What happens when you take the idea of the biblical Adam—the first human—and apply it to insects? You create an origin story for Nature’s tiniest creatures, one that gives them 'a Pedigree as ancient as the first creation'. This the naturalist Robert Hooke argued in his treatise, the Micrographia (1665). In what follows, I will retrace how Hooke endeavoured to show that insects—then widely believed to have arisen out of the dirt—were the products of an ancient lineage. These genealogies, while (...) constructed from empirical observation, were conjectures of the imagination. Section 2 shows how Hooke introduced the concept of a 'prime parent' (an Adam-insect) to explain the anatomical similarities between 'mites'. Section 3 demonstrates how Hooke defined the family of 'gnats' as tiny machines built from the same components and relates Hookean genealogies to contemporary ideas about Noah’s Ark. Section 4 shows how Hooke outlined the morphology of 'insects' (delineating what we now call arthropods). Section 5 explores how Hooke used fossils to study these animals in the distant past. In sum, Hooke was turning natural history—collecting and describing insects—into natural history: reconstructing their origins. (shrink)

An Inquiry into the first principles of morals and justice: This book restores to us an understanding that was once settled in the 'moral sciences': that there are propositions, in morals and law, which are not only true but which cannot be ...

İşitme kaybı sebebiyle işitme engeli olan çocukların dil gelişimleri gecikmekte ve buna bağlı olarak da bilişsel ve sosyal gelişimlerinde gecikme yaşanmaktadır. Bu sebeple işitme engelli çocuklara işitme engelliler için açılan ilkokullar, ortaokullar ve liselerde özel eğitim verilmektedir. İşitme engelliler ortaokullarının ve bu okullarda öğrenim gören öğrencilerin birçok sorunu bulunmaktadır. Bu sorunlardan biri de öğretmen eğitimi konusudur. Çünkü işitme engelliler eğitimi özel bir alandır ve eğitim verecek kişilerin de bu özel eğitimi verebilecek yeterlilikte olması gerekmektedir. Ancak özel eğitime ihtiyacı olan işitme (...) engelli öğrencilere eğitim veren işitme engelliler ortaokullarında görev yapmaya başlayan Din Kültürü ve Ahlak Bilgisi (DKAB) öğretmenleri, bu okullarda görev yapan diğer branş öğretmenleri gibi işitme engelli öğrencilerin eğitimi konusunda özel eğitim almadan, işitme engelli öğrencileri tanımadan bu okullarda görev yapmaya başlamaktadır. Bu da birçok sorunu beraberinde getirmektedir. Bu araştırmada Türkiye’de işitme engelliler ortaokullarında görev yapan DKAB öğretmenlerinin DKAB derslerinin öğretimi konusundaki yeterliliklerini, yine DKAB öğretmenlerinin görüşlerine bağlı kalarak çeşitli boyutlarıyla ortaya çıkarmak amaçlanmıştır. Öğretmenlerin karşılaştıkları sorunları ayrıntılı olarak ifade edebilecekleri düşüncesiyle araştırmada nitel araştırma yöntemi belirlenmiştir. Farklı illerde bulunan öğretmenlere yönelik hazırlanan görüşme formu, yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme tekniği ve standartlaştırılmış açık uçlu görüşme yapılarak 28 katılımcıya uygulanmıştır. Araştırmada ortaya çıkan bulgular değerlendirilmiş ve araştırmanın son bölümünde sonuç ve öneriler ifade edilmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda işitme engelliler ortaokullarında göreve başlayan DKAB öğretmenlerinin bu alanda yeterli düzeyde eğitim almadan göreve başladıkları, bu sebeple okula uyum sağlayana kadar ciddi bir zaman kaybı yaşadıkları, öğrencilerle iletişim kurmada zorlandıkları, öğretmen ve öğrencilerin yeterli seviyede Türk işaret dili bilmemesinin de bu sorunu artırdığı görülmüştür. Öğretmenlerin derslerde farklı anlatım yöntemleri kullanmaya çalışmalarına rağmen bu konuda da zorluklar olduğu, bireyselleştirilmiş eğitim planı hazırlanması ve uygulanmasında da sorunlar yaşandığı ortaya çıkmıştır. (shrink)

Hadley Arkes argues that it is necessary to move "beyond the Constitution", to the principles that stood antecedent to the text, if we are to understand the text and apply the Constitution to the cases that arise every day in our law.

The city of Cincinnati, we know, can be an engaging place, but federal judge Arthur Spiegel also found, in the mid-'90s, that it could be quite a vexing place. The city council of Cincinnati had passed what was called the Human Rights Ordinance of 1992, which barred virtually all species of discriminationAppalachian origin.sexual orientation.minority status” in the law. The framers of the amendment objected to the tendency to treat gays and lesbians on the same plane as groups that have suffered (...) discrimination based on race, religion, or gender. The proposal, known as Issue 3, drew wide support and passed in a referendum in 1993. It was, of course, challenged in the courts, which is why it found its way into the hands of Judge Spiegel. (shrink)

"Dialogue" is one of American religion's shopworn terms. Although we hear much talk about dialogue, very little of it actually takes place. Religious discourse - especially about politics and public affairs - is increasingly polarized, involving much contestation but little conversation. If truth are to be tested, however, there is no substitute for dialogue.

After reestablishing the connection between morality and the law, the author develops a coherent position on many of the most controversial issues of urban life: the political uses of the streets; verbal assaults and the defamation of racial groups; the legitimate restriction of public speech; segregation, busing, and the use of racial quotas; education, housing, and the problem of the ghetto"; prostitution, gambling, and the "regulation of vices." Originally published in 1981. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology (...) to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These paperback editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905. (shrink)

For James Schall, revelation becomes open to us, on the most important questions that revelation can address, when it is opened by people who “study politics,” as Samuel Johnson had it. For Plato, the best city, the best political order, was spun out in the world of speech. It is not a place we expect to inhabit. But Plato had Socrates say at the end of the Republic that, whether this City exists anywhere or not, it is the only city (...) in which the thoughtful man would wish to take part. But even so, as Schall says, revelation alerts us to the possibility that our true home will really be elsewhere. (shrink)

According to a simple form of consequentialism, we should base decision on our judgments about their consequences for achieving out goals. Our goals give us reason to endorse consequentialism as a standard of decision making. Alternative standards invariably lead to consequences that are less good in this sense. Yet some people knowingly follow decision rules that violate consequentialism. For example, they prefer harmful omissions to less harmful acts, they favor the status quo over alternatives they would otherwise judge to be (...) better, they provide third-party compensation on the basis of the cause of an injury rather than the benefit from the compensation, they ignore deterrent effects in decisions about punishment, and they resist coercive reforms they judge to be beneficial. I suggest that nonconsequentialist principles arise from overgeneralizing rules that are consistent with consequentialism in a limited set of cases. Commitment to such rules is detached from their original purposes. The existence of such nonconsequentialist decision biases has implications for philosophical and experimental methodology, the relation between psychology and public policy, and education. (shrink)

The flaws in social psychological research pointed out by Cesario have societal costs. These include ignoring crucial base rates thereby degrading the effectiveness of policy decisions, generalizing the conclusions derived from experiments on non-professionals thereby distorting the public's view of professional law enforcement personnel, questionable accusations of racism, and mis-attributions of the causes of racial differences in behavior.

Budziszewski offers, in these pages, the sense of a lively mind engaging a serious question: he would resist that movement in modern philosophy which has sought to discredit the socalled naturalistic fallacy and ethical naturalism--the movement which has sought to deny that we can find, in human nature, the standards that mark a distinctly human good, and which furnish the grounds for our judgments about right and wrong. Budziszewski would restore an older understanding, in which "human nature" supplied "the rule (...) and measure for human life.". (shrink)

Introduction -- Quiz -- Perception & mindset -- Creative thinking -- Decision making -- Analyzing arguments -- Mastering logic -- Appendix I: Summary of reasoning tips 1 to 50 -- Appendix II: Fallacious reasoning -- Appendix III: Avoiding improper inferences -- Appendix IV: Analogies -- Appendix V: The ten classic trade-offs -- Appendix VI: Critical reading and comprehension -- Appendix VII: Tips for taking reading tests -- Answers and explanations -- Quiz : answers.

The question of how to handle incidental findings has sparked a heated debate among neuroimaging researchers and medical ethicists, a debate whose urgency stems largely from the recent explosion in the number of imaging studies being conducted and in the sheer volume of scans being acquired. Perhaps the point of greatest controversy within this debate is whether the magnetic resonance imaging scans of all research participants should be reviewed in an active search for pathology and, moreover, whether this search should (...) be performed by a radiologist. Resistance to routine readings performed by radiologists, as opposed to selective review of those scans on which investigators have spotted a possible IF, has been fueled in part by the obvious and enormous cost — financial and logistical — of engaging radiologists to read massive numbers of scans. This cost would be especially burdensome, even prohibitive, to investigators who are not affiliated with a medical center, because of their limited access to radiologists and other medical expertise. (shrink)

As the first President of the Royal Academy of Arts, Joshua Reynolds played a pivotal role in shaping the course of British art in the 18th century. In these discourses, Reynolds reflects on the nature of art, the role of the artist, and the importance of aesthetic education. With insightful commentary on the works of the Old Masters and a wealth of practical advice for aspiring artists, this volume is a must-read for anyone interested in the history of art (...) or art theory. This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work is in the "public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant. (shrink)

Effectively addressing ethical issues in precision medicine research in Africa requires a holistic social contract that integrates biomedical knowledge with local cultural values and Indigenous knowledge systems. Drawing on African epistemologies such as ubuntu and ujamaa and on our collective experiences in genomics and big data research for sickle cell disease, hearing impairment, and fragile X syndrome and the project Public Understanding of Big Data in Genomics Medicine in Africa, we envision a transformative shift in health research data governance in (...) Africa that could help create a sense of shared responsibility between all stakeholders in genomics and data‐driven health research in Africa. This shift includes proposing a social contract for genomics and data science in health research that is grounded in African communitarianism such as solidarity, shared decision‐making, and reciprocity. We make several recommendations for a social contract for genomics and data science in health, including the coproduction of genomics knowledge with study communities, power sharing between stakeholders, public education on the ethical and social implications of genetics and data science, benefit sharing, giving voice to data subjects through dynamic consent, and democratizing data access to allow wide access by all research stakeholders. Achieving this would require adopting participatory approaches to genomics and data governance. (shrink)

Among bioethicists and members of the public, genetics is often regarded as unique in its ethical challenges. As medical researchers and clinicians increasingly combine genetic information with a range of non-genetic information in the study and clinical management of patients with common diseases, the unique ethical challenges attributed to genetics must be re-examined. A process of genetic routinisation that will have implications for research and clinical ethics, as well as for public conceptions of genetic information, is constituted by the emergence (...) of new forms of genetic medicine, in which genetic information is interpreted in a multifactorial frame of reference. Although the integration of genetics in medical research and treatment may be a helpful corrective to the mistaken assumptions of genetic essentialism or determinism, the routinisation of genetics may have unintended consequences for the protection of genetic information, perceptions of non-genetic information and the loss of genetic research as a laboratory for exploring issues in research and clinical ethics. Consequently, new ethical challenges are presented by the increasing routinisation of genetic information in both biomedical and public spheres. (shrink)

Yves R. Simon is one of the great and—outside the Catholic intellectual orbit—greatly neglected philosophers of the century. A student of both science and philosophy in his native France, Simon brought great lucidity of thought and an economy of style to some of the central questions that have vexed contemporary public and private life. When he came to the United States in 1938, he began publishing a series of concise but wide-ranging studies of democratic government, authority, epistemology, ethics, politics, natural (...) law, and a variety of other subjects that attracted the attention of many distinguished thinkers including Leo Strauss. Maurice Cranston lamented that his premature death at fifty-eight “robbed the Western world of one of its most original and distinguished political theorists”. (shrink)

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, sociology was becoming established as a discipline in the United States and Great Britain. This article looks closely at the lives and work of two prominent sociologists at this time, Patrick Geddes and Lester F. Ward. As sociology was becoming established in academic departments, neither Ward’s nor Geddes’ thought managed to survive intact. A number of factors played into this process, especially the overall broadness of their perspectives, as well as the incompatibility (...) of several of their key concerns, including gender, religion, race and education, with the eventual trajectory of the sociology and the scholars who were involved in consolidating the discipline as such. (shrink)