complain and in the protest, in the scandal before the radicalism of the problem of evil, which the leibnizian rationalism was totally unable to understand. Far from the optimism that Voltaire himself had previously defended, he adopts now a tragic tone which he considered a manifestation of patience before the things which we are unable to change. On his part, Rousseau, who wrote a long letter to Voltaire on August 18th, 1756, wanted to preserve, regardless of all the objections, his belief in Providence and insisted on the role played by human responsibility in the worsening of the effects caused by the natural catastrophes. Rousseau wanted to leave greater room for hope, being it in future life as well as in the possibilities of the human praxis in order to build a better future for humankind. On the occasion of the Lisbon Earthquake, the two philosophers saw themselves obliged to a deepening of their mutual beliefs and to put up an effort in order to give account of a reality in which the greatest urgency was to convert compassion and the human feelings in a reality to which we would today give the name of solidarity. (shrink)

La lectura de todo libro, de entrada, crea expectativas en el lector. Hay libros que consiguen despertar el interés a sabiendas de que han sido publicados gracias a la confluencia de diversos factores que prometen algo novedoso y de calidad. Este es el caso de la obra que nos ocupa, publicada por un Instituto que trabaja incansablemente por los Derechos Humanos, y que ha tenido a bien reconocer la obra y el compromiso humano de Raphael Lemkin, la persona que dio (...) su vida por dar nombre y luchar contra el infame delito del genocidio. A su vez, la edición corre a cargo de Donna–Lee Frieze, una profesora de la Universidad de Deakin, editora de la edición original en lengua inglesa de Totally Unoficial. The Autobiography of Raphael Lemkin y del profesor de Derecho Internacional Público y Relaciones Internacionales de la Universidad Alfonso X el Sabio de Madrid, impecable traductor y editor de esta obra en español Por su parte, el prólogo de esta Autobiografía ha salido de la pluma de un Académico de la RAE, Antonio Muñoz Molina y lleva por título: «El dueño de una sola palabra». (shrink)

Análisis de la interpretación de Blaise Pascal por parte de Miguel Unamuno, precisando lo que le unió al escritor francés en fondo y forma, y señalando asimismo lo que en realidad les separa. Después de resaltar el estilo compartido por los dos autores, se precisa el contenido de las referencias más importantes de Unamuno a Pascal en diferentes escritos. Todo ello muestra la interpretación de Pascal por parte de Unamuno como un espíritu «atormentado». Dicha interpretación se vio propiciada por el (...) estado de las ediciones de los Pensamientos de Pascal en vida de Unamuno, que no facilitaban distinguir el pensamiento propio de Pascal de su interlocutor, un escéptico al que quería incitar a buscar la fe en Dios. El artículo termina con una referencia a la presencia del argumento de la apuesta de Pascal en la novela San Manuel Bueno, mártir. (shrink)

The aim of the article is to analyse the Basic Vocational Training in order to better understand the significant segregation by sex that the data show, both in their access and in the specialties studied, based on the analysis of educational statistics. This analysis is complemented by the use of qualitative methodology through semi-structured interviews with 35 BVT students from five Valencian educational centres, an autonomous region with an important implementation of BVT. Theoretically, we start from Acker's consideration of educational (...) institutions as organizations with a gender mark that contribute to building hegemonic models of masculinity and femininity. The findings show the robustness of gender stereotypes are still identified that persist what we call gendered itineraries, which have an impact on educational decisions and future job transitions. (shrink)

Durante el siglo IV a. C. los intelectuales griegos discutieron sobre los alcances y características de la labor filosófica, en un intento por delimitar esta práctica distinguiéndola de otras. En este artículo me centraré en el retrato del sofista como contracara del filósofo. Analizaré específicamente la respuesta platónica al ataque que Isócrates dirige contra todos los discípulos de Sócrates en Contra los sofistas y Encomio de Helena. Defenderé que la estrategia de Platón para eludir dicha crítica consistió en construir en (...) el Eutidemo y la quinta definición del Sofista un personaje que reúne los rasgos más censurados por Isócrates: el sofista erístico. Argumentaré que esta figura no remite a los sofistas del siglo V a. C., sino que tras ella se encuentran ocultos los representantes del grupo megárico, a quienes Platón habría colocado como los principales merecedores de la embestida isocrática. During the fourth century BC, Greek thinkers discussed about the limits and characteristics of philosophy in order to distinguish it from other practices. In this paper, I will focus on the portrait of sophists as diametrically opposed to philosophers. Specifically, I will discuss the platonic answer to the charge that Isocrates directed against all Socrates’ disciples in the treatises Against the Sophists and Encomium of Helen. I will defend that Plato’s strategy to avoid his critics was to develop, in the Euthydemus and the fifth definition of the Sophist, a character that combines the most significant attributes censured by Isocrates: the eristic sophist. I will argue that this figure does not refer to the Sophists of the fifth century BC., but to the Megaric group. They would have been those who, according to Plato, really deserved the Isocratic attack. (shrink)

Hastings Center Report, Volume 52, Issue S1, Page S39-S41, March‐April 2022.

Medical-Legal Partnerships (MLPs) have been widely acclaimed for promoting health equity and achieving meaningful outcomes. Yet, little to no research has analyzed if this critical work has been done with communities — through meaningful engagement and building power — or if it has been done for communities without their involvement.

El presente artículo pretende proponer una reflexión sobre la vida buena desde la filosofía de la enfermedad. Asume que para entender los desafíos que la enfermedad suscita a nivel social y político vale la pena concebir el cuerpo como frontera. Esta idea de frontera, presentada por Anzaldúa, permite comprender tres relaciones esenciales: la particular comprensión de identidad del sujeto enfermo que en suma complejiza toda forma de identidad personal; la relación entre tecnología y cuerpo en la condición de una vida (...) buena desde la perspectiva posthumanista, y, finalmente, la comprensión de una biopolítica que, al asumir la radicalidad de la relación entre enfermedad y salud, reconduzca a nuevas prácticas sociales de la vida buena. (shrink)

Este trabajo pretende mostrar que la suspensión es la temporalidad inmanente a la noción de éxodo en Paolo Virno, a través de la potencia negativa tal como es entendida en el pensamiento de G. Agamben. La argumentación se articulará en tres momentos: en primer lugar, atenderemos a la lectura de “El Fragmento de las máquinas” de los Grundrisse de Marx que realiza Paolo Virno, en la que sostiene que la propia naturaleza del General Intellect implica que una parte importante de (...) los conocimientos no sea susceptible de ser depositada en las máquinas, sino que contiene como condición necesaria su manifestación directa del trabajo vivo y, por tanto, en fuerza de trabajo; en segundo lugar, analizaremos cómo el cuerpo biológico del individuo, en tanto que potencia puesta a producir, es el fundamento de la biopolítica; y, finalmente, nos adentraremos en el pensamiento de G. Agamben para sostener la tesis planteada. (shrink)

This paper analyzes the implications that the linguistic formulation of the marriage provision of the Spanish Constitution of 1978 had for securing the passage in 2005 of Law 13/2005, which legalized same-sex marriage. By claiming that a semantic omission in the original legal text was a marker of distributiveness, SSM supporters aimed to avoid a constitutional amendment, and succeeded in doing so. This linguistic argument, based on implicitness, was instrumental as a subsidiary argument of political moral argumentation. Linguistic meaning therefore (...) contributed decisively to both the legal meaning of the marriage provision and the content of the law. I argue, against some assumptions in the literature stating otherwise, that linguistic meaning should not be dismissed in constitutional interpretation and adjudication. (shrink)

The concept of ‘resistance’ has turned into a critical tool in different areas of political, philosophical and sociological thought. At the same time, the notion seems to be as productive as it is diffuse. ‘Resistance’ is used in very specific contexts in scientific or technical disciplines, and with extreme flexibility in social and cultural studies. In the latter two areas, the concept is often used without prior reflection on its characteristics and limitations. In What is Philosophy?, Deleuze provides a possible (...) framework for conceiving cultural and political practices of resistance as positions of force, when he defines contraction as ‘a contemplation that preserves the preceding in the following’. The purpose of this article is to understand political ecologism in its activist and poetical dimensions, in light of a Deleuzian interpretation of resistance. (shrink)

The society of the information is based on the ability of humans to communicate in real time. This is possible thanks to the emission of electromagnetic waves. In this work it is discussed, by analyzing the round trip time parameter, if it is possible to expand the society of the information out of the Earth. The results show that the value of the speed of light limits this expansion. Real time applications, such as videogaming, remote surgery, or voice conversations, are (...) only possible on Earth and its proximities, which indicates that there could be a relation between real time telecommunications on Earth and the anthropic principle. (shrink)

Firms face mounting pressure to appoint ethical leaders who will avoid unnecessary risk, scandal and crisis. Alongside mounting evidence that narcissistic leaders place organizations at risk, there is a growing consensus that women are more ethical, transparent and risk-averse than men. We seek to interrogate these claims by analyzing whether narcissism is as prevalent among women CEOs as it is among men CEOs. We further analyze whether narcissistic women CEOs take the same types of risk as narcissistic men CEOs. Drawing (...) on social role and token theories, we test hypotheses related to gender differences in the prevalence and impact of CEO narcissism on firm-level practices. Using a unique dataset that includes a large sample of CEOs of S&P 1500 companies from 1992 through 2014, we create a narcissism composite score for each CEO based on their photograph size in the annual report, and their cash earnings and non-cash earnings relative to the next highest paid executive. We find that women CEOs are less likely to exhibit narcissistic personality traits compared to men CEOs. Furthermore, we find that gender moderates the relationship between narcissistic CEOs and our outcome variables of risk-taking and questionable behaviors. (shrink)

La pregunta que articula este artículo es acerca del tipo de sujeto que se esconde tras los requisitos formales del acto en Žižek. ¿Quiénes son los sujetos empíricos implicados en su concepción de acto? El acto lo es sin sujeto, carece de explicación causalista; sin embargo, si bien no aporta una noción positiva con contornos específicos y un contenido determinado, sí existe una dimensión sociológica implícita. ¿Dónde ubica sociológicamente ese “universal concreto”? Si el efecto más inmediato de lo que Žižek (...) denomina “posmodernismo” es la despolitización de la economía, ¿Quién es, entonces, el agente de la repolitización? ¿qué podría ocupar hoy el lugar de “posición proletaria”? Argumentamos que si bien Žižek se propone repetir Lenin contra las concepciones economicistas, su apuesta por el lumpen como “individuo universal” lo aproxima más bien a los planteamientos bakunianos contra Marx, al observar en las figuras de la exclusión un potencial sujeto revolucionario. (shrink)

Elite level sport lends itself to a highly competitive environment that encourages players to seek a competitive advantage in order to win. Since competition is an inherent condition that is also considered desirable in this setting, it may at first glance seem as if cooperation does not have any room in elite level sports. Sustainable cooperation can be mutually advantageous for players, but it only has a chance of coming into fruition if it is also in line with individual players' (...) self-interests. In order for morality and self-interests to align with one another, investment in the conditions is required. Alicia Bockel analyzes ways that players can invest in the conditions of sustainable cooperation for a mutual advantage despite a highly competitive sports environment. Contents Cooperation for Mutual Advantage Conditions of Cooperation Investment in the Conditions Target Groups Researchers, students, and teachers of sports ethics, economics, and business ethics. Practitioners and governing bodies in sports, athletes, and sport fans. The Author Dr. Alicia Bockel is a PhD graduate of HHL Leipzig Graduate School of Management, holds an MBA in Strategic Management from Sacred Heart University, and a B.A. in Religion and Psychology from Saint Leo University. (shrink)