In this paper, we outline an approach to giving extensional truth-theoretic semantics for what have traditionally been seen as opaque sentential contexts. We outline an approach to providing a compositional truth-theoretic semantics for opaque contexts which does not require quantifying over intensional entities of any kind, and meets standard objections to such accounts. The account we present aims to meet the following desiderata on a semantic theory T for opaque contexts: (D1) T can be formulated in a first-order extensional language; (...) (D2) T does not require quantification over intensional entities­i.e., meanings, propositions, properties, relations, or the like­in its treatment of opaque contexts; (D3) T captures the entailment relations that hold in virtue of form between sentences in the language for which it is a theory; (D4) T has a finite number of axioms. If the approach outlined here is correct, it resolves a longstanding complex of problems in metaphysics, the philosophy of mind and the philosophy of language. (shrink)

We sketch an account according to which the semantic concepts themselves are not pathological and the pathologies that attend the semantic predicates arise because of the intention to impose on them a role they cannot fulfill, that of expressing semantic concepts for a language that includes them. We provide a simplified model of the account and argue in its light that (i) a consequence is that our meaning intentions are unsuccessful, and such semantic predicates fail to express any concept, and (...) that (ii) in light of this it is incorrect to characterize the pathology simply as semantic inconsistency; a more nuanced view of the problem is needed. We also show that the defects of the semantic predicates need not undercut the use of a truth theory in a compositional semantics for a language containing them because the meaning theory per se need not involve commitment to the axioms of the truth theory it exploits. (shrink)

My primary aim in this chapter is to explain in what the traditional mind–body problem consists, what its possible solutions are, and what obstacles lie in the way of a resolution. The discussion will develop in two phases. The first phase, sections 1.2–1.4, will be concerned to get clearer about the import of our initial question as a precondition of developing an account of possible responses to it. The second phase, sections 1.5–1.6, explains how a problem arises in our attempts (...) to answer the question we have characterized, and surveys the various solutions that can be and have been offered. More specifically, sections 1.2–1.4 are concerned with how to understand the basic elements of our initial question – how we should identify the mental, on the one hand, and the physical, on the other – and with what sorts of relations between them we are concerned. Section 1.2 identifies and explains the two traditional marks of the mental, consciousness and intentionality, and discusses how they are related. Section 1.3 gives an account of how we should understand ‘physical’ in our initial question so as not to foreclose any of the traditional positions on the mind–body problem. Section 1.4 then addresses the third element in our initial question, mapping out the basic sorts of relations that may hold between mental and physical phenomena, and identifying some for special attention. Sections 1.5–1.6 are concerned with explaining the source of the difficulty in answering our initial question, and the kinds of solutions that have been offered to it. Section 1.5 explains why our initial question gives rise to a problem, and gives a precise form to the mind–body problem, which is presented as a set of four propositions, each of which, when presented independently, seems compelling, but which are jointly inconsistent. Section 1.6 classifies responses to the mind–body problem on the basis of which of the propositions in our inconsistent set they reject, and provides a brief overview of the main varieties in each category, together with some of the difficulties that arise for each. Section 1.7 is a brief conclusion about the source of our difficulties in understanding the place of mind in the natural world. (shrink)

The complex of problems suggested by the term life-world pervades contemporary thought, even though such a complex is rarely called by this name [...] Time does not allow us, however, to perform an extensive review of the secondary literature on the 'Crisis'. I will only suggest that a survey of this literature, especially the works of Brand, Merleau-Ponty and Habermas, presents us with a dilemma. It seems that there is a difficulty in Husserl's characterization of the life-world. On the one (...) hand, it is understood as the plurality of individually different socio-cultural environments and thus the result of an historical development; on the other hand, it is interpreted as a single structural basis common to all environments and thus an a priori for that history through which they become different. This dilemma concerning the content of Husserl's theory is coupled with a problem having to do with the method of his analysis: how is Husserl's procedure of phenomenological reflection upon a transcendental ego or "monad" able to account for the intersubjective life-world in either of the senses just sketched? Putting the question in this fashion is usually the first step on the way to abandoning a transcendental account of historicity, or, as is the case with Habermas, replacing the transcendental ego with a community of language users. What I want to propose in this essay is precisely what current thinkers seem unanimous in rejecting. I want to argue for a transcendental theory of the life-world and of historicity, and I want to do so by suggesting that a phenomenological reflection upon the transcendental ego - once correctly understood - is the proper procedure for constructing such a theory. In this paper I will discuss such a theory by undertaking a brief study of Husserl's concept of the life-world and by isolating several difficulties which I detect (Part I). I will then introduce a theory of the transcendental reduction as the key to resolving the difficulties I discover (Part II). Finally, I will undertake my own systematic analysis of the a priori of the life-world and will suggest a way of integrating such an analysis with what I will call a transcendental history of the experience of consciousness (Part III). (shrink)

Hans-Ludwig Schreiber hat über 300 Schriften zur Rechtstheorie und Rechtsphilosophie, zum Straf- und Strafprozessrecht sowie zum Medizin- und Biorecht verfasst. Da viele der grundlegenden Arbeiten an heute schwer zugänglichen Orten veröffentlicht wurden, bleiben seine Schriften in einer Auswahl mit diesem Band der Fachwelt dauerhaft zugänglich.

Characterizations of Kant's legal and political philosophy with regard to its affinity toward basic socio-political positions generally range between the two extremes of a social welfare state, on the one hand, and a libertarian laissez-faire state, on the other. The purpose of this article is to provide a three-tiered analysis showing that the issue of "social justice" is not raised at all within the narrower framework of Kant's legal philosophy, that instead Kant's legal philosophy is mainly neutral in the socio-political (...) sense and that Kant makes a move toward imposing an obligation on the state to attain social equality only as an issue of ethics sensu stricto. Kant's indifference toward matters of social justice are considered in relation to his concept of human nature. Finally, the author discusses the need for adopting a theory of social justice, if necessary independently from Kantian premises. Die Einordnung der Kantischen Rechts- und Staatsphilosophie hinsichtlich ihrer Affinität zu sozialphilosophischen Grundpositionen schwankt gemeinhin zwischen der Zuordnung zu den extremen Positionen des Wohlfahrtsstaats einerseits und des liberalen Nachtwächterstaates andererseits. In einer dreistufigen Analyse wird herausgarbeitet, daß sich die Frage 'sozialer Gerechtigkeit' im engeren Rahmen der Kantischen Rechts-Philosophie gar nicht stellt, daß letztere vielmehr sozialpolitisch weitestgehend neutral ist und daß sich bei Kant überhaupt nur in der Ethik sensu stricto Ansätze einer staatlichen Verpflichtung zum sozialen Ausgleich zeigen. Die Kantische Indifferenz gegenüber Fragen sozialer Gerechtigkeit wird in Bezug gesetzt zu Kants Auffassung von der menschlichen Natur; und es wird zuletzt verwiesen auf die Notwendigkeit, eine Theorie sozialer Gerechtigkeit ggf. unabhängig von Kantischen Vorgaben zu entwickeln. (shrink)

Even his peers called Locke's political philosophy “The ABC of Politics“: not only does he clarify why one should exit the state of nature (government guarantees protection of life, freedom, and wealth) but also what a good government has to provide. A government should protect individuals from assaults of fellow citizens, other countries, and itself. Locke also shows how to put limits to the power of political institutions: by division of powers, by law, by neutral judges, and by making people (...) trust their government -- and having the right to revolt when their trust is betrayed. This book provides a cooperative commentary to all important topics of Locke's "Two Treatises". With entries by Wolfgang von Leyden, Bernd Ludwig, Peter Niesen, Francis Oakley, Birger P. Priddat, Michaela Rehm, Michael Schefczyk, Ludwig Siep, A. John Simmons, und Simone Zurbuchen. (shrink)

Wir sorgen uns um die Wahrheit und unsere Sorge bedarf einer vorsichtigen Erörterung. Schnell sind Argumente gefunden, die belegen, dass wir ohne Wahrheit nicht auskommen. Wahre Meinungen sind von überragendem instrumentellem Nutzen, in allen Lebensbereichen ist Erfolg von der Wahrheit unserer Überzeugungen abhängig. Dennoch kann die Sorge um die Wahrheit nicht mit einem einfachen Verweis auf ihren Nutzen erklärt werden. In diesem Aufsatz verfolge ich zwei Ziele. Zum einen möchte ich verständlich machen, warum instrumentelle Erklärungen der Sorge um die Wahrheit (...) zu kurz greifen. Sie sind defi zitär, da unsere Sorge um die Wahrheit erst dann zu einem philosophischen Problem wird, wenn sie uns so viel abverlangt, dass instrumentelle Überlegungen eine Abkehr von der Wahrheitssuche nahe legen. Wird in solchen Konfl iktsituationen dennoch am Wahrheitsziel festgehalten, so wird die Wahrheit um ihrer selbst willen gesucht. Es entsteht daher die Frage, was es bedeutet, nach der Wahrheit um der Wahrheit willen zu suchen. Eine Erörterung dieser Frage ist das zweite Ziel des Aufsatzes. (shrink)

BackgroundThe transplantation of porcine islet cells provides a new potential therapy to treat patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Compared to other biomedical technologies, xenotransplantation stands out in terms of its involvement of animals as graft sources, as well as the possible transmission of infectious diseases. As these aspects are especially relevant for potential xenotransplantation recipients, it is important to assess their opinion regarding this technology, in particular in terms of the requirements that should be met in the informed (...) consent process for xenotransplantation.MethodsWe conducted qualitative interviews with seven T1DM patients to assess their information needs prior to xenotransplantation. Before the interview, the participants received a model informed consent form for a clinical trial with porcine islet cells transplantation. The interviews were transcribed and analysed using qualitative content analysis.ResultsIn the interviews, we identified several requirements that are crucial for patients with T1DM in order to consider xenotransplantation as a potential treatment option: therapy-related requirements, professional care and supervision, successful behaviour and attitude management, improving quality of life, and managing control/self-determination challenges. Regarding the informed consent form, several of the participants’ questions remained open and should be addressed in more detail. The interviewees stressed the importance of personal consultations.ConclusionsTo become a sustainable therapeutic option, patients especially expected an improved diabetes control and a reduction of diabetes-related burdens. Health-related aspects prove to be pivotal for diabetic patients when considering porcine islet cell transplantation. The use of pigs as source for organ retrievals was not considered as problematic. (shrink)

Der Reader versammelt programmatische Ansätze der kulturwissenschaftlichen Auseinandersetzung mit dem Problem der Evidenz aus dem Blickpunkt der Sprach-, Geschichts-, Kunst- und Literaturwissenschaft, Medientheorie, Anthropologie und Soziologie. Mit Beiträgen u.a. von Rüdiger Campe, Iris Daermann, Egon Flaig, Peter Geimer, Vinzenz Hediger, Caspar Hirschi, Ludwig Jäger, Albrecht Koschorke, Helmut Lethen, Jakob Moser, Inka Mülder-Bach, Jan-Dirk Müller, Karl Schlögel, Florian Sprenger, Jakob Tanner, Marcus Twellmann, Juliane Vogel und Claus Zittel.

Die Willensfreiheit und ihr Verhaltniss zur gottlichen Prascienz - und Providenz bei den judischen Philosophen des Mittelalters ist ein unveranderter, hochwertiger Nachdruck der Originalausgabe aus dem Jahr 1881. Hansebooks ist Herausgeber von Literatur zu unterschiedlichen Themengebieten wie Forschung und Wissenschaft, Reisen und Expeditionen, Kochen und Ernahrung, Medizin und weiteren Genres.Der Schwerpunkt des Verlages liegt auf dem Erhalt historischer Literatur.Viele Werke historischer Schriftsteller und Wissenschaftler sind heute nur noch als Antiquitaten erhaltlich. Hansebooks verlegt diese Bucher neu und tragt damit zum Erhalt (...) selten gewordener Literatur und historischem Wissen auch fur die Zukunft bei.". (shrink)

It is first Kant who makes "practical reason" a central term in moral philosophy. He departs from a tradition which assigned clearly distinct roles within the theory of moral obligation to "ratio" on the one hand, and "voluntas" on the other. Using an example of a Christian natural law approach employed before Kant, the article isolates and portrays each of these roles. Against this background it shows that Kant transforms a theological argument for God's self-obligation though His own will to (...) create a "kingdom of nature" into a philosophical argument for human self-obligation through human creation of a "kingdom of freedom". The rational and voluntary moments of this "act of creation" are expressed in the concept of "practical reason". This concept thus articulates human understanding of self as a self-legislating and free being. 'Praktische Vernunft' wird erst mit Kant zu einem zentralen Terminus der Moral. Er steht quer zu jener Tradition, welche bis dahin der 'ratio' einerseits und der 'voluntas' andererseits wohlunterschiedene Aufgaben im Rahmen der Theorie moralischer Verbindlichkeit zuwies. Am Beispiel einer christlich-naturrechtlichen Argumentationsweise vor Kant werden die beiden genannten Aufgaben herausgearbeitet. Es zeigt sich vor diesem Hintergrund, daß Kant ein theologisches Argument für die Selbstbindung Gottes durch dessen eigenen Willen zur Schöpfung eines 'Reiches der Natur' in das philosophische Argument einer Selbstbindung des Menschen durch die Schöpfung eines 'Reiches der Freiheit' transformiert. Vernunft- und Willensmoment ebendieses 'Schöpfungsaktes' finden Ausdruck in dem Begriff einer 'praktischen Vernunft'. Dieser artikuliert somit das Selbstverständnis des Menschen als eines sich selbst das Gesetz gebenden, freien Wesens. (shrink)

Die Veröffentlichung dieser Arbeit wurde durch mißliche Umstände ver­ zögert; sie wird durch die Übernahme in den Verlag Friedr. Vieweg & Sohn nunmehr ermöglicht. Trotzdem braucht im Augenblick nichts hinzugefügt werden. Eine soeben erschienene Arbeit von O. Heckmann, P. Jordan 1 und W. Fricke ) stellt erst den ersten Teil einer noch im Fluß befindlichen Diskussion von Lösungen der in diesem Büchlein aufgestellten allgemeinen Feldgleichungen dar. In dieser Darstellung wird ein kurzer Überblick über die neueren Ergeb­ nisse der projektiven Relativitätstheorie (...) seit dem Erscheinen der schönen 2 Zusammenfassung von O. Veblen ) im Jahre 1933 gegeben. Der wesent­ lichste Schritt in dieser Weiterentwicklung wurde von P. Jordan im Jahre 1944 getan. Die allgemeine affine (Einsteinsehe) Relativitätstheorie wird als be­ kannt vorausgesetzt. Die projektive Theorie wird aber von Grund· auf mit Einschluß der Jordansehen Erweiterung entwickelt. Eine eingehendere Übersicht über den Inhalt, der die Ergebnisse einiger Arbeiten von P. J or­ dan, Cl. Müll e r und dem Verfasser sowie noch unveröffentlichte Ergeb­ nisse enthält, findet der Leser im ersten einleitenden Abschnitt. Ganz besonders herzlich möchte ich Herrn P. Jordan danken für die Anregung zu diesen Untersuchungen, für das große Interesse, mit dem er den Fortgang der Arbeiten verfolgte, und für die Förderung durch wert­ volle Diskussionen und Anregungen zu interessanten Fragestellungen. (shrink)

The fregean conception of existence is presented and defended against puttative objections.

Erläuterungen zur Beziehung zwischen Ludwig Wittgenstein und Ludwig von Ficker, von W. Methlagl.--Die Entstehung des Tractatus logico-philosophicus, von G. H. von Wright.

With mind-brain identity theories no longer dominant in philosophy of mind in the late 1950s, scientific materialists turned to functionalism, the view that the identity of any mental state depends on its function in the cognitive system of which it is a part. The philosopher Hilary Putnam was one of the primary architects of functionalism and was the first to propose computational functionalism, which views the human mind as a computer or an information processor. But, in the early 1970s, Putnam (...) began to have doubts about functionalism, and in his masterwork _Representation and Reality_, he advanced four powerful arguments against his own doctrine of computational functionalism. In Gödel, Putnam, and Functionalism, Jeff Buechner systematically examines Putnam's arguments against functionalism and contends that they are unsuccessful. Putnam's first argument uses Gödel's incompleteness theorem to refute the view that there is a computational description of human reasoning and rationality; his second, the "triviality argument," demonstrates that any computational description can be attributed to any physical system; his third, the multirealization argument, shows that there are infinitely many computational realizations of an arbitrary intentional state; his fourth argument buttresses this assertion by showing that there cannot be local computational reductions because there is no computable partitioning of the infinity of computational realizations of an arbitrary intentional state into a single package or small set of packages. Buechner analyzes these arguments and the important inferential connections among them -- for example, the use of both the Gödel and triviality arguments in the argument against local computational reductions -- and argues that none of Putnam's four arguments succeeds in refuting functionalism. _ Gödel, Putnam, and Functionalism_ will inspire renewed discussion of Putnam's influential book and will confirm Representation and Reality as a major work by a major philosopher. Jeff Buechner is Director of the Bioethics Institute and Lecturer in Philosophy at Rutgers University-Newark. (shrink)

Kripke’s argument against functionalism extended to physical computers poses a deep philosophical problem for understanding the standard view of what computers are. The problem puts into jeopardy the definition in the standard view that computers are physical machines for performing physical computations. Indeed, it is entirely possible that, unless this philosophical problem is resolved, we will never have a good understanding of computers and may never know just what they are.