Selon Simplicius, le Manuel d’Épictète comprend deux parties (cf. In Ench. xxx, 8-9), les chapitres 1 à 21 et 22 à 53. Ce premier tome, qui recouvre les vingt-neuf premiers chapitres du Commentaire de Simplicius, nous mène jusqu’à l’exégèse de la première phrase du chapitre 20 du Manuel. Nous avons ainsi avec ce premier volume la presque totalité du commentaire de ce que Simplicius considérait comme la première partie du Manuel. Cette édition, que l’auteur présente comme l’editio minor de l’é...

Bien des difficultés que nous éprouvons à comprendre les oeuvres philosophiques des Anciens proviennent souvent du fait que nous commmettons en les interprétant un double anachronisme: nous croyons que, comme beaucoup d'oeuvres modernes, elles sont destinées à communiquer des informations concernant un contenu conceptuel donné et que nous pouvons aussi en tirer directement des renseignements clairs sur la pensée et la psychologie de leur auteur. Mais en fait, elles sont très souvent des exercices spirituels que l'auteur pratique lui-même et fait (...) pratiquer à son lecteur. Elles sont destinées à former les âmes. Elles ont une valeur psychagogique. (shrink)

On parle beaucoup dans cet ouvrage de contresens, de contresens parfois createurs, qui ont fait progresser la pensee, mais aussi de contresens qui ne produisent qu'erreur et confusion, comme ceux que commettent certains tenants de la psychologie historique. On presente dans cet ouvrage plusieurs applications a des textes philosophiques d'une methode d'interpretation qui consiste a les replacer dans le contexte de l'enseignement et de la vie des ecoles philosophiques. A cote d'etudes de details consacrees a des termes philosophiques importants, on (...) trouvera dans ce volume plusieurs contributions generales, justement celebres, consacrees aux divisions de la philosophie, a l'organisation de l'enseignement dans les ecoles philosophiques, a la repartition des disciplines ou encore a la figure du sage. Les recherches de Pierre Hadot ont porte tout d'abord sur les rapports entre hellenisme et christianisme, puis sur la mystique neoplatonicienne et la philosophie de l'epoque hellenistique, et enfin sur la description du phenomene spirituel de la philosophie. (shrink)

A magisterial mappa mundi of the terrain that Pierre Hadot has so productively worked for decades, this ambitious work revises our view of ancient philosophy- ...

This book presents a history of spiritual exercises from Socrates to early Christianity, an account of their decline in modern philosophy, and a discussion of ...

Dans toutes les écoles seront ainsi pratiquées des exercices destinés à assurer le progrès spirituel vers l'état idéal de la sagesse, des exercices de la raison qui seront, pour l'âme, analogues à l'entraînement de l'athlète et aux pratiques d'une cure médicale. D'une manière générale, ils consistent surtout dan le contrôle de soi et dans la méditation. Le contrôle de soi est fondamentalement attention à soi-même : vigilance tendue dans le stoïcisme, renoncement aux désirs superflus dans l'épicurisme.

Les études réunies ici témoignent de la découverte de la philosophie analytique par les philosophes français de l’après-guerre : dans les années 1950, Pierre Hadot fut en effet l’un des premiers à s’intéresser aux rapports entre logique et langage dans la pensée de Wittgenstein. Ces études pionnières sont suivies d’une lettre d’Elisabeth Anscombe à Pierre Hadot, et de la traduction d’un texte de Gottfried Gabriel sur la signification de la forme littéraire chez Wittgenstein.

La définition platonicienne du philosophe; la philosophie comme mode de vie; rupture et continuité, le Moyen Age et les temps modernes. [SDM].

Dopo uno sguardo generale alla dottrina dell'anima nel tardo neoplatonismo e alla tradizione dei commentari al De anima di Aristotele, l'A. esamina il tema della sensazione, della sensazione comune, dei sensibili comuni e della coscienza soprattutto in Simplicio, Prisciano e Filopono. L'A. propone inoltre un esame critico dello studio di P. Lautner Rival Theories of Self-Awareness in Late Neoplatonism in «Bullettin of the Institute of Classical Studies of the University of London» 29 107-16. L'ultima parte del saggio è centrata sul (...) commento dello Pseudo-Filopono al De anima relativamente al tema della sensazione comune. (shrink)

The French translation with commentary, the first in a modern language, allows historians of philosophy access to a fundamental work for the understanding of medieval and modern thought. They could also explore more easily the great variety of information contained in the commentary of Simplicius on the history of the exegis of the _Catégories of Aristotle_, and more generally on the history of comparative philosophy of Simplicius. They will discover some important aspects in the actual thought of Simplicius, which so (...) far has hardly been explored. (shrink)

The Meditations of Marcus Aurelius are treasured today--as they have been over the centuries--as an inexhaustible source of wisdom. And as one of the three most important expressions of Stoicism, this is an essential text for everyone interested in ancient religion and philosophy. Yet the clarity and ease of the work's style are deceptive. Pierre Hadot, eminent historian of ancient thought, uncovers new levels of meaning and expands our understanding of its underlying philosophy. Written by the Roman emperor for (...) his own private guidance and self-admonition, the Meditations set forth principles for living a good and just life. Hadot probes Marcus Aurelius's guidelines and convictions and discerns the hitherto unperceived conceptual system that grounds them. Abundantly quoting the Meditations to illustrate his analysis, the author allows Marcus Aurelius to speak directly to the reader. And Hadot unfolds for us the philosophical context of the Meditations, commenting on the philosophers Marcus Aurelius read and giving special attention to the teachings of Epictetus, whose disciple he was. The soul, the guiding principle within us, is in Marcus Aurelius's Stoic philosophy an inviolable stronghold of freedom, the "inner citadel." This spirited and engaging study of his thought offers a fresh picture of the fascinating philosopher-emperor, a fuller understanding of the tradition and doctrines of Stoicism, and rich insight on the culture of the Roman empire in the second century. Pierre Hadot has been working on Marcus Aurelius for more than twenty years; in this book he distills his analysis and conclusions with extraordinary lucidity for the general reader. (shrink)

In this article, Pierre Hadot examines the late philosophy of Ludwig Wittgenstein and the so-called “linguistic turn” in philosophy and the social sciences. Although certain interpreters of Wittgenstein have thought that Philosophical Investigations shows philosophy to be predicated on a series of confusions based on the misuse of language, Hadot argues contrarily that an understanding of Wittgenstein’s idea of “language games”—far from ending philosophy—allows us to see it anew and to discern the source of some of its deepest (...) perplexities. Of particular concern is the notion of the ancient idea of philosophical discourse as intrinsically connected to various forms of apprenticeship or spiritual formation. It is in this context that the supposed inconsistencies and unusual repetitions of ancient philosophy can be understood. Only from the Middle Ages do philosophical language games begin slowly to become detached from certain kinds of training, of pedagogies connected to forms of life, and become texts—and “systems”—in the sense of being written for the purposes of merely conventional reading. (shrink)

Athenian and Alexandrian Neoplatonism and the Harmonization of Aristotle and Plato by Ilsetraut Hadot deals with the Neoplatonist tendency to harmonize the philosophies of Plato and Aristotle.

Tied to the apron strings of the church -- Researcher, teacher, philosopher -- Philosophical discourse -- Interpretation, objectivity and nonsense -- Unitary experience and philosophical life -- Philosophical discourse as spiritual exercise -- Philosophy as life and as a quest for wisdom -- From Socrates to Foucault : a long tradition -- Inacceptable? -- The present alone is our happiness.

What does “encyclopedic knowledge” mean to us today? I believe that, as in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, what we mean by this term is a knowledge that strives to embrace in detail the greatest possible number of sciences and bodies of knowledge. As Sainte-Beuve said in 1850 regarding Madame de Genlis:All these tastes, all these diverse talents, all these pleasurable arts, all these trades (for she didn't even omit the trades), made her a living Encyclopedia that prided itself upon (...) being the rival and the antagonist of the other Encyclopedia. (shrink)

Pierre Hadot, vous êtes un grand spécialiste de la philosophie antique. Vous êtes, entre autres, auteur de Qu’est-ce que la philosophie antique1et vous venez de publier une édition du Manuel d’Épictète2. Mais vous avez aussi écrit, par exemple, sur Montaigne, Kierkegaard, Thoreau, Foucault, Wittgenstein...

The French translation with commentary, the first in a modern language, allows historians of philosophy access to a fundamental work for the understanding of medieval and modern thought. They could also explore more easily the great variety of information contained in the commentary of Simplicius on the history of the exegis of the Catégories of Aristotle, and more generally on the history of comparative philosophy of Simplicius. They will discover some important aspects in the actual thought of Simplicius, which so (...) far has hardly been explored. (shrink)

Since its original publication in France in 1963, Pierre Hadot's lively philosophical portrait of Plotinus remains the preeminent introduction to the man and his thought. Michael Chase's lucid translation—complete with a useful chronology and analytical bibliography—at last makes this book available to the English-speaking world. Hadot carefully examines Plotinus's views on the self, existence, love, virtue, gentleness, and solitude. He shows that Plotinus, like other philosophers of his day, believed that Plato and Aristotle had already articulated the essential (...) truths; for him, the purpose of practicing philosophy was not to profess new truths but to engage in spiritual exercises so as to live philosophically. Seen in this light, Plotinus's counsel against fixation on the body and all earthly matters stemmed not from disgust or fear, but rather from his awareness of the negative effect that bodily preoccupation and material concern could have on spiritual exercises. (shrink)

Are there, in addition to the various actual objects that make up the world, various possible objects? Are there merely possible people, for example, or merely possible electrons, or even merely possible kinds? We certainly talk as if there were such things. Given a particular sperm and egg, I may wonder whether that particular child which would result from their union would have blue eyes. But if the sperm and egg are never in fact brought together, then there is no (...) actual object that my thought is about.1 Or again, in the semantics for modal logic we presuppose an ontology of possibilia twice over.2 For first, we countenance various possible worlds, in addition to the actual world; and second, each of these worlds is taken to be endowed with its own domain of objects. These will be the actual objects of the world in question, but they need not be actual simpliciter, i.e., actual objects of our world. What are we to make of such discourse? There are four options: (i) the discourse is taken to be unintelligible; (ii) it is taken to be intelligible but nonfactual, i.e. as not in the business of stating facts; (iii) it is taken to be factual but reducible to discourse involving no reference to possibilia; (iv) it is taken to be both factual and irreducible.3 These options range from a fullblooded form of actualism at one extreme to a full-blooded form of possibilism at the other. The two intermediate positions are possibilist in that they accept the intelligibility of possibilist discourse but actualist in that they attempt to dispense with its prima facie commitment to possibilia. All four positions have found advocates in the literature. Quine, in his less irenic moments, favors option (i); Forbes ([85], p. 94) advocates option (ii), at least for certain parts of possibilist discourse; many philosophers, including Adams [74] and myself, opt for (iii); while Lewis [86] and Stalnaker [75] have endorsed versions of (iv), that differ in how full-blooded they take the possible objects to be. My focus in the present article is on the third option.. (shrink)

English summary: The idea of spiritual guidance as a philosophical practice lies at the center of Senecas thought, and can provide us with a new perspective on our own moral conduct, as well as the meaning of philosophy itself. Through a close philological, historical, and philosophical study, Ilsetraut Hadot breathes new life into Senecas work and restores it to its place at the heart of western philosophy. French description: Seneque et la philosophie du present : la distance qui les (...) separe est precisement ce qui nous permet de nous voir nous-memes plus objectivement et de mieux comprendre les insuffisances de nos systemes philosophiques contemporains. L'idee de direction spirituelle en tant que pratique philosophique est au centre de la pensee de Seneque et, dans toute sa specificite, nous ouvre une perspective nouvelle sur notre conduite morale aussi bien que sur le sens de la philosophie elle-meme. Car ce sont paradoxalement Seneque et la tradition de la direction spirituelle qui nous apportent des concepts et des exercices precieux pour decouvrir, dans notre passe philosophique, notre vraie actualite. Ainsi, grace a sa lecture rigoureuse, a la fois philologique, historique et philosophique, Ilsetraut Hadot restitue a la richesse de l'oeuvre de Seneque son role essentiel au coeur de l'histoire de la pensee occidentale. C'est a nous d'utiliser cette lecture pour mettre en pratique l'experience de la philosophie. (shrink)

Here we are witness to the great cultural event of the West, the emergence of a Latin philosophical language translated from the Greek. Once again, it would be necessary to make a systematic study of the formation of this technical vocabulary that, thanks to Cicero, Seneca, Tertullian, Victorinus, Calcidius, Augustine, and Boethius, would leave its mark, by way of the Middle Ages, on the birth of modern thought. Can it be hoped that one day, with current technical means, it will (...) be possible to compile a complete lexicon of the correspondences of philosophical terminology in Greek and Latin? Furthermore, lengthy commentaries would be needed, for the most interesting task would be to analyze the shifts in meaning that take place in the movement from one language to another. In the case of the ontological vocabulary the translation of ousia by substantia, for example, is justly famous and has again recently inspired some remarkable studies. This brings us once more to a phenomenon we discretely alluded to earlier with the word philosophia, and which we will encounter throughout the present discussion: the misunderstandings, shifts or losses in meaning, the reinterpretations, sometimes even to the point of misreading, that arise once tradition, translation, and exegesis coexist. So our history of the Hellenistic and Roman thought will consist above all of recognizing and analyzing the evolution of meanings and significance. Pierre Hadot holds the chair of the History of Hellenistic and Roman Thought at the Collège de France. He is the author of many books and articles on the history of ancient philosophy and theology. Among his works are Plotin et la simplicité du regard, Porphyre et Vitctorinus, Marius Victorinus: Recherches sur sa vie et ses oeuvres, and Exercises spirituels et philosophie antique. Arnold I. Davidson, executive editor of Critical Inquiry, is associate professor of philosophy and a member of the Committees on the Conceptual Foundations of Science and General Studies in the Humanities at the University of Chicago. He introduced and edited the “Symposium on Heidegger and Nazism” . He is currently working on the history of horror as it relates to the epistemology of norms and deviations. Paula Wissing, a free-lance translator and editor, has recently translated Marcel Detienne and Jean-Pierre Vernant’s The Cuisine of Sacrifice among the Greeks . She also contributed translations of articles by Maurice Blanchot, Philippe Lacoue-Labarthe, and Emmanuel Levinas for the “Symposium on Heidegger and Nazism.”. (shrink)

Le commentaire constitue, outre une synthèse, un éclaircissement méthodique de la métaphysique et de la mystique plotinienne.

Les articles rassembles dans ce recueil sont l'echo de quarante annees de recherches consacrees a Plotin et a son celebre disciple Porphyre. Ces etudes sont de style varie. Quelques-unes presentent des exposes synthetiques et generaux sur la pensee de ces auteurs, d'autres s'interessent plutot a des problemes particuliers de doctrine, notamment a la theorie de l'etre chez Plotin ou chez Porphyre, d'autres encore a des problemes psychologiques, comme celui de l'auto-erotique chez Plotin, d'autres enfin a des interpretations de texte ou (...) a des problemes de critique textuelle. L'environnement spirituel des deux penseurs n'est pas oublie, notamment l'etrange phenomene des Oracles Chaldaiques. Pierre Hadot a ete successivement chercheur au CNRS, Directeur d'etudes a l'Ecole pratique des Hautes Etudes et Professeur au College de France. Dans son oeuvre tres importante rappellons d'abord son edition-commentaire de Marius Victorinus, Porphyre et Victorinus, ou toute la metaphysique neo-platonicienne est reconstituee; sa serie de traductions avec commentaires de traites de Plotin, et tout un ensemble de travaux consacres a la philosophie hellenistque et romaine: Exercices spirituels et philosophie antique, Introduction aux pensees de Marc-Aurele. La citadelle interieure. Les Belles Lettres ont publie les deux premiers volumes de ses travaux et articles et le premier volume de son edition de Marc-Aurele. (shrink)