Grace de Laguna was a philosopher working in the first part of the twentieth century on analytic and speculative philosophy, as well as on the psychology and philosophy of language, especially the social function of language. Joel Katzav’s lead essay focuses mainly on the former part of her work, while my commentary focuses mostly on the latter. Katzav shows how her work played a role in the development of analytic philosophy, I try to show how her work played a role (...) in the development of pragmatic linguistics, whose development overlapped with some aspects of analytic philosophy. I situate it in the context of an emerging ‘pragmatic Weltanschauung’ that was embraced by many working in linguistics, philology, philosophy, psychology, anthropology and what would later be called linguistic pragmatics. (shrink)

En envisageant la communication dans une perspective anthropologique, Dell Hathaway Hymes a introduit le langage en acte - verbal et non verbal - au coeur de l'analyse sociolinguistique. L'étude du langage qu'il a développée va évoluer d'une « ethnographie de la parole » vers une ethnographie de la communication, ouvrant la voie à une pragmatique et à une anthropologie communicationnelle.Considering the communication from an anthropological perspective, Dell Hathaway Hymes has introduced the language act - verbal and nonverbal - in the (...) heart of sociolinguistic analysis. The study of language he has developed will develop an "ethnography of speaking" to an ethnography of communication, opening the way to a pragmatic and communicative anthropology. (shrink)

On 14 July 2021, the western states of Germany, Rheinland Palatinate and North-Rhein-Westphalia experienced major flash floods and about two hundred people died. This article explores how those affected and journalists they spoke to created meaning from the mayhem of an unprecedented disaster and how social representations of flooding emerged in which language, politics and values were intimately intertwined. Combining thematic analysis with elements of social representations theory, and analysing a sample of articles from a national news magazine, we show (...) how social representations of the floods were shaped by the objectification of the floods through metonymy (mud and debris) and the anchoring of the floods through personification and metaphors (natural and mechanical forces), thus adding a new dimension to the existing body of work on flood and metaphors. We claim that the immediate focus on the extreme force of the 2021 floods, on the one hand, and the weakness of political response, on the other, may entrench feelings of helplessness and divert attention away from more systematic and long-term engagement with flood dangers in the context of climate change, including extreme weather events. (shrink)

Lucid dreaming refers to a dream state characterized by the dreamers awareness of being in a dream and being able to volitionally control its content. The aim of this study was to find neurophysiological evidence for the 7 criteria of lucid dreaming proposed by Paul Tholey. Each of the criteria was analyzed separately with regard to its underlying neurocircuits. We hypothesized that not one, but many regions are involved in the state of lucid dreaming. Our results have shown a satisfactory (...) overlap of the theoretical components and the brain regions activated during a lucid dream. During lucid dreaming, a brain network seems to emerge, that is more than the sum of its parts. Further research is needed to understand the psychoneurological underpinnings of lucid dreams. (shrink)

Analyser une chanson de tradition orale française dans le cadre d’une thèse de littérature et dans une perspective mythique nécessite une démarche atypique d’autant que cette complainte se décline en plus d’une vingtaine de versions. Ce sujet étant peu traité, il a fallu tout d’abord définir l’objet « chanson de tradition orale », ce qui a eu comme mérite de mettre en relief les différents acteurs ayant présidé à la création de cette notion : folkloristes et médiévistes ont montré les (...) pistes à suivre et jalonné les investigations menées dans le cadre de cette thèse. Grâce à leurs analyses, il a été possible de rendre visibles des critères poétiques spécifiques à la tradition orale et de constituer un corpus représentatif de l’oralité. Il est rapidement apparu qu’une analyse formelle était indissociable d’une quête du sens, de même que croiser les disciplines et pratiquer l’art du comparatisme afin de débusquer à travers contes, légendes et tradition orale un éventuel scénario mythique originel. Face à l’originalité de la complainte, celui‑ci est vite apparu comme réducteur et ce n’est qu’à travers l’étymologie, l’hagiographie et l’onomastique qu’il a été possible d’affiner les analyses et de proposer une interprétation herméneutique. (shrink)

Certains désordres somatiques traduisent une fragilité du moi corporel qui remonte aux vécus infantiles précoces. À partir de la thérapie d’un garçon « vomisseur », l’auteur, psychanalyste, montre comment l’introjection pulsionnelle ne peut avoir lieu par ratage des mécanismes de projection dans la relation à un objet primaire à l’étayage défectueux. Si celui-ci est trop pris dans la pathologie de ses propres relations, il rend problématique la possibilité d’introjection et d’identification à un objet interne pare-excitant permettant de psychiser l’excitation, de (...) favoriser l’intrication pulsionnelle et la reprise autoérotique. À sa place, l’incorporation de l’objet renforce la dépendance à cet objet primaire peu étayant. La relation transféro-contretransférentielle, sa capacité de « contenant » au sens de Bion, a contribué à l’élaboration introjective de la pulsionnalité permettant la séparation. (shrink)

Treatment-resistant symptoms complicate the clinical course of schizophrenia, and a large proportion of patients do not reach functional recovery. In consequence, polypharmacy is frequently used in treatment-refractory cases, addressing psychotic positive, negative and cognitive symptoms, treatment-emergent side effects caused by antipsychotics and comorbid depressive or obsessive-compulsive symptoms. To a large extent, such strategies are not covered by pharmacological guidelines which strongly suggest antipsychotic monotherapy. Add-on strategies comprise combinations of several antipsychotic agents and augmentations with mood stabilizers; moreover, antidepressants and experimental (...) substances are applied. Based on the accumulated evidence of clinical trials and meta-analyses, combinations of clozapine with certain second-generation antipsychotic agents and the augmentation of antipsychotics with antidepressants seem recommendable, while the augmentation with mood stabilizers cannot be considered superior to placebo. Forthcoming investigations will have to focus on innovative pharmacological agents, the clinical spectrum of cognitive deficits and the implementation of cognitive behavioral therapy. (shrink)

This paper elaborates on discussions in Germany regarding some of the ethical and legal issues in the area of the use and patenting of inventions involving human tissue. The issues discussed pertain to the benefits and problems regarding informed consent and the issue of property rights as they relate to the donation of cells and tissue.

The mammalian oocyte is a round cell arrested at prophase I of meiosis. It is characterized by the presence of a large nucleus, called the germinal vesicle, in the middle of which is the nucleolus. Before it can be fertilized, the oocyte must resume meiosis, enter metaphase II and be ovulated. The nucleolus is dissolved during this process. However, the nucleoli of the male and female pronuclei in the zygote are both of maternal origin. A recent paper1 demonstrates that the (...) maternal nucleolus, together with other nucleoplasmic elements, is essential for early embryonic development. These nucleolar and nucleoplasmic factors remain undetermined. BioEssays 30:613–616, 2008. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (shrink)

This book, first published in 2000, offers translations of the initial critical reactions to Kant's philosophy. Also included is a selection of writings by Kant's contemporaries who took on the task of defending the critical philosophy against early attacks. The first aim of this collection is to show in detail how Kant was understood and misunderstood by his contemporaries. The second aim is to reveal the sorts of arguments that Kant and his first disciples mounted in their defense of the (...) theoretical philosophy. The third aim of the book is to contribute to an understanding of the development of Kant's critical philosophy after its initial formulation in the Critique of Pure Reason, and in particular why Kant made the changes he did in the second edition of the work in 1787. This collection, which includes a glossary of key terms and biographical sketches of the critics on both sides of the debate, is a major addition to Kant scholarship and should be seen as a companion volume to the Cambridge Edition of the Works of Immanuel Kant. (shrink)

This paper aims to determine whether we can locate temporal passage in a non-dynamical (block universe) world. In particular, we seek to determine both whether temporal passage can be located somewhere in our world if it is non-dynamical, and also to home in on where in such a world temporal passage can be located, if it can be located anywhere. We investigate this question by seeking to determine, across three experiments, whether the folk concept of temporal passage can be satisfied (...) in our world if it is non-dynamical, and, if it can, what sort of thing in our world satisfies that concept. In particular, we focus on the question of whether that concept (if satisfied) is satisfied by something mind-dependent or something mind-independent. In other words, we ask, is temporal passage something that is at least partially in the mind, or is it entirely external to the mind? We find, contrary to what is often assumed by dynamists and non-dynamists alike, that the folk concept of temporal passage is satisfied in our world conditional on it being non-dynamical, and that the concept is satisfied by something mind-independent. This provides further ammunition for recent deflationary accounts of temporal passage that attempt to locate passage somewhere in our non-dynamical world. (shrink)

La Renaissance commence vraiment avec Pléthon, contemporain de Nicolas de Cues et qui se voulait comme lui romain, mais du point de vue de Constantinople. Pléthon a conçu le modèle d'une constitution qui permettrait à tous les peuples de coexister en paix. Au temps où l'Occident latin est largement aristotélicien, il plaide pour le retour à Platon, l'idéalisme, la théologie affirmative.

This is the first day of our confinement here in Paris, which soon will feel a bit like house arrest. So, to help cheer you up, in these times of doom and gloom, I have decided to bring the museum to you in the form of a virtual exhibition thrice weekly. I have picked 25 photos from a work in progress I started years ago. The photos are portraits of visitors or guards in museums. It's candid photography, capturing life on (...) the run, a moment in time. I hope you will find many other ways to - Résidence numérique - Brigitte Cavanagh. (shrink)

Communicating Biological Sciences discusses the 'ethics' of science communication in light of recent developments in biotechnology and biomedicine. It focuses on the role of metaphors in the creation of visions and the framing of scientific advances, as well as their impact on patterns of public acceptance and rejection, trust and scepticism. Its rigorous investigation will appeal not only to science writers and scientists, but also to scholars of sociology, science and technology studies, media and journalism.

Contrairement à ce que l’on entend généralement par mécénat - la commande d’images, peintes ou sculptées, passée entre deux individus vivants – on propose ici d’en élargir les termes pour y englober une autre modalité de la circulation des biens culturels : l’héritage, particulièrement significatif pour les femmes, qui disposaient souvent d’un important patrimoine artistique sans en avoir été les commanditaires. En examinant la manière dont Blanche de Navarre († 1398), épouse de Philippe VI de Valois et reine douairière pendant (...) près d’un demi-siècle, disposa de ses objets les plus précieux, joyaux et livres, dans un testament exceptionnel par son détail, l’accent est mis sur l’acte de tester comme un moment créateur, sinon d’objets, du moins de faits sociaux. Car, par la distribution savante de ses objets, Blanche construisit, pour ses successeurs, une mémoire, solidifiée dans des choses, des liens unissant les membres épars, vivants ou morts, de sa parenté. (shrink)

The paper states that since 1884 German naturalists and scientific expeditions intensified the exploration of the natural history of the African colonies of Germany. During the relatively short period of thirty years they have collected a lot of natural objects, of descriptions and pictures of animals in the landscape as well as of the living conditions in the natural environment. But we can find also several forerunners of the early nineteenth century. Therefore the paper is comparing the scientific results of (...) earlier expeditions with the yield of the natural history travels during the colonial period, in order to state the development and change of the aim of the natural history researches at Africa. Several types of sources were consulted, mainly individual travel descriptions, reports of expeditions in special periodicals like Deutsches Kolonialblatt, Amtsblatt für die Schutzgebiete, Mittheilungen aus den deutschen Schutzgebieten, etc., and furthermore publications of the scientific results. Especially the results of zoology and natural history, which were neglected by historians of science, will be analysed by representative examples. The emergence of scientific research in German African colonies with regard to qualitative and quantitative aspects and their change by the impact of the German colonial movement from 1884 to 1914 will be discussed. (shrink)

Sans doute était-il un peu trop ambitieux de vouloir couvrir en 120 pages un siècle de cinéma fait par des femmes, d'autant plus que les rares ouvrages précédents sur le sujet (Françoise Audé en 1981 et Paule Lejeune en 1986) avaient assez bien couvert les décennies antérieures jusqu'au milieu des années 1980. Outre le fait donc que le choix de la période est discutable, l'approche qui se veut à la fois descriptive et analytique manque parfois de pertinence et de réelle (...) méthodologie. L... (shrink)

The concept of self is imbedded in the psychoanalytic theory of object relations. The theory of object relations poses the question of the constitution of the person’s inner life or ‘representational world’. It will be discussed, in what respect the concept of self serves the description of dependency relations, in which the psychic relations of the person to the social and cultural reality are expressed. The significance of the concept of self lies in the explicative role it takes in the (...) portrayal of the individual’s developing participation in human community. (shrink)

Par son rôle déterminant dans la réussite scolaire et professionnelle, ainsi que dans l’insertion sociale, l’apprentissage de l’orthographe lexicale représente un défi majeur pour les élèves du primaire. Dans ce contexte, nombreux sont les enseignants, orthophonistes et chercheurs à s’intéresser à la question des outils utiles à son enseignement et à son apprentissage, et à avoir recours notamment à des bases de données lexicales. Bien qu’elles constituent un apport considérable pour le domaine, les ressources existantes souffrent de plusieurs insuffisances. D’une (...) part, elles s’appuient sur des corpus de référence peu représentatifs du lexique scolaire auquel les élèves sont exposés au primaire, et d’autre part, elles ne permettent pas aux utilisateurs de déterminer la façon dont se développe l’acquisition de l’orthographe lexicale. À la lumière de ces constats, nous avons élaboré une ressource lexicale hybride, rendant compte à la fois de la fréquence et des caractéristiques linguistiques du lexique scolaire présent dans les manuels du primaire au Québec et, pour une partie des mots de ce lexique, de la capacité des élèves à les orthographier à chaque niveau du primaire. Dans cet article, nous revenons dans un premier temps sur la méthodologie d’élaboration de cette nouvelle base de données - nommée ÉQOL - dotée d’une Échelle Québécoise d’acquisition de l’Orthographe Lexicale, à l’origine de la création de la base de données. Dans un deuxième temps, nous évaluons l’apport de cet outil. La comparaison de notre base de données (Stanké, Royle, Rezzonico, Moreau, Dumais & Le Mené 2018) à des outils existants (trois bases de données et une échelle d’acquisition lexicale) témoigne de la pertinence de la création d’un outil propre au lexique scolaire adressé aux élèves du primaire et de la nécessité d’utiliser une nouvelle échelle d’acquisition de l’orthographe lexicale, spécifique aux compétences orthographiques des élèves québécois. (shrink)

This paper deals with some structural properties of the sequent calculus and describes strong symmetries between cut-free derivations and derivations, which do not make use of identity axioms. Both of them are discussed from a semantic and syntactic point of view. Identity axioms and cuts are closely related to the treatment of negation in the sequent calculus, so the results of this article explain some nice symmetries of negation.

Currently, affect and emotions are a widely discussed political topic. At least since the early 1990s, different disciplines—from the social sciences and humanities to science and technoscience—have increasingly engaged in studying and conceptualizing affect, emotion, feeling, and sensation, evoking yet another turn that is frequently framed as the “affective turn.” Within queer feminist affect theory, two positions have emerged: following Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick's well-known critique, there are either more “paranoid” or more “reparative” approaches toward affect. Whereas the latter emphasize the (...) potentialities of affect, the former argue that one should question the mere idea of affect as liberation and promise. Here, I suggest moving beyond a critique or celebration of affect by embracing the political ambivalence of affect. For this queer feminist theorizing of affective politics, I adapt Jacques Rancière's theory of the political and particularly his understanding of emancipation. Rancière takes emancipation into account without, however, uncritically endorsing or celebrating a politics of liberation. I draw on his famous idea of the “distribution of the sensible” and reframe it as the “distribution of emotions,” by which I develop a multilayered approach toward a nonidentitarian, nondichotomous, and emancipatory queer feminist theory of affective politics. (shrink)

L’article porte sur le rapport entre communisme et féminisme dans l’entre-deux-guerres en prenant comme point de départ un débat transnational entre chercheuses d’horizons divers, débat paru dans une revue sur l’histoire des femmes et du genre dans les pays d’Europe de l’Est fondée récemment. Trois approches différentes permettent d’éclairer la position ambiguë du féminisme dans les organisations communistes et l’Internationale communiste. Dans un premier temps, ce sont les opportunités et les limites de l’égalité formelle offerte aux femmes communistes qui sont (...) abordées, puis les positions théoriques les plus innovantes et leur réception. Enfin trois cas de femmes cadres serviront d’exemples pour illustrer les négociations nécessaires, dans la pratique, pour concilier les attentes contradictoires propagées par le régime stalinien et les organisations communistes. (shrink)

This article adds to earlier research revealing that the American news media did not discharge their responsibility as a watchdog press in the post-9/11 years by failing to scrutinize extreme and unlawful government policies and actions, most of all the decision to invade Iraq based on false information about Saddam Hussein’s alleged weapons of mass destruction arsenal. The content analyses presented here demonstrate that leading US news organizations, both television and print, did not expressly refer to human rights violations when (...) they reported on the torturing of foreign detainees during “enhanced interrogations” in US-run prison facilities abroad and the killing of civilians, including children, in US drone strikes overseas and outside theaters of war. Moreover, by framing torture and the “collateral damage” caused by drone-launched missile attacks episodically rather than in the context of human rights, the news media failed to alert the American public to the grave humanitarian violations in the so-called war on terrorism during the George W. Bush and Barack Obama administrations. (shrink)

The physics of condensed matter, in contrast to quantum physics or cosmology, is not traditionally associated with deep philosophical questions. However, as science - largely thanks to more powerful computers - becomes capable of analysing and modelling ever more complex many-body systems, basic questions of philosophical relevance arise. Questions about the emergence of structure, the nature of cooperative behaviour, the implications of the second law, the quantum-classical transition and many other issues. This book is a collection of essays by leading (...) physicists and philosophers. Each investigates one or more of these issues, making use of examples from modern condensed matter research. Physicists and philosophers alike will find surprising and stimulating ideas in these pages. (shrink)