Beliefs can be resistant to evidence. Nonetheless, the orthodox view in epistemology analyzes beliefs as evidence-responsive attitudes. I address this tension by deploying analytical tools on capacities and masking to show that the cognitive science of evidence-resistance supports rather than undermines the orthodox view. In doing so, I argue for the claim that belief requires the capacity for evidence-responsiveness. More precisely, if a subject believes that p, then they have the capacity to rationally respond to evidence bearing on p. Because (...) capacities for evidence-responsiveness are fallible and may be masked, beliefs can be held in the face of counter-evidence. Indeed, I will argue that our best science of belief supports the claim that evidence-resistant beliefs result from masks on evidence-responsiveness capacities. This account of belief not only allows for resistance to evidence, but provides us with a framework for describing and explaining actual cases of evidence-resistance. (shrink)

The past decades have seen an increase in the design and implementation of sexuality education programs deemed comprehensive within formal schooling. Qualitative research is gaining relevance in the field; however, few studies focus on youth perspectives. This study analyzes qualitative research through a literature review on the implementation of Comprehensive Sexuality Education (CSE) programs from the perspective of young people. A review of qualitative studies and a meta-synthesis were conducted to outline a state-of-the-art of qualitative research on youth perceptions of (...) CSE. Results point to two main areas of concern for youth: contents and pedagogy. There remains a general dissatisfaction over the depth and breadth of the CSE curriculum, leaving young people feeling unprepared for positive relationships and good sexual health. In terms of pedagogy, there is still a shortfall in the effective implementation of innovative teaching and learning strategies, pointing towards a gap regarding the pedagogical frameworks underlying CSE. (shrink)

In this paper, we argue that there are epistemic norms on evidence-gathering and consider consequences for how to understand epistemic normativity. Though the view that there are such norms seems intuitive, it has found surprisingly little defense. Rather, many philosophers have argued that norms on evidence-gathering can only be practical or moral. On a prominent evidentialist version of this position, epistemic norms only apply to responding to the evidence one already has. Here we challenge the orthodoxy. First, we argue that (...) there is no significant normative difference between responding to evidence you have and gathering more evidence. Second, we argue that our practices of epistemically criticizing agents for their poor evidence-gathering indicate the existence of epistemic norms on evidence-gathering. Finally, we show that our thesis has important implications for recent debates about the relationship between epistemic norms and inquiry. (shrink)

Carolina Sartorio argues that only the actual causes of our behaviour matter to our freedom. The key, she claims, lies in a correct understanding of the role played by causation in a view of that kind. Causation has some important features that make it a responsibility-grounding relation, and this contributes to the success of the view. Also, when agents act freely, the actual causes are richer than they appear to be at first sight; in particular, they reflect the agents' (...) sensitivity to reasons, where this includes both the existence of actual reasons and the absence of other reasons. So acting freely requires more causes and quite complex causes, as opposed to fewer causes and simpler causes, and is compatible with those causes being deterministic. The book connects two different debates, the one on causation and the one on the problem of free will, in new and illuminating ways. (shrink)

En este artículo se analiza un conjunto de obras sobre ríos y represas que pertenece a la serie titulada Represa /Represión (2012-) de la artista colombiana Carolina Caycedo. La pregunta de la que se ocupa esta investigación es ¿cómo las estrategias estéticas de estas obras identifican los problemas socio-ecológicos generados por las represas y contribuyen a articular imaginarios políticos de sostenibilidad? El argumento principal es que las obras de Caycedo sobre el río Yuma o Magdalena contribuyen con la construcción (...) de una memoria histórica ambiental, a partir de saberes populares, campesinos y cosmovisiones indígenas. Con este fin, este texto caracteriza el problema de las represas a partir de los conceptos de ‘extractivismo’, de Macarena Gómez-Barris, y ‘desterritorialización’, de Rob Nixon, para luego realizar un recorrido por las obras de la artista, de cuyo análisis se va construyendo una caracterización de la memoria histórica ambiental de un segmento del río Yuma. El marco conceptual del trabajo incluye las nociones de ‘seres-tierra’, de Marisol de la Cadena y ‘territorio’, de Arturo Escobar, así como ‘memoria de los ríos’, de Kristina Lyons. La metodología se basa en el análisis conceptual y técnico de las piezas de Caycedo en el marco interdisciplinar de las humanidades ambientales. El análisis concluye que las obras de Caycedo generan espacios de memoria histórica ambiental desde perspectivas trasnacionales y, en estos espacios de encuentro que constituyen las obras, se relacionan y rearticulan los extremos de falsos antagonismos como naturaleza/cultura, humano/no humano y ciencia/arte. (shrink)

El flujo de remesas desde los lugares donde trabajan los migrantes hacia las familias que residen en los países de origen, se ha transformado en las dos últimas décadas en un tema de amplio debate internacional que concita la participación de diversos actores. Desde temprano el análisis se centró en el papel que debieran de jugar estos flujos de dinero en el desarrollo de las comunidades locales, y eventualmente, de las economías nacionales. El presente artículo analiza distintas dimensiones de la (...) discusión sobre la relación remesas y desarrollo. Se contextualiza el origen y sentido de estos flujos, dando importancia a la situación histórica que propicia la actual importancia de estas; se analizan también las distintas definiciones de remesas y los principales discursos que han articulado la relación remesa y desarrollo, para comprender los elementos políticos e ideológicos que subyacen cuando se plantea que las remesas constituyen una vía de desarrollo económico de las comunidades. Se analizan programas gubernamentales de apoyo a proyectos productivos, especialmente en México y El Salvador. La revisión bibliográfica desarrollada arroja que dichos programas son relativamente nuevos y que no es uno de sus enfoques el utilizar las remesas como elemento para combatir la pobreza, sino en vincular la migración con un concepto multidimensional de desarrollo social. (shrink)

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:Carolina Hotchandani 633 Wash That Man Right Out of My Hair Now it happened that Metis was going to have a daughter, and she sat inside Zeus’s head hammering out a helmet and weaving a splendid robe for the coming child. Soon Zeus began to suffer from pounding headaches and cried out in agony. All the gods came running to help him, and skilled Hephaestus grasped his tools (...) and split open his father’s skull. Out sprang Athena, wearing the robe and the helmet, her gray eyes flashing. Thunder roared and the gods stood in awe. —from “Athena,” in D’Aulaire’s Book of Greek Myths, 1962 I’ve never met the doctor who happens to be on call when I go into labor. A sweet-smelling aftershave precedes him into the delivery room. We’re gonna get that baby right out of you, he says, pulling a latex glove over one hand and stretching the opening wide so it snaps back with a loud smack against his wrist. I want those hands nowhere near me. I imagine him coaching little league, tapping his baseball cap to send signals to tiny players in the outfield. He chews gum for the entirety of my labor. After I push with all my might for three and a half hours and the baby has still not moved, he says with a half-wink, Poor thing. You’ll be so sore when this is all over. The baby’s been out of me for a while now, but that man is still inside. I go over what happened again and again, desperate to find the angle through which he exits the scene and stays gone. He sees himself from the outside: a hero who enters the scene in medias res, scenting the room with sweet nectars. He will stop in, introduce himself, smile his neighborly smile, before he sets off on a journey through the hospital. Doors will open, doors to women splayed on beds. Women 634 Carolina Hotchandani writhe; women scream in pain. Some will be monstrous—Scyllas and Charybdises among them. Their wounds will gape. Their wombs will pull against his virile strength. They hold the center of the earth within them; theirs, the blood of the wine-dark sea. Do not waver; do not let their currents steer you. Skate above the dark waters. Wait to come through the door till they quake, till they halve. Stand back till they split in two. Then sew them up, and it’s you, it’s you who’s made them new! Pull that man right out of my head. Let me be Zeus on this hospital bed.... (shrink)

The orthodox view in epistemology is that belief is constitutively evidence-responsive. I offer a novel argument for a version of this view, one that appeals to capacities to rationally respond to evidence. I do so by developing the Sellarsian idea that the concept of belief functions to mark the space of reasons in a non-intellectualist and naturalistic direction. The resulting view does justice to the role of belief in social interactions, joint deliberation, and rational persuasion, while including evidence-resistant beliefs and (...) animal beliefs as genuine beliefs. It has a range of further benefits: it helps us account for epistemic normativity, paves the way for better psychological models of belief revision, distinguishes beliefs from imaginings and mere acceptances, and helps us avoid noxious simplistic takes on human irrationality. (shrink)

Los trabajos arqueológicos llevados a cabo en El Tolmo de Minateda (Hellin, Albacete) han permitido sacar a la luz los vestigios de una ciudad visigoda y posteriormente islámica que fue abandonada durante la segunda mitad del siglo IX. En los contextos de uso, abandono y destrucción de la ciudad emiral se han exhumado una serie de monedas, tanto islámicas como acuñadas en periodos anteriores. La contextualización del registro numismático permite obtener una visión de conjunto de la circulación monetaria en esta (...) ciudad emiral y plantear algunas implicaciones de carácter histórico, numismático y arqueológico. (shrink)

Delusions are standardly defined as attitudes that are not amenable to change in light of conflicting evidence. But what evidence do people with delusion have for and against it? Do delusions really go against their total evidence? How are the answers affected by different conceptions of evidence? -/- This chapter focuses on how delusions relate to evidence. I consider what delusions-relevant evidence people with delusions have. I give some reasons to think that people typically have evidence for their delusions, and (...) that the evidence they have against them is often overstated. I draw on this discussion to consider whether delusions are evidentially supported and epistemically rational. Finally, I discuss implications for the nature of delusion, responsibility, and treatment and suggest directions for future research. Throughout, the discussion is sensitive to different conceptions of evidence and rationality in epistemology. -/- A central upshot is that what we should say about the epistemic standing of delusions depends substantively on our positions in epistemology, in particular, on the debate between internalists and externalists about evidence. If we want clarity on the epistemic standing of delusions, we need to incorporate more sophisticated tools from epistemology. (shrink)

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:632 Feminist Studies 44, no. 3. © 2018 by Feminist Studies, Inc. Achilles Sees Life Leaving from His Heel Carolina Hotchandani The nurse asked me if I could raise my legs yet. I watched my feet to see if they’d move when I tried. The right one twitched a bit. The little one must have been taken somewhere before then to get a shot or have blood drawn. (...) Later, I would see how they draw blood from a baby. A needle stuck in the heel, of all places. All I know is her cry was not in the room as I tried to find my will in my legs. Sometimes I think she took it away. My baby, my will. As if she drew it out of my bony heel.... (shrink)

Long known solely as fascism s precursor, Joseph de Maistre (1753-1821) re-emerges in this volume as a versatile thinker with a colossally diverse posterity whose continuing relevance in Europe is ensured by his theorization of the ...

The article aims to discuss the relationships between work, education and politics, analyzing how everyday material relationships are projected as ways of living the present time and expectations regarding the future. Based on “selective expectations”, given the possibility of discarding in an eliminatory labor market, practices aimed at entrepreneurship and selectivity are investigated both in the context of work and in formal and non-formal education, highlighting the links between profitability and punishment, at the crossroads between privatized social policies and militarization.

This paper attempts to shed light on the figure of the modern man as an empirical transcendental double such as characterized by Michel Foucault in The order of things, and in Introduction to Kant’s Anthropology from a pragmatic point of view. According to Foucault, our modernity is marked by Kant’s discovery of the transcendental. Since then, man may be thought empirically or transcendentally; in its empirical aspects or in its conditions of possibility. The difference between empirical and transcendental that in (...) Kant represents two possible ways of thinking man will, however, suffer an inflection, coming to designate an ontological difference in man itself. The new figure of man as a double is therefore a result of one confusion between what is empirical and what is transcendental. Such confusion will be called by Foucault anthropological illusion and must be understood as a new interpretation and as a repetition of transcendental illusion pointed out by Kant in Critique of Pure Reason. Hence, if the first illusion was a transgression of natural reason beyond the limits of experience, the second will consist in a transgression of Kant’s distinction between empirical and transcendental, since it intends to know positively the finiteness that is in the origin of the transcendental illusion. (shrink)

O presente artigo parte de um possível estranhamento que o livro de Foucault “As palavras e as coisas: uma arqueologia das ciências humanas” pode nos causar. Retomando principalmente o prefácio do livro, procuraremos, contudo, desfazer o estranhamento inicial, ao apontar para certa familiaridade que a obra parece ter com alguns temas já presentes na história da filosofia. A hipótese é a de que os problemas filosóficos mais gerais enfrentados pelo livro dizem respeito à tese do conhecimento como interpretação e ao (...) problema da relação entre as palavras e as coisas, entre o ver e o dizer. Tese e problemas que não são estranhos a Nietzsche, por exemplo, que, portanto, parece ter influenciado o pensamento de Foucault para além do tema do poder e da genealogia. (shrink)

Esta investigación describe el papel de la retórica y la historia en la construcción de conceptos en la ciencia civil, tomando como marco de referencia los escritos juveniles de Thomas Hobbes. Para ello, fue necesario identificar la relación entre retórica y ciencia civil en The Brief Art of Rhetoric, analizar la génesis de la ciencia civil en el Horae Subsecivae (Three Discourses) y comprender la influencia de la Historia de la Guerra del Peloponeso de Tucídides, en la formación del concepto (...) estado de naturaleza. Como perspectiva metodológica se asumió un análisis genético de categorías en virtud del cual fue posible plantear interrelaciones entre los textos de juventud y las obras de madurez del autor. La investigación fue financiada por la Universidad de La Salle y constituye un resultado adscrito al grupo Estudios Hobbesianos (Categoría C) de la Facultad de Filosofía y Humanidades. (shrink)

This theoretical paper proposes a new perspective to understand the moral distress of nurses more fully, using virtue ethics. Moral distress is a widely studied subject, especially with respect to the determination of its causes and manifestations. Increasing the theoretical depth of previous work using ethical theory, however, can create new possibilities for moral distress to be explored and analyzed. Drawing on more recent work in this field, we explicate the conceptual framework of the process of moral distress in nurses, (...) proposed by Ramos et al., using MacIntyrean virtue ethics. Our analysis considers the experience of moral distress in the context of a practice, enabling the adaptation of this framework using virtue ethics. The adoption of virtue ethics as an ethical perspective broadens the understanding of the complexity of nurses’ experiences of moral distress, since it is impossible to create a ready model that can cover all possibilities. Specifically, we describe how identity, social context, beliefs, and tradition shape moral discomfort, uncertainty, and sensitivity and how virtues inform moral judgments. Individuals, such as nurses, who are involved in a practice have a narrative history and a purpose ( telos) that guide them in every step of the process, especially in moral judgment. It is worth emphasizing that the process described is supported by the formation of moral competence that, if blocked, can lead to moral distress and deprofessionalization. It is expected that nurses seek to achieve the internal good of their practice, which legitimizes their professional practice and supports them in moral decision-making, preventing moral distress. (shrink)

Delusions are deeply evidence-resistant. Patients with delusions are unmoved by evidence that is in direct conflict with the delusion, often responding to such evidence by offering obvious, and strange, confabulations. As a consequence, the standard view is that delusions are not evidence-responsive. This claim has been used as a key argumentative wedge in debates on the nature of delusions. Some have taken delusions to be beliefs and argued that this implies that belief is not constitutively evidence-responsive. Others hold fixed the (...) evidenceresponsiveness of belief and take this to show that delusions cannot be beliefs. Against this common assumption, I appeal to a large range of empirical evidence to argue that delusions are evidence-responsive in the sense that subjects have the capacity to respond to evidence on their delusion in rationally permissible ways. The extreme evidence-resistance of delusions is a consequence of powerful masking factors on these capacities, such as strange perceptual experiences, motivational factors, and cognitive biases. This view makes room for holding both that belief is constitutively evidence-responsive and that delusions are beliefs, and it has important implications for the study and treatment of delusions. (shrink)

Epistemic agents interact with evidence in different ways. This can cause trouble for mutual understanding and for our ability to rationally engage with others. Indeed, it can compromise democratic practices of deliberation. This paper explains these differences by appeal to a new notion: epistemic styles. Epistemic styles are ways of interacting with evidence that express unified sets of epistemic values, preferences, goals, and interests. The paper introduces the notion of epistemic styles and develops a systematic account of their nature. It (...) then discusses the implications of epistemic styles for central questions in epistemology, in particular, for issues surrounding rational engagement and for the debate between virtue epistemologists and epistemic situationists. (shrink)

Este artículo aborda las fuentes antiguas del problema medieval de los universales em relación con la tradición filosófica posterior. Nos enfocamos en la Antigüedad Tardía como el marco dentro del cual se forja el problema de los universales y repasamos algunos acuerdos básicos del mundo académico, así como los tópicos actualmente debatidos. Sobre esa base, tratamos la doctrina de los universales de Porfirio, tanto en la Isagogé como en otras obras. En cuanto a Boecio, señalamos sorprendentes diferencias, no solo entre (...) su comentario a las obras lógicas de Aristóteles y su Consolación de la Filosofía, sino también dentro del corpus lógico mismo. El resultado es que ambos autores son abstraccionistas pero al mismo tiempo negocian con la metafísica realista platónica. (shrink)

La lectura de la filosofía hegeliana se hace ardua cuando no conocemos nociones neurálgicas del desarrollo de su sistema; una de ellas es la oposición entendida como sentido de unidad y no como una oposición aislada. Para ello es fundamental la comprensión de su génesis estudiando aspectos como el Ser, Nada, Devenir que han sido desarrolladas en este artículo con el fin de interconectar todos los aspectos en la elevación del Espíritu propuesto por Hegel, a saber en la superación de (...) las escisiones y por ende en la unificación de la oposición para tener como resultado una realidad más genuina que contemple la diferencia y su unificación. (shrink)

Este artículo busca revelar posibles cristalizaciones conceptuales que pudieran detener la reflexión en torno a los procedimientos de apropiación artística. Para ello, se reconsidera la idea de una supuesta modernidad artística pura y despojada de su pasado, y se evalúa la creencia tácita de que algún estilo, elemento u operación específica es, en sí mismo, suficiente para constatar la modernidad de las obras. Con todo, y en virtud de examinar su fuero moderno, distingue y examina si las propuestas artísticas reconvirtieron (...) los recursos disponibles, si edificaron versiones de algún estilo hegemónico, o si establecieron diatribas apegadas a su referente. (shrink)

While the underrepresentation of women in the fast-growing STEM field of computer science (CS) has been much studied, no consensus exists on the key factors influencing this widening gender gap. Possible suspects include gender differences in aptitude, interest, and academic environment. Our study contributes to this literature by applying student engagement research to study the experiences of college students studying CS, to assess the degree to which differences in men and women’s engagement may help account for gender inequity in the (...) field. Specifically, we use the Experience Sampling Method (ESM) to evaluate in real-time the engagement of college students during varied activities and environments. Over the course of a full week in fall semester and a full week in spring semester, 165 students majoring in CS at two Research I universities were “beeped” several times a day via a smartphone app prompting them to fill out a short questionnaire including open-ended and scaled items. These responses were paired with administrative and over two years of transcript data provided by their institutions. We used mean comparisons and logistic regression analysis to compare enrollment and persistence patterns among CS men and women. Results suggest that despite the obstacles associated with women’s underrepresentation in computer science, women are more likely to continue taking computer science courses when they felt challenged and skilled in their initial computer science classes. We discuss implications for further research. (shrink)

RESUMO: O presente artigo tem como objetivo discutir o estatuto que Foucault confere à psicanálise. Em As palavras e as coisas, de 1966, Foucault condena todo tipo de reflexão que procura conferir estatuto ontológico à finitude humana. Nesse sentido, faz-se necessário investigar se a crítica que Foucault endereça à psicanálise depois de 66 se dá nos mesmos termos que a crítica feita às analíticas da finitude. Ou seja, trata-se de entender se a acusação de que a psicanálise não passa de (...) mais um "dispositivo de sexualidade" a serviço do biopoder está fundada na ideia de que a psicanálise supõe uma ontologia. A ideia da psicanálise como ontologia, contudo, é uma tese recusada por Foucault em alguns escritos da década de 50 e 60. Nesse período, o filósofo defende que a psicanálise é antes de tudo um método hermenêutico e não uma teoria geral sobre o homem. Assim, se é verdade que as teses genealógicas finais de Foucault sobre a psicanálise se fundamentam na visão da psicanálise como ontologia, deparamo-nos com um problema: afinal, a psicanálise, para Foucault, consiste ou não numa teoria sobre o ser do homem? ABSTRACT: The goal of this study is to understand the status conferred on psychoanalysis by Foucault. In The Order of Things the philosopher condemns a certain kind of reflection that aims to confer an ontological status on human finitude. It is necessary to investigate whether the critique that Foucault addresses to psychoanalysis after 1966 is framed along the same lines as the critique made of the analytics of finitude. The aim is, therefore, to understand whether or not the accusatory claim that psychoanalysis is nothing but a "sexuality device" at the service of biopower is founded on the idea that psychoanalysis presupposes an ontology. The idea of psychoanalysis as ontology, however, is a thesis that is refuted by Foucault in some texts from the 1950's and 1960's. In this period, the philosopher holds that psychoanalysis is, above all, rather a hermeneutic method than a general theory on man. Thus, if it is true that Foucault's final genealogical theses on psychoanalysis are grounded on a view of psychoanalysis as ontology, we are posed with a problem: does psychoanalysis ultimately consist, for Foucault, in a theory of the being of man? (shrink)

En la actualidad el control del dengue sigue fracasando, por lo tanto, parece necesario estimular nuevos enfoques sobre el problema. Creemos que un análisis desde la epistemología puede contribuir con esto. Así, basándonos en una revisión realizada por Krieger de la categoría de población en epidemiología y en el abordaje epistemológico de Samaja, nuestro objetivo es analizar y problematizar el modo en qué se considera a la población humana en ciertas publicaciones científicas sobre la epidemiología del dengue en Argentina. Nuestro (...) análisis indica que estas publicaciones consideran a la población en sentido estadístico y que esta mirada puede generar consecuencias negativas. (shrink)

In many schools of architecture worldwide, design studios are frequently isolated from everyday life and tend to focus on theory without experience. In countries with complex social problems, such as Colombia, experiential learning can offer valuable opportunities for architectural education to become an agency for social reconstruction and peace building. This works proposes a teaching method which centres on the promotion of significant learning, through live projects as a complement to studio-based projects. Bloom’s revised taxonomy and Fink’s taxonomy for levels (...) of knowledge were used as references. In order to develop and test this method, 15 different live projects were designed, built and analysed over the course of four years. These involved the participation of 170 undergraduate learners, various national and international teachers, six sponsors from the construction industry and 12 children’s foundations. The findings reveal valuable insights into the development of intellectual, physical and em... (shrink)

This article points out that the great theses formulated by the analytic philosophy of the XX century, were anticipated in the XVII century by Thomas Hobbes. In The Leviathan, the author states the existing relationship between science and language. He had in mind the need of discerning between the sensible propositions and the absurd ones. Language is what provides the conditions for the construction of scientific thought and discovery of the truth. It also can be a source of error, absurdity (...) and nonsense. To avoid this danger, the philosopher must employ a method of analytic character that allows him to distill clearly the meaning of the expressions he uses, always appealing to an attitude of rigor, precision and exactitude. (shrink)