This entry provides an opinionated overview of key epistemological debates regarding experts. To comprehend, justify, and enhance our practices of trusting, utilising, and depending on experts' judgments, it is crucial to clarify the characteristics of experts and the means of identifying those who exemplify them. Consequently, this entry examines and evaluates accounts of the main characteristics of experts. Furthermore, it discusses indicators of experts that help recognise experts and considers to what extent they are accessible to other experts and laypersons.

This essay explores the roles of ideas in progressive social movements, with special attention to ideas rooted in religion. Religion in part because it plays an important role in many social movements, both faith-based and secular. In addition, examining religion can help us understand the role of ideas in movements more generally, for several reasons. First, attention to religion’s role in social movements underlines the importance of the content of ideas – why some resonate and inspire, while others fall flat. (...) Second, religious ideas are often embedded in narratives that connect present events to sacred history or transcendent values. Third, religious ideas are part of popular culture, familiar and “normal” to many potential activists. Religious roots can make progressive political proposals less threatening and more palatable. Finally, like all ideology, religious ideas are shaped by material institutions and structures, at the same time they have an influence on these forces. (shrink)

Recent health legislation in Norway significantly increases access to specialist care within a legally binding time frame. The paper describes the contents of the new legislation and introduces some of the challenges with proliferations of rights to health care. The paper describes some of the challenges associated with the proliferation of legal rights to health care. It explains the benefits of assessing the new law in the light of a rights framework. It then analyses the problematic aspects of establishing additional (...) priority rules as solutions to rights conflicts. It then defends adequacy criteria for acceptable priority rules when such rules are unavoidable. It finally defends our proposed method and explores concrete applications. (shrink)

Krifka (1998) argues that stressed postposed additive particles associate with a clausemate constrastive topic, which need not be overt as long as it satisfies the appropriate contextual role. English too is stressed. Of the two Hungarian particles, szintén is stressed, is is not.

Whatever societies accept as "knowledge" is embedded in specific epistemological, political and economic power relations. How is knowledge produced and functionalized? What is the difference between knowledge and the sciences? Can there be science without universal truth claims? Questions like these, all of them highly relevant, are discussed in twelve essays from the perspective of Sociology, Law, Cultural Studies and the Humanities.

In _Animals and Their People_, editors Anna Barcz and Dorota Łagodzka present a collection of texts providing a zoocentric insight into philosophical, artistic, and literary issues in Anglo-American and Central-Eastern European thought.

In this article a certain "aesthetical" argument in favor of the situation ontology is presented. The connections between the claims concerning ontology, semantics and grammar are examined. The main thesis of the article is, that assuming the non-compositionality principle commits us to the acceptance of the primacy of situation.

Förintelsen är ett historiskt skeende som är närvarande i en svensk samtid och bearbetas inom kultursektorn, politiken, forsknings­ och skolvärlden av både det svenska majoritetssamhället och den judiska minoriteten. Under 2010­-talet har de överlevandes barnbarn trätt fram och kallar sig för den tredje generationens överlevande. Några ur den generationen har självmant tagit på sig ansvaret att berätta sina mor­ och farföräldrars historier i både muntlig och skriftlig form. Tillsammans formar dessa skildringar ett transmedialt berättande som innehåller mytiska strukturer, element och (...) språkbruk. Syftet med artikeln är därför att belysa detta mönster. Artikeln bygger på ett socialantropologiskt fältarbete i Stockholm som genomfördes under 2010­-talet. Observationer genomfördes på ett flertal platser i Stockholm med omnejd, och därtill gjordes intervjuer med personer från den tredje generationen. Analysen fokuserar på det transmediala berättandet, framförallt texter och radioprogram som producerats av den tredje generationen, och den struktur, de mönster och de språkliga symboler som den tredje generationen valt att centrera berättelserna kring. (shrink)

_Organization and Economic Behaviour_ presents all the basic elements of organizational theory and behaviour. Different approaches are analysed, with a strong focus on reintegrating sociological, psychological and economic contributions to the subject. This unique volume is clearly written and is designed to address a wide audience, including students and academics, with the following material: * case studies and illustrations * exercises * discussion questions * further reading suggestions * a glossary.

W pracy omówiono okoliczności wyludniania się wiejskich jednostek osadniczych z terenu dawnych Prus Wschodnich, zachodzącego przed 1939 rokiem. Szczegółowe zagadnienia przedstawiono na przykładzie obszaru obecnego powiatu piskiego, funkcjonującego do 1945 roku w niemal niezmienionych granicach jako niemiecki Kreis Johannisburg. Szczególną uwagę poświęcono krajobrazowym aspektom przyczyn oraz konsekwencji zachodzącej depopulacji, włączając analizę przestrzenną z wykorzystaniem metody kartograficznej. Materialne świadectwa przerwania ciągłości osadnictwa powodowanego czynnikami środowiskowymi przedstawiono na przykładzie translokowanej miejscowości Wielgilass, omawiając m.in. relikty zidentyfikowane za pośrednictwem pochodnych lotniczego skanowania laserowego.

The mind-body relation was at the forefront of philosophy and theology in late antiquity, a time of great intellectual innovation. This volume, the first integrated history of this important topic, explores ideas about mind and body during this period, considering both pagan and Christian thought about issues such as resurrection, incarnation and asceticism. A series of chapters presents cutting-edge research from multiple perspectives, including history, philosophy, classics and theology. Several chapters survey wider themes which provide context for detailed studies of (...) the work of individual philosophers including Numenius, Pseudo-Dionysius, Damascius and Augustine. Wide-ranging and accessible, with translations given for all texts in the original language, this book will be essential for students and scholars of late antique thought, the history of religion and theology, and the philosophy of mind. (shrink)

Podejmując problem niejęzykowych myśli, Bermudez rozważa go przede wszystkim na dwóch płaszczyznach: epistemologicznej i eksplanacyjnej. Płaszczyzna epistemologiczna dotyczy tego, jak możliwe jest przypisywanie myśli do istot nieposługujących się językiem oraz czy możliwe jest poznanie treści niejęzykowych myśli. Do rozwiązania tego problemu Bermudez posłużył się koncepcją semantyki sukcesu, która umożliwia poznanie zawartości przekonań i pragnień oraz zastosowanie wyjaśniania psychologicznego. Płaszczyzna eksplanacyjna dotyczy natomiast takiej atrybucji myśli do NC, która odpowiednio wyjaśniałaby ich zachowanie. W tym celu Bermudez rozszerza pojęcie racjonalności do NC (...) przez wyróżnienie jej różnych poziomów. Ponadto wyodrębnia protologikę, ukazującą, jak praktyczne rozumowanie może być przypisywane do NC. Główne zarzuty w stosunku do jego stanowiska dotyczą m.in. relacji między myśleniem a wnioskowaniem, stosowanej metodologii oraz rozszerzonego pojęcia racjonalności. (shrink)

To introduce this collection of research studies, which stem from the pro grams conducted by The World Phenomenology Institute, we need say a few words about our aims and work. This will bring to light the significance of the present volume. The phenomenological philosophy is an unprejudiced study of experience in its entire range: experience being understood as yielding objects. Experi ence, moreover, is approached in a specific way, such a way that it legitima tizes itself naturally in immediate evidence. (...) As such it offers a unique ground for philosophical inquiry. Its basic condition, however, is to legitimize its validity. In this way it allows a dialogue to unfold among various philosophies of different methodologies and persuasions, so that their basic assumptions and conceptions may be investigated in an objective fashion. That is, instead of comparing concepts, we may go below their differences to seek together what they are meant to grasp. We may in this way come to the things them selves, which are the common objective of all philosophy, or what the great Chinese philosopher Wang Yang Ming called "the investigation of things". It is in this spirit that the Institute's programs include a "cross-cultural" dialogue meant to bring about a profound communication among philosophers in their deepest concerns. Rising above artificial cultural confinements, such dialogues bring scholars, thinkers and human beings together toward a truly human community of minds. Our Institute unfolds one consistent academic program. (shrink)