The article is devoted to defining the essence of security, particularly national security, its interpretation, main features, structure, and factors. The research focuses on the main concepts of the modern understanding of national security and defines national security according to recent research. The authors have performed a structural and functional analysis of the system of national security of Ukraine, which would be an adequate counteraction to threats to vital national interests. The article examines the multi-vector interpretation and representation of the (...) security phenomenon with an increased focus on the axiological paradigm of postmodern society analysis. The cardinal role of postmodernism is considered as a manifestation of postmodern culture in the value dimension of social-political existence. Postmodernism, on the one hand, enabled new vectors of analytical understanding and perception of the security phenomenon. On the other hand, it introduced an imbalance and determined the crisis factor in the space of classical perception of security guarantors due to violating the established foundations and traditions. The rejection factor is seen as a core feature of postmodern social-political reality. The emphasis is given to the problem of the security standard in the security studies and the idea of the mutual determination of both national interests and national values. The article states the importance and priority of historical memory and the phenomenon of mentality in the context of future analytical discourses in the scope of Ukrainian security studies. (shrink)

У статті проаналізовані основні підходи сучасної християнської теології до проблеми спілкування. Обґрунтована її догматична специфіка та неможливість редукції до секулярних концепцій комунікації. Автор доходить висновку, що основою християнського концепту спілкування є тринітарний догмат, який закладає парадигму спів-буття іпостасей Бога в собі; Бога та людини; людини та людини одна з одною через Бога; Бога і християнської спільнотності людей.

The paper analyzes the problem of Trinitarian theology in the light of the communication paradigm and clarifying the outlines of a new ontology of personality that grows from the phenomenon of communication. The author of the article argues that communication event lays the foundation for a hypostatic being of the Divine Persons of the Trinity, providing its ontological unity. This dynamism of the divine hypostasis, implemented in their dialogue, shifts the focus from the fact who is the Divine Trinity, to (...) the space "between", in which their conversation is heard. The relation of each Hypostases of the Trinity - their relativity lays the foundation of the divine ontological being. The beginning of the Communion becomes a meeting of a man with God, which is made possible thanks to the special disposition of the first to hear the appeal of the Second - that is through the openness. Relationship with God is a ground for dialogue with neighbors and the rest of creation. For personal progress must keep the most perfect specimen to which to aspire. It is tempting to think of the approach of the Creator through attachment to the community of the faithful, the mystical body of Christ, and thus leads to ecclesiology. Ecclesiology, in turn, is the basis for the doctrine of the Divine Trinity. Proper understanding of form and essence of communion with God Everlasting between Trinity incarnation sets a benchmark that a person must take a sample to communicate as others. So Christian theology insists on the importance of internal communication as an opportunity to experience God in himself. Instead, God instead throwing its nature, is to do the opposite: passing over in silence the depths of the Godhead and give Him reveal to us the true personality. However, just before, standing, meeting and dialogue between man and man by God and is a prerequisite of full disclosure of the human person, its constitution and approach the transcendent source. (shrink)

The existing among scientists convention in terms of rather free use of the term "communication" has a number of warnings. They are connected with a great difficulty and diversity of human interaction processes. This article deals with the consideration of scientific, philosophical and theological connotations of the concept "communication". Some basic attributes of this phenomenon and the assignment of communication to perform mainly its information and representative functions with respect to its participants have been considered. The existing attempts to bring (...) up to date not only informational, but also existential contexts of this phenomenon in the scientific discourse and communicative philosophy determine the necessity of relative concepts consideration: dialogue, interrelations, communication. The starting point of communication is a common interest. Having an information component as basic, communication cannot be reduced to it only. It is supposed to have an emotional exchange between people, to have not only the result, but also a process and contextuality. Any intercourse is exceptionally considered in a unity with activity and relationships. Concerning the correlation of the concepts "communication" and "dialogue", it is worth mentioning that although these words are quite often used as synonyms, it is evident that not every communication is a dialogue, and accordingly, not every dialogue is under the dominant of communication. In a dialogue with another man mostly the subjective being is brought into the foreground. Dialogicity is characterized by a special relation of Other presence, development of interrelations, enriched with a lot of meanings: ontological, existential, and ethical. The denial of monologicality and also so-called manadologicality of a human personality, which constitutes the role of interrelations for the human personality's being, is mostly cleared up through the concept of intersubjectivity. Under such conditions subjectivity in all complexity of relations to its constituting world, also appears as the result of co-being with other people. The theological synonym of the concept "intersubjectivity" is the concept of "perichoresis", which is usually used in the same context, but exclusively in relation to a transcendental being - interpenetration of the hypostases of the Divine Trinity. (shrink)

Досліджується становлення та розвиток традиції християнської койнонії-громади як діалогічної форми соціальності: від часів перших століть християнства до доби Нового часу. Доведено, що койнонійний тип соціальності, сформувавшись за часів есхатологічного християнства, заснований на безпосередньому не відчуженому спілкуванні в модусах «учнівство» та «братство». За мірою трансформацій християнської громадськості та перетворенням християнства на державну релігію, відбулося посилення діалогу церкви з державою. Християнська громадськість перетворилася на об’єкт впливу й патерналістського піклування з боку означених комунікуючих сторін. Поступово формалізувався й статус православної громади, яка набула топологічних (...) і організаційних конотацій: спочатку у зв’язку з її міським розташуванням; потім із приналежністю до певного храму як осередку громади. Це й ознаменувало поступовий перехід від громади-койнонії до сучасної моделі – громади-парафії. Більш точно, враховуючи не лише парафіяльний, а й рівень єпископської громади – громади-еклезії. Що й узасадничило семантичний «дрейф» – від співжиття християнської громадськості як братерства у бік його топологічного (такого, що прикріплено до певного місця) або ж організаційного (такого, що прикріплено до організації) функціонування. Реформація поєднала християнську соціальну традицію з новою капіталістичною реальністю. Реформаторський рух XVI ст., ставши бунтом проти клерикалізму та ієрархічного свавілля, утворив новий консенсус між кліром та громадою, намагаючись відтворити первинний зразок громади-койнонії. У подальшому відбулися процеси адаптації протестантських церков до новочасних умов – у діалозі як з державою, так і з громадянським суспільством. (shrink)

Стаття присвячена окресленню паралелей між парадигмами філософії діалогу та богослов’я спілкування через зіставлення їх ключових концептів та ідей. Обгрунтовується когерентна лінія їх «розгортання», що виявляється в посиленні несубстанціалістського підходу до людської особистості з позицій важливості Іншого для її конституювання. З’ясовується, що з позицій як філософії діалогу, так і богослов’я спілкування автентична зустріч «Я» та «Ти» має своєю передумовою моменти відкритості, зміщення акценту з промовляння на слухання, співчуття та чуйність. Проте в богослов’ї спілкування діалог «Я» та «Ти» набуває нового змісту завдяки (...) присутності Трансцендентного Іншого. Розглядаються теоантропологічні перспективи перихорезису (теологічного аналога інтерсуб’єктивності) та посилення тринітарних мотивів у розумінні особистості в сучасній православній теології. Окреслено феноменологію спілкування, в її секулярному та теологічному контекстах, а також єдність відкритості, очікування, туги, поклику та відповіді, через які й здійснюється уся повнота співбуття-спілкування людини з Богом та іншими людьми. (shrink)

It is foreign languages that allow one to carry out one’s professional duties at the international level, in particular in the academic field. Besides, they are recognized as a key to the development of human culture, which opens new opportunities for international integration and deepens cultural, intellectual and communicative functions of languages. Considering its historical post-totalitarian specifics and social roles, the development of foreign language education in higher education institutions in Eastern Europe, in particular Ukraine, includes materialist and pragmatic and (...) partly postmodernist trends, which need to be studied and analyzed in the context of a modern, postcolonial society. The research aims to systematize theoretical issues and generalize the experience of developing foreign language education for future humanities teachers in pedagogical universities in Ukraine, as well identify some proper ways to implement authentic and world experience into the modern practice of training future foreign language professionals. The following pedagogical strategies are considered to be certain productive areas in the combination of classical and postmodernist trends in education: the integration of repetitive teaching methods and creative activity; the combination of modular and problem-based learning; the use of non-communicative models and cognitive strategies of foreign language education; the introduction of models of foreign language education, which make it possible to specify social, professional and research activity of the student’s personality; the reinforcement of extra-curricular activities in the context of foreign language education. (shrink)

New prospects for mankind in searching for and developing new sources of energy, arms race, overcrowding and ecological crises present the human with a serious choice. The choice may relate to the further existence of people on Earth. In the context of most challenging political, economic and social crises, the tandem of natural and human sciences produces unexpected results, despite the crises accompanying these processes. This article presents a model of the society and a model of the human in the (...) systemic parametrical aspect. The human is considered as part of the “society” system. The research suggests applying the systems parametric method developed by Prof. A. Uyemov in the 1960s. Humanity creates increasingly frequent bifurcation conditions for human life. As an adaptive mechanism, the human has to develop survival strategies and well-being strategies. The paper presents some aspects of the adaptive mechanisms of the 21st century man. It also considers some threats arising out of environmental variability. Cyborgization is one of such threats. The research includes dual system modelling of the “society” system based on the complementarity principle. It shows that there are two definitions which have different concepts, structures and substrates but constitute the entirety of the object of interest. (shrink)

Characterizing the first- and third-person perspectives is essential to the study of consciousness, yet we lack a rigorous definition of or criteria for these two perspectives. Our intuitive understanding of how personal pronouns help to specify the perspectives gives rise to mutually exclusive notions of the first-person perspective. This contradiction thwarts our progress in studying consciousness. We can resolve the current ambiguity of the first-person perspective by introducing a new distinction between the first-person and third-person perspectives, based on two modes (...) of consciousness: reflective and non-reflective. The purpose of this paper is to explain this new proposal, to elucidate the grounds for it, and to briefly suggest benefits from its use. (shrink)

Taftāzānī, Masʻūd ibn ʻUmar, 1322-1389?. Tahdhīb al-manṭiq wa-al-kalām.

This article is an attempt to sketch a philosophical view of money as a social phenomenon. I show that the way to understand the substance of money is to analyze its meaning as a medium of exchange in connection with its meaning as a purpose of exchange, thereby providing an investigation of its social value. This approach has been used by many of the great philosophers and economists of the past, but not today. Modern economics is a policy oriented theoretical (...) discipline and concentrates its efforts on solving practical tasks. I hope to contribute a philosophical approach to economic research. (shrink)

The article of Alla Aristova «Migrant crisis in Europe: challenges for interreligious relations» identifies and classifies main features of the current wave of migration from the Muslim countries to Europe, its differences from the previous migration inflows of the last century, and the potential impact on inter-religious relations, social and religious processes in European society.

In the article by Alla Aristova "Ukraine: Beyond the Boundaries of Religious Freedom", the changes in the confessional landscape, and in the level and quality of religious freedom that have occurred in recent years in the annexed and occupied territories of Ukraine are analyzed. The features of the religious situation on the Crimean peninsula and the Eastern regions of Ukraine are generalized.

Dans cet ouvrage, la philosophie de Rene Descartes nous apporte un discours nouveau sur le probleme relatif au rapport permanent entre la raison et la foi a partir de ses Meditations metaphysiques. Cette philosophie nous invite a nous questionner sur la necessite d un choix entre l engagement de croire et la liberte de savoir. Ce livre nous permet de mieux comprendre les enjeux d une telle problematique. Alla Marcellin Konin a partage l experience de plusieurs annees d enseignement (...) de la philosophie dans les Academies de Poitiers, de Nantes, de Caen et de Rouen en France. a l Universite de Poitiers et de Bordeaux 3, il a travaille sur la philosophie de la Nature et sur l Idealisme allemand. Mediateur dans les Organisations et Membre associe a MAPP (Metaphysique Allemande et Philosophie Pratique) de l Universite de Poitiers, il enseigne la philosophie a l Universite Felix Houphouet-Boigny de Cocody. Il poursuit actuellement ses recherches en philosophie de l histoire, en metaphysique, en philosophie morale et politique. Alla Marcellin Konin a partage l experience de plusieurs annees d enseignement de la philosophie dans les Academies de Poitiers, de Nantes, de Caen et de Rouen en France. a l Universite de Poitiers et de Bordeaux 3, il a travaille sur la philosophie de la Nature et sur l Idealisme allemand. Mediateur dans les Organisations et Membre associe a MAPP (Metaphysique Allemande et Philosophie Pratique) de l Universite de Poitiers, il enseigne la philosophie a l Universite Felix Houphouet-Boigny de Cocody. Il poursuit actuellement ses recherches en philosophie de l histoire, en metaphysique, en philosophie morale et politique.". (shrink)

The article investigates the issue of determination of activity as a social phenomenon in the context of the archetypal-value approach and proposes a methodology for analyzing social phenomena based on it. In particular, the principles of traditional praxeological and innovative archetypal-value approaches to activity are compared and common and distinctive features in their methodology are singled out. It is believed that the archetypal-value approach is relevant for the analysis of socio-cultural activities, because it takes into account three projections in which (...) it is carried out: personal as subjective, transpersonal as objective and interpersonal as intersubjective. From the position of socio-philosophical analysis, the generalization of the procedural characteristics of activity as its conceptual foundations is carried out. The analysis of the level and quality of the influence of archetypes on the activity is made on the basis of interpretation of archetypes in their connection with the concepts of “value”, “image”, “pattern”, “symbol”. The functional deterministic influence of archetypes and values presented in them on orientation and coordination, stereotyping and standardization, integration and systematization as indispensable components of any kind of activity is characterized. (shrink)

The present article deals with reported speech as an element of argumentation in the newspaper discourse of Great Britain viewed in the unity of its syntactic and semantic characteristics and argumentative functions. Theoretically, the research is based on the dialogic understanding of quotations, the dialogue theory by Bakhtin and contemporary argumentation theory. The proposed integral approach to reported speech combining linguistics with logic and argumentation theory revealed the relations between purely linguistic characteristics of reported speech with its functioning in argumentative (...) discourse of contemporary British press. (shrink)

У статті розглянуто питання особливостей глобалізаційного процесу на прикладі китайської традиційної культури. Зокрема автор зосереджує увагу на актуальному для сучасного філософського дискурсу питанні щодо способів поєднання нацією принципів культурної та соціальної традиційності зі світовими тенденціями постмодерного індустріального суспільства. Доводиться на прикладі китайської традиції, що на даному етапі розвитку Китаю вдається успішно застосовувати позитивні тенденції глобалізації у своїх національних інтересах, зокрема економічних, не втрачаючи при цьому культурної національної ідентичності. Автор обстоює думку, що ядром етнічної ідентичності китайців, їхньої несхожості на представників будь-яких (...) інших культур, стало конфуціанство, яке являє собою фундаментальне етико-соціальне вчення, що століттями формувало суспільні, культурні, моральні тощо цінності китайського етносу. Конфуціанська культура заснована на світському понятті «доброчесного мужа», носія головних моральних властивостей: справедливості і гуманності. Автор доходить висновку, що засадничим принципом глобальних процесів щодо китайської культури є опертя виключно на національні традиційні ментальні образи, які є навіки сталими, перманентними і непорушними. Стверджується, що сучасний стан інтеграційних та інноваційних процесів китайського суспільства має своєю передумовою активний пошук способів і шляхів розвитку соціокультурних інновацій на тлі економічної та культурної глобалізації, прагнення до модернізації та індустріалізації власної економіки та суспільства з метою розвитку його внутрішніх потреб, спираючись виключно на цінності традиційної культури. (shrink)

This historical essay presents an analysis of the origins and development of modern pharmacognosy in Ukraine and explores the founding and development of the Department of Pharmacognosy at the National University of Pharmacy (NUPh, Kharkiv), providing an overview of the department`s history, a framework of its educational and methodological processes, primary research directions, and its main achievements. The paper also includes biographical data and outlines the main scientific and pedagogical achievements of prominent individuals who made a significant contribution to the (...) development and formation of pharmacognostic and pharmaceutical science and education in Ukraine. Over the years, the staff of the pharmacognosy department has authored and published 14 monographs, 8 standard training programs, 25 textbooks, practical guides, and training manuals, 47 lecture notes, and 103 educational and methodological developments. Furthermore, 16 doctoral and 77 candidate theses have been defended at the Department of Pharmacognosy. The staff has also secured 63 author’s certificates and 171 patents, and published about 1,050 articles, 1,060 abstracts, and 16 monographs. In addition, the department has developed numerous medicinal products and therapeutic as well as preventive items that have been introduced into medical practice. These achievements create a solid background for the department’s fruitful development and future success. (shrink)

Against the background of Russia’s full-scale war against Ukraine, the question of an effective cultural policy that would support national identity, contribute to the purification of consciousness from propaganda myths and preserve the heritage of Ukrainian culture is becoming more acute. Since cultural policy is related to both aesthetic-artistic and cultural-anthropological dimensions of social life, in order to identify the effective influence of cultural policy on dominant social practices, it is necessary to find out the universal principles of its functioning. (...) The purpose of this article is to identify the relevant philosophical and methodological basis of cultural policy for modern Ukrainian realities. Based on the fundamental ideas of Richard Rorty’s pragmatic philosophy and his analysis of cultural policies, the generally accepted nature of the inferential approach to social reality on the part of individual social groups was ascertained. The variability of cultural policy depending on the type of social organization community/society is demonstrated. In small social groups of the authoritarian type, social epistemological authority is mediated by the individual preferences of the leader of this group, so the tools of cultural policy are weak (patriarchal family, religious or political sect). An authoritarian or totalitarian mass society shows a high propensity for linguistic practices of propaganda, which can be seen as an extreme distorted form of cultural politics. In democratic societies, cultural policy is able to harmonize social life, improving its practices and building a value-symbolic world that constitutes culture in a broad sense. The social institute of education has all the tools, including digital ones, to shape the necessary social practices and educate a critical thinker who is able to generate conceptual knowledge, i.e. see relationships and be aware. Openness in decision-making, interaction of expert groups, public discussions are necessary elements for an effective cultural policy, which should be different from “cultural management”. Creative cultural industries play an important role in modern popular culture societies, and these industries significantly strengthen the economic component of social life. Public projects and initiatives effectively help to preserve Ukrainian culture, influence the level of awareness of Ukrainians and the economic well-being of our country. (shrink)

If Spinoza is a thinker very present in the Faculties of Philosophy, on the other hand, he is presented as one of the great forgotten of the humanist programs of secondary education. Contrary to what happened with other philosophers, who had more chance of spreading in non-specialized contexts (we can cite Nietzsche, Pascal, Plato or Schopenhauer as obvious examples), Spinoza is generally considered a excessively systematic author, and complex, whose works would have been written for a small group of scholars. (...) Nothing could be further from the truth. Spinoza’s life was full of completely surprising events, from his estrangement from the Jewish community (which repudiated him in a strict and disagreeable way), through his dalliances with heterodox currents which gradually grew in power, until his meeting with Leibniz and his intrepid travels. from one part of his native Holland to another. In this article, we examine the concept of desire in Spinoza's philosophy and its connection to the philosopher's decision to find the greater good. Since the greatest good, in turn, is nothing but its own enjoyment, we conclude that ignoring its existence, seeking it, and living it are, respectively, the conditions of the vulgar, the philosopher, and the wise, as what happened in the Garden of Epicurus. (shrink)

Theorizing about children’s early development is beset with interpretational complexities. I argue that there is a general tendency to over-interpret the experimental findings, and that one of the main causes of this is the difficulty of disengaging from our adult frame of reference when theorizing about the young child’s mind. One domain where this holds is children’s ability to differentiate themselves from others. In relation to this I first critically analyze some cases of interpretational complexities, and then apply my methodological (...) and conceptual concerns to children’s perspective-taking abilities. This has a specific bearing on the classical false-belief task, which is a perspective-taking task. Part II proposes a new, what I call, a ‘Piagetian reading’ of the false-belief test. My new interpretation of the test suggests two different ways of perspective-taking of which one is egocentric in Piaget’s sense. Concluding Part III elaborates on some implications of the proposed reading of the test for a number of findings in the Theory-of-Mind field. (shrink)

Тема свободи є наскрізною для західної філософської традиції. Питання її тлумачення бентежило філософський дискурс Заходу з часів античності, находило свої варіанти у Середньовіччі, трансформувалося в Нові часи. У сучасному вигляді, але в мультиверсному розумінні, представлено постмодерністською філософською традицією. Автор статті порушує питання розуміння поняття «свобода» східною філософською традицією на прикладі раннього конфуціанства. Відзначається, що розуміння теми свободи у філософії у Давньому Китаю докорінно відрізняється від західного. Пояснюється, що терміна «свобода» в давній китайській традиції власне не існувало. Це поняття розумілося філософськими (...) течіями Китаю як само собою зрозуміле, а щодо конфуціанської традиції воно розчинялось у головних для неї питаннях – про природу людину та способи гідної соціальної взаємодії. (shrink)

Islamic philosophy; Islamic thought; Greek philosophy.

al-juzʼ 1. al-Mushkilāt al-falsafīyah -- al-juzʼ 2. Taṭawwur manāhij al-ʻulūm.

This book attempts to gain a new insight into the world of Philosophy.

Dr. Mashbad Al-Allaf presents and interprets the ideas and philosophy of the major figures of Islamic philosophy.

Criminal jurisdiction; international criminal courts.

Kitāb al-ʻibar. Muqaddimah by Ibn Khaldūn, 1332-1406; criticism and interpretation.