Cet ouvrage est une réédition numérique d’un livre paru au XXe siècle, désormais indisponible dans son format d’origine.

Este artigo reexamina o posto de Ramon Llull na história da pregação da Baixa Idade Média ocidental, tendo em vista as novas abordagens sobre o tema da pregação e sua relação com o espaço do político. Discute-se também o projeto luliano de fundação de uma Ordem militar unificada cuja finalidade era dar suporte à pregação e conversão do infiel consoante a função eclesial da cavalaria cristã. O estudo da concepção luliana de conversão do muçulmano exige uma posição metodológica cuidadosa, uma (...) vez que envolve sentimentos ligados à alteridade, à violência e à intolerância. Diante disso, evitar-se-á qualquer dissociação entre discurso e seus enunciadores, certo de que a violência se origina das relações sociais, não de pensamentos coletivos transistóricos descolados de uma específica situação espaciotemporal. As obras lulianas são apologéticas e polemistas e, por isso, não podem ser tomadas por descrições imediatas de uma suposta mentalidade intolerante ou persecutória, característica de um medievo anárquico, mas, ao contrário, registros, isto é, mediações em que certa retórica está sendo mobilizada para a promoção de interesses de certos sujeitos em detrimento de outros; é um jogo de poder em que alguns sujeitos se autolegitimam enquanto procuram deslegitimar os outros. (shrink)

David Bohm and the challenge of a fragmented society.

1. Partir en philosophie -- 2. La condition humaine.

Pobreza e educação: diálogos entre o passado e o presente, entre conformações e resistências docentes Resumo: Desde o século XIX, a pobreza tem sido objeto de governo em todos os âmbitos do Estado Brasileiro. No entanto, desde lá, a seu modo, a área educacional tem assumido fortemente essa tarefa para si, quer seja na política educacional ou na experiência docente. De fato, essa é uma questão importante, mas paradoxal. Por um lado, governam-se os pobres visando a sua liberdade; por outro, (...) para subjugá-los. A partir de aportes teórico-metodológicos de Michel Foucault, mas também de recortes analíticos de pesquisadores do campo da sociologia da educação e da história da educação brasileira, este artigo procura estabelecer diálogo com alguns aspectos atuais da experiência docente brasileira, tentando responder se, na prática, ela é capaz de analisar esse paradoxo e de agir frente a ele. Como conclusão, o artigo sugere que a analítica de tal questão depende, enormemente, da perspicácia da política educacional e dos professores para diagnosticarem o presente e o passado da educação, para, quem sabe, experimentar novas formas de educação com as populações pobres. Palavras-chave: Pobreza; Educação; Experiência docente. Poverty and education: dialogues between past and present, between conformations and resistance of teachers Abstract: Since the 19th century, poverty has been an object of government in all spheres of the Brazilian State. However, since then, the educational area has strongly assumed this task for itself in its own way, both in educational policy and in teaching experience. Indeed, this is an important but paradoxical issue. The poor are ruled with their freedom in mind on the one hand, and on the other, with their subjugation as an objective. Based on Michel Foucault's theoretical-methodological contributions, but also on analytical pieces by researchers in the field of sociology of education and the history of Brazilian education, this paper seeks to establish a dialogue with current aspects of the Brazilian teaching experience, trying to answer whether it is capable of analyzing this paradox and acting upon it in practice. In conclusion, the paper suggests that the analysis of such a matter greatly depends on the perspicacity of educational policy and teachers to diagnose the present and past of education in order to possibly experiment new forms of education with poor populations. Keywords: Poverty; Education; Teaching experience. Pauvreté et éducation: dialogues entre le passé et le présent, entre conformations et résistances des enseignants Résumé: Depuis le 19ème siècle, la question de la pauvreté a été l’objet du gouvernement dans tous les domaines de l’État brésilien. Cependant, depuis lors, à sa manière, le domaine de l'éducation a fortement assumé cette tâche, que ce soit en matière de politique éducative ou d'expérience d’enseignement. En fait, c'est une question importante, mais paradoxale. D'une part, les pauvres sont gouvernés pour leur liberté; mais aussi d'autre part, pour les soumettre. À partir des contributions théoriques et méthodologiques de Michel Foucault, mais également d'extraits analytiques de chercheurs dans le domaine de la sociologie de l'éducation et de l'histoire de l'éducation brésilienne, cet article cherche à établir un dialogue avec certains aspects actuels de l'expérience d'enseignement au Brésil, en essayant de répondre si, dans la pratique, elle est capable d'analyser ce paradoxe et d'agir face à ce dernier. En conclusion, l'article suggère que l'analyse d'une telle question depend, énormément, de la perspicacité de la politique éducative et des professeurs à diagnostiquer le présent et le passé de l'éducation, pour, on ne sait jamais, essayer de nouvelles formes d'éducation avec les populations pauvres. Mots-clés: Pauvreté; Éducation; Expérience d'enseignement. Data de registro: 14/05/2020 Data de aceite: 02/10/2020. (shrink)

This article will examine the role the first four ecumenical councils played in the controversial enterprises of John Jewel (1522-71) as well as two later early modern English theologians, Richard Hooker (1553-1600) and George Carleton (1559-1628). In three different polemical contexts, each divine portrays the councils as representing definitive catholic consensus not only for doctrine, but also ecclesiastical order and governance. For all three of these theologians, the manner in which the first four ecumenical councils were summoned and conducted, as (...) well as their enactments touching the Church’s life provided patristic norms for its rightful administration. Jewel, Hooker, and Carleton each argued that the English Protestant national Church as defined by the Elizabethan Settlement exemplified a faithful recovery of patristic conciliar ecclesiastical government as an essential component in England’s overall endeavor to return to the true Church Catholic. Jewel employed these councils in order to impeach the Council of Trent’s (1545-63) status as a general council, and to justify the transfer of the authority of general councils to national and regional synods under the direction of godly princes. Hooker proposes the recovery of general councils as a means of achieving Catholic consensus within a Christendom divided along national and confessional lines while at the same time employing the pronouncements of the first four general councils to uphold the authoritative patristic and catholic warrant for institutions and practices retained by the Elizabethan Church. Finally, amid the controversy surrounding the Oath of Allegiance during the reign of James VI/1 (r. 1603-25), George Carleton devoted his extensive examination of these councils to refute papal claims to coercive authority with which to depose monarchs as an extension of excommunication. In so doing, Carleton relocates this ‘coactive jurisdiction’ in the ecclesiastical authority divinely invested in the monarch, making the ruler the source of conciliar authority, and arguably of catholic consensus itself. (shrink)

The article analyzes a variation in the conditions of production of Gilles Deleuze’s philosophical thought based on joint production with Félix Guattari. The article is divided into three parts: firstly, we analyze the influence of structuralism on Deleuze’s work, mainly through the author’s own text on this current of thought and its influence on the construction of the notion of “idea” in Difference and Repetition. In a second movement, we analyze the appearance of the notion of “machines” in Guattari’s work (...) Psychoanalysis and Transversality and its protagonism in the authors’ first joint work, Anti-Oedipus. Finally, we analyze the role that machines play in defining concepts, in the authors’ latest joint work. In addition to methodological aspects, we argue that the variation from structuralism to machinism has epistemological and ontological ramifications, which are decisive for the authors’ reading. (shrink)

Philosophical critiques are prone to relapse into a sort of entrenchment in which the basic elements of a philosophy are kept from exposure, so that instead of advancing, philosophy easily becomes compartmentalized into specific trends. This article thus seeks the conditions of a non-entrenched, open-field philosophical critique in general and, in particular, of an open-field critique of Harman’s OOO (object-oriented ontology). For that purpose, the idea of precariousness is introduced, which is then confronted with some ideas concerning philosophical critique and (...) practice, in particular those of François Laruelle. Since we can find in Harman’s OOO an outline of what we call here an open-field critique, the field of combat against Harman will be the one concerning the idea of an open field itself. (shrink)

We consider motivations for acknowledging that people participate in multiple levels of economic agency. One of these levels is characterized in terms of subjective utility to the individual; another, frequently observed, level is characterized in terms of utility to social groups with which people identify. Following Bacharach, we describe such groups as ‘teams’. We review Bacharach’s theory of such identification in his account of ‘team reasoning’. While this conceptualization is useful, it applies only to processes supported by deliberation. As this (...) is only one of a range of causal mechanisms underlying behaviour by humans and other strategic agents, a more general account is desirable. We then argue that Stirling’s account of ‘conditional games’ achieves the desired generalization. (shrink)

Il apparaîtra, en des termes explicites, que nous cherchons, prioritairement, à nous distinguer de cette lecture à livre ouvert, immédiate, qui caractérise une certaine école du commentaire de l'œuvre, qui suppose que la vérité du ...

Ainslie does not formally incorporate risk and uncertainty in his framework for modelling impulses and willpower. To provide a complete account of the motivational bases of choice behaviour, Ainslie should extend his framework to incorporate risk attitudes and subjective beliefs.

Le possible s'y revele a l'etat pur et c'est pourquoi le titre en devient un verbe actif; Le Sera.

gegenstand der vorliegenden Arbeit ist die Reformdiskussion und Gesetzgebung zum Tatbestand der Kindestotung gemass 217 a.F. StGB von 1870 bis zu dessen Aufhebung durch das Sechste Gesetz zur Reform des Strafrechts am 1. April 1998.".

On sait que, selon Rousseau, la voix de la conscience se prononce dans l'instant et ratifie immédiatement le bien que la raison lui présente. La corruption tenace que fortifie le progrès des connaissances, le tumulte des conversations ou des spectacles empêchent cependant l'homme moderne d'écouter sa conscience, au moment où la société requiert son engagement: l'actualité des rapports corrompus qui enserrent l'individu prend le pas sur la présence en son coeur des impératifs moraux. C'est la rajson pour laquelle la philosophie (...) morale de Rousseau ne peut nullement se dispenser d'une théorie de la mémoire: celle-ci permet de dégager le dictamen de la conscience des passions passagères qui nous asservissent aux contemporains; elle dégage l'horizon d'une liberté authentique et d'une responsabilité qui fait toute la permanence de la personne, au regard de l'immortalité de l'âme. En somme, nous montrons ici qu'aux yeux de Rousseau, la réforme s'accomplit dans un récit de cor version. (shrink)

Athée de système, athée vertueux, Spinoza a disparu sous le spinozisme, lui-même réduit à une forme d'athéisme, buteur a voulu poser la question de cette résistance à l'Éthique et retrouver Spinoza sous le spinozisme. Il fallait pour cela être dans l'Éthique, dans un livre dont l'écriture more geometrico cache un déplacement inédit. Chez les adversaires de Spinoza, la résistance au texte montre que Spinoza institue un mode nouveau et inouï de positionnement du lecteur. À la lecture de l'Éthique, on comprendra (...) ce que signifie pour le sujet, être effet de texte : le lecteur est construit par sa lecture, ce qui configure une théorie du sujet absolument nouvelle. Il fallait partir des réfutations de Spinoza pour mesurer, contre le prestige du cogito cartésien et de sa méthode, ce que peut être l'assujettissement du moi à un ordre dont il est l'effet et non le principe. Et ordre se prend en deux sens. Ordre de l'infini actuel auquel la puissance du sujet s'intègre, or en proférant une imputation de spinozisme, les adversaires de Spinoza ont privilégié une théorie de la substance sans travailler sur une théorie de la puissance. Ordre d'un livre jouant de la géométrie comme d'une rhétorique et qui procède par allers et retours. Se placer dans l'Éthique pour la lire, c'est assumer cette détermination du lecteur se constituant par ces déplacements réitérés. L'ordre de la lecture est infini et symbolise avec l'infini actuel dont il est l'effet "--Page 4 of cover. (shrink)

A partir do século XN, devido em grande parte à influência de Guilherme de Ockam e à divulgação de seu pensamento, o Nominalismo torna-se corrente dominante ao se tratar do problema dos universais. No presente trabalho examina-se como a questão é colocada na obra de Francisco Suárez.

Suárez, talvez o principal expoente da Escolástica do século XVI, em suas Disputationes metaphysicae, trabalha, entre outros temas, o do conceito objetivo. Atendo-se principalmente à disputação 2, secção n• 1, procura-se mostrar a fecundidade de tal noção, desenvolvendo, para tanto, os temas: o conceito formal enquanto ato mental e enquanto imago, a doutrina da denominação extrínseca: a denominação extrínseca e os entia rationis, a denominação extrínseca e os possíveis.

Le concept logico-métaphysique d¿éminence trouve une abondante illustration dans l¿oeuvre de Descartes. On se doit de l¿interpréter au travers des usages qui en furent connus de l¿auteur des Méditations, que ce soit selon les perspectives créationnistes de Suarez de Salamanca ou de Grégoire de Valencia, que ce soit selon celle, dans l¿acte interne divin, qu¿expose Gibieuf. Les conséquences pour l¿étude du concept de ¿cause de soi¿ en sont considérables aussi bien en métaphysique qu¿en physique.