Le Conseil d'élèves est une instance de médiation et de régulation de la vie de la classe. Les enfants y débattent démocratiquement de tous les sujets et problèmes ayant de l'importance pour eux : conflits, projets pédagogiques, cantine, etc. Dans une période où l'apprentissage du " vivre ensemble " est devenu une des priorités de l'école primaire, cet ouvrage original présente un double intérêt. Il apporte, par les récits de trois praticiens, un éclairage pluriel et des repères pédagogiques concrets à (...) tous ceux qui souhaitent se lancer dans la pratique du Conseil d'élèves ou en repenser le fonctionnement. Il présente, dans une deuxième partie, les résultats de recherches menées par un chercheur à la Réunion sur les modalités organisationnelles et relationnelles que déclarent adopter les maîtres dans leur classe, mais aussi sur les motivations, les résistances qui les animent ainsi que sur l'impact qu'ils perçoivent chez leurs élèves. Les données et les récits recueillis s'adressent aux enseignants de la Réunion et à leurs collègues de métropole qui envisagent de se lancer dans l'aventure du Conseil ainsi qu'aux formateurs, étudiants et chercheurs qui s'intéressent à la démocratie à l'école et aux pédagogies coopératives. (shrink)

Cet article cherche à préciser les modes d' appropriation médiévale du paradoxe du Ménon selon lequel il est impossible de rien apprendre, c'est-à-dire de connaître quelque chose de nouveau. Dans un premier temps, on met en évidence les vecteurs de transmission textuelle. Dans la mesure où le dialogue lui-même a été mal connu au Moyen Âge, c'est principalement par l'intermédiaire du résumé qu'en donne Aristote que le paradoxe et ses possibles solutions ont été appréhendés. Pour les commentateurs des Seconds analytiques (...) au XIIIe siècle ce paradoxe vient appuyer une conception innéiste de la science auquel est opposé un empirisme aristotélicien. Cette opposition est radicalisée par les nominalistes du XIVe siècle. La réfutation de l'argument de Ménon devient alors l'occasion de développer une conception strictement naturaliste de l'acquisition du savoir. This article undertakes to define the modes of medieval appropriation of the Menons paradox according to which it is impossible to learn anything, that is to say, to know something new. First, we outline the vectors of textual transmission. The dialogue itself was not well known during the Middle Ages, so that the paradox and its possible solutions were apprehended mainly through the summary provided by Aristotle. For the 13 century commentators of the Posterior Analytics, this paradox favors an innatist conception of science. This conception is opposed by Aristotelian empiricism. The 14th century nominalists made this opposition still more radical. The refutation of Meno's argument provides an opportunity to develop a strictly naturalistic conception of the acquisition of knowledge. (shrink)

It is known today that Hegel's philosophy was at the center of the development of pragmatism. In particular, the relation of Dewey's philosophy to Hegel's has recently been studied with great attention1. Many studies have revealed that the German philosopher had a fundamental influence on the young John Dewey, particularly with regard to his theory of culture, for his logic, as well as for his psychology. These new readings propose a profoundly original view of Dewey and explain why he thought (...) of his philosophy as a "permanent Hegelian deposit".Our work aims to... (shrink)

Résumé Considéré comme un auteur érotique, Crébillon fils ne met pourtant pas en scène des corps charnels dont il décrit les ébats. Bien au contraire, il s’intéresse à des corps amoureux plus intéressants, comme en témoigne son premier texte intitulé Le Sylphe. Ce texte liminaire met en scène un corps doublement subtil en ce qu’il est aérien et en ce qu’il se dérobe aux ébats. Le corps amoureux chez Crébillon fils est donc un corps sensuel et sensible qui se dérobe (...) pourtant au moment de l’amour. (shrink)

L'écologie politique est souvent associée aux pensées critiques de gauche sans que ses apports spécifiques à la critique sociale soient relevés. Dans quelle mesure la pensée et les pratiques écologistes bousculent-elles certaines idées encore productivistes ou dominatrices du socialisme? Si elles héritent de certaines idées, valeurs et formes politiques du socialisme dans toute sa diversité, elle réactualise aussi ses thèmes dans le contexte d'urgence environnementale et climatique : aliénation, domination et émancipation prennent un autre sens. Les analyses écologistes de ces (...) phénomènes renouvellent l'analyse des contradictions du capitalisme. Critique du productivisme et du dualisme nature-culture, écoféminisme et écosocialisme, décroissance et autogestion: comment les idées écologistes peuvent-elles nourrir la gauche aujourd'hui?"--Page 4 of cover. (shrink)

À partir de deux vignettes a priori sans rapport, l’auteur se propose de réfléchir aux effets des transformations sociales sur le rapport que les individus entretiennent avec la parentalité. Revendication d’autonomie, création et utilisation d’un réseau « coparental » autour de l’enfant ; il sera question de mesurer l’intérêt dans un cadre clinique de porter attention aux modalités de rencontre, ou de non-rencontre, entre la créativité des parents et leur environnement. L’auteur en arrivera à paraphraser D.W. Winnicott en proclamant qu’« (...) un parent, ça n’existe pas! ». (shrink)

Dès la première phrase de son introduction, l’auteur précise l’objet de son étude qui n’est pas la virginité féminine en elle-même mais la domination masculine que la question de la virginité est à même de révéler : « this book is about cultural constructions of men’s sexuality as ideally aggressive » (p. 1). Il entreprend d’étudier pensée rabbinique et pensée chrétienne qui ont pu s’appuyer sur le passage biblique de Deutéronome 22 :13-21, texte ayant statué sur la nécessaire virginité des (...) j... (shrink)

Storage operators are λ-terms which simulate call-by-value in call-by-name for a given set of terms. Krivine's storage operator theorem shows that any term of type ¬D → ¬D*, where D* is the Gödel translation of D, is a storage operator for the terms of type D when D is a data-type or a formula with only positive second order quantifiers. We prove that a new semantical version of Krivine's theorem is valid for every types. This also gives a simpler proof (...) of Krivine's theorem using the properties of data-types. (shrink)

« Car celui qui regarde, dans ce drame, est aussi celui qui détruit. » J.-M. G. Le Clézio, Le rêve mexicain « Le barbare, c’est d’abord celui qui croit à la barbarie. »C. Lévi-Strauss, Race et histoire « Là où dialoguent les cultures. »Slogan du Musée du quai Branly Introduction Durant plus de quatre siècles, l’altérité radicale s’est incarnée en Occident dans la figure du barbare « exotique », issu de mondes lointains et méconnus. Notre rapport à cet Autre absolu (...) a souvent trahi une fascinat... (shrink)

If the opposition between “action and contemplation” seems characteristic of the history of philosophy, it also sums up Hannah Arendt’s personal history and philosophy – the diagnosis of the theoretician of the political practice on her contemporaries being eloquent. But the author of the Human condition invites us to reverse the conjunction. Arendt breaks up deliberately with philosophical tradition and particularly with Thomas Aquinas by making these terms exclusive and choosing to think either action or contemplation. We would like thus (...) to reflect on the relationship between these two thinkers by examining potential echoes of Summa Theologiae within Arendt’s 1958 essay. (shrink)

Human expression is open-ended, versatile, and diverse, ranging from ordinary language use to painting, from exaggerated displays of affection to micro-movements that aid coordination. Here we present and defend the claim that this expressive diversity is united by an interrelated suite of cognitive capacities, the evolved functions of which are the expression and recognition of informative intentions. We describe how evolutionary dynamics normally leash communication to narrow domains of statistical mutual benefit, and how expression is unleashed in humans. The relevant (...) cognitive capacities are cognitive adaptations to living in a partner choice social ecology; and they are, correspondingly, part of the ordinarily developing human cognitive phenotype, emerging early and reliably in ontogeny. In other words, we identify distinctive features of our species' social ecology to explain how and why humans, and only humans, evolved the cognitive capacities that, in turn, lead to massive diversity and open-endedness in means and modes of expression. Language use is but one of these modes of expression, albeit one of manifestly high importance. We make cross-species comparisons, describe how the relevant cognitive capacities can evolve in a gradual manner, and survey how unleashed expression facilitates not only language use, but also novel behaviour in many other domains too, focusing on the examples of joint action, teaching, punishment, and art, all of which are ubiquitous in human societies but relatively rare in other species. Much of this diversity derives from graded aspects of human expression, which can be used to satisfy informative intentions in creative and new ways. We aim to help reorient cognitive pragmatics, as a phenomenon that is not a supplement to linguistic communication and on the periphery of language science, but rather the foundation of the many of the most distinctive features of human behaviour, society, and culture. (shrink)

Le différend commercial sur les OGM dans le cadre de l’OMC a mobilisé une expertise scientifique de façon quelque peu inédite. Dès le départ, le Groupe spécial a situé le différend dans le cadre de l’Accord sur l’application des mesures sanitaires et phytosanitaires de l’OMC grâce à une nouvelle ontologie juridique. Ce groupe a mis en scène l’expertise scientifique en suivant des approches spécifiques définissant de quelle manière les experts seraient interrogés, les réponses qu’ils donneraient, leur rôle spécifique dans le (...) domaine juridique et la façon dont leurs déclarations viendraient compléter ses conclusions. De plus, le Groupe spécial a procédé à un tournant procédural en présentant ses conclusions sous forme d’un jugement purement juridico-administratif tout en gardant implicites ses propres jugements sur les questions de fond liées aux risques.The high-profile WTO trade dispute on GMOs brought in scientific expertise in somewhat novel ways. From the outset, the Panel placed the dispute under the WTO Sanitary and Phytosanitary Agreement by drawing on a new legal ontology. The Panel brought scientific expertise into play in specific ways that defined how experts were questioned, the answers they would give, their specific role in the legal arena, and the way their statements would complement the Panel’s findings. Furthermore, the Panel created a procedural turning point in WTO jurisprudence by representing its findings as a purely legal and administrative assessment of whether the EC’s regulatory procedures violated the SPS Agreement, with its own assessments on substantive risk issues remaining implicit. (shrink)

« Cet article se propose de revenir, en s’appuyant sur des documents d’archives inédits, même en Allemagne, sur le chapitre que Günther Anders consacre au jazz dans le tome 1 de L’Obsolescence de l’homme. Voyant dans le jazz l’ analogon d’une machine destinée à dresser les corps, il ne le confie ni à une philosophie de la musique ni à une sociologie de la musique, mais à une critique de la technique. Si ce texte de 1956 repose sur une analyse (...) de la machine-jazz du swing qui peut parfois sembler injuste, les notes inédites révèlent en revanche un véritable intérêt pour le be-bop.». (shrink)

A three-variable biochemical prototype involving two enzymes with autocatalytic regulation proposed by Decroly and Goldbeter (1987) is analyzed using a topological approach. A two-branched manifold, a so-called template, is thus identified. For certain control parameter values, this template is a horseshoe template with a global torsion of two half-turns. This implies that the bifurcation diagram can be described using the usual sequences associated with a unimodal map with a differentiable maximum as well as exemplified by the logistic map. Moreover, a (...) type-I intermittency associated with a saddle-node bifurcation is exhibited. The dynamics from a single time series are also investigated to determine whether it is possible to investigate the dynamics of this biochemical model from the measure of a single concentration. (shrink)

This article studies the Thomism of Alasdair MacIntyre. On the ethical level, it highlights the importance of the thesis of the unity of the virtues in the philosopher’s work. This thesis is linked to an underlying epistemology the article clarifies. The God of the Prima Pars constitutes the Archimedean point of that epistemology, which the distinctions made in the De Veritate and De Ente and Essentia explain philosophically. This epistemology is at the heart of MacIntyrean thought, which is opposed in (...) that to Hilary Putnam, an important foil in his work. The article shows how. It presents the way in which Alasdair MacIntyre moves beyond the internalist impasse while honoring the relativity of all rational investigation. It likens his thought to that of Charles Sanders Peirce while shedding light on the Thomistic specificity of the MacIntyrean theory of truth. It positions Alasdair MacIntyre’s work within the context of contemporary Thomism. (shrink)

As a discipline of its own, the philosophy of science can be traced back to the founding of its academic journals, some of which go back to the first half of the twentieth century. While the discipline has been the object of many historical studies, notably focusing on specific schools or major figures of the field, little work has focused on the journals themselves. Here, we investigate contemporary philosophy of science by means of computational text-mining approaches: we apply topic-modeling algorithms (...) to eight major philosophy of science journals, from the 1930s up until 2017. Based on the full-text content of some 15,897 articles, we identified 25 research themes and 8 thematic clusters that show how the research agenda of the philosophy of science has changed in its content over the course of the last eight decades, up to the philosophy of science we now know. We also show how each one of the journals contributed in its own way to this thematic evolution. (shrink)

La présente étude de cas soulève une série de questions historiographiques et archivistiques induites par une enquête que nous avons consacrée à la patrimonialisation des papiers personnels de Jean Leray (1906-1998). Nous entendons tout d’abord reconstituer la persona scientifique de Jean Leray telle qu’elle ressort des notices biographiques produites en particulier après son décès. Le récit que nous a livré Leray sur sa captivité durant la seconde guerre mondiale y est alors reproduit et amplifié. Nous établissons ensuite que le tri (...) des papiers de Leray est contemporain de ces éloges et qu’il a été mené sous l’étroit contrôle du mathématicien et académicien Paul Malliavin. Nous formulons ce faisant quelques hypothèses sur les principes ayant conduit ce dernier à n’en déposer que quelques fragments dans trois bibliothèques de mathématiques distinctes. Pour finir, nous replaçons le récit de captivité de Leray dans le contexte des relations étroites que certains membres de l’Académie des sciences, dont Gaston Julia et Henri Villat, entretenaient avec l’université en captivité de l’Oflag XVII-A durant l’Occupation. (shrink)

Le present livre propose l'etude de la constitution, durant le haut Moyen Age latin, d'une position philosophique: le realisme de l'immanence a propos des universaux. Cette position est fondee sur la conviction qu'il existe, dans le monde qui nous entoure, certes des individus particuliers - ce tilleul, cette tortue -, mais aussi des entites universelles. Ces entites n'existent pas separees des individus, mais integralement realisees en eux, sans variation ni degre. Cet engagement philosophique resulte d'une exegese des Categories d'Aristote, reinterpretees (...) selon des philosophemes issus de la pensee de Porphyre. La genealogie de cette position est ici retracee en abordant successivement ses sources tant grecques que latines et ses ancetres patristiques (avant tout Gregoire de Nysse), puis son elaboration conceptuelle durant les premiers siecles du Moyen Age latin jusqu'a la critique qu'en donnera Pierre Abelard, et ce, par l'analyse de l'ontologie des quatre philosophes qui l'ont soutenue: Jean Scot Erigene, Anselme de Canterbury, Odon de Cambrai et Guillaume de Champeaux. Ce parcours permet de dessiner les contours d'un projet philosophique: comprendre, analyser et decrire le monde sensible au moyen des concepts issus de la logique aristotelicienne. (shrink)

All known chimpanzee populations have been observed to hunt small mammals for meat. Detailed observations have shown, however, that hunting strategies differ considerably between populations, with some merely collecting prey that happens to pass by while others hunt in coordinated groups to chase fast-moving prey. Of all known populations, Taï chimpanzees exhibit the highest level of cooperation when hunting. Some of the group hunting roles require elaborate coordination with other hunters as well as precise anticipation of the movements of the (...) prey. The meat-sharing rules observed in this community guarantee the largest share of the meat to hunters who perform the most important roles leading to a capture. The learning time of such hunting roles is sometimes especially long. Taï chimpanzee males begin hunting monkeys at about age 10. The hunters’ progress in learning the more sophisticated hunting roles is clearly correlated with age; only after 20 years of practice are they able to perform them reliably. This lengthy learning period has also been shown in some hunter-gatherer societies and confirms the special challenge that hunting represents. (shrink)

Les sources proposent deux dates concurrentes pour l’archontat de Damasias : 582/1 et 580/79. Cette étude tente premièrement d’établir que ces propositions sont toutes deux correctes. En effet, le nom de Damasias devait figurer sur la liste des archontes pour les trois années durant lesquelles il exerça cette charge, et non uniquement pour la première. La seconde partie de l’étude propose une interprétation nouvelle des intervalles de temps qui, dans le chapitre XIII de la Constitution d’Athènes, scandent la période séparant (...) le départ de Solon de la désignation de Damasias, afin de les faire correspondre avec les deux termini établis plus haut. Pareille démarche oblige à remettre sur le métier la chronologie de l’archontat solonien qui constitue le point de départ du comput, question que nous aborderons à travers l’implication du législateur dans la première guerre sacrée. (shrink)

Developmental dyscalculia (DD) is a pervasive difficulty affecting number processing and arithmetic. It is encountered in around 6% of school-aged children. While previous studies have mainly focused on general cognitive functions, the present paper aims to further investigate the hypothesis of a specific numerical deficit in dyscalculia. The performance of 10- and 11-year-old children with DD characterised by a weakness in arithmetic facts retrieval and age-matched control children was compared on various number comparison tasks. Participants were asked to compare a (...) quantity presented in either a symbolic (Arabic numerals, number words, canonical dots patterns) or a nonsymbolic format (noncanonical dots patterns, and random sticks patterns) to the reference quantity 5. DD children showed a greater numerical distance effect than control children, irrespective of the number format. This favours a deficit in the specialised cognitive system underlying the processing of number magnitude in children with DD. Results are discussed in terms of access and representation deficit hypotheses. (shrink)

Though only established as a discipline since the 1970s, philosophy of biology has already triggered investigations about its own history The Oxford handbook of philosophy of biology, Oxford University Press, New York, pp 11–33, 2008). When it comes to assessing the road since travelled—the research questions that have been pursued—manuals and ontologies also offer specific viewpoints, highlighting dedicated domains of inquiry and select work. In this article, we propose to approach the history of the philosophy of biology with a complementary (...) data-driven perspective that makes use of statistical algorithms applied to the complete full-text corpus of one major journal of the field—Biology and Philosophy—from its launch in 1986 up until 2017. By running text-mining and topic-modeling algorithms, we identified 67 key research topics that span across these 32 years. We also investigated the evolution of these topics over time and their fluctuating significance in the journal articles. Our results concur with known episodes or traits of the discipline—for instance, the significance of evolution-related topics or the decrease of articles with a marked historical dimension—but also highlight a diversity of topics that is much richer than what is usually acknowledged. (shrink)

From John Maynard Keynes’s prediction of a fifteen-hour workweek to present-day speculation about automation, we have not stopped forecasting the end of work. Critical theory and political philosophy have turned their attention away from the workplace to focus on other realms of domination and emancipation. But far from coming to an end, work continues to occupy a central place in our lives. This is not only because of the amount of time people spend on the job. Many of our deepest (...) hopes and fears are bound up in our labor—what jobs we perform, how we relate to others, how we might flourish. The Return of Work in Critical Theory presents a bold new account of the human significance of work and the human costs of contemporary forms of work organization. A collaboration among experts in philosophy, social theory, and clinical psychology, it brings together empirical research with incisive analysis of the political stakes of contemporary work. The Return of Work in Critical Theory begins by looking in detail at the ways in which work today fails to meet our expectations. It then sketches a phenomenological description of work and examines the normative premises that underlie the experience of work. Finally, it puts forward a novel conception of work that can renew critical theory’s engagement with work and point toward possibilities for transformation. Inspired by Max Horkheimer’s vision of critical theory as empirically informed reflection on the sources of social suffering with emancipatory intent, The Return of Work in Critical Theory is a lucid diagnosis of the malaise and pathologies of contemporary work that proposes powerful remedies. (shrink)

The discovery of CRISPR/cas9 has opened new avenues in gene editing. This system, usually considered as molecular scissors, permits the cutting of the DNA at a targeted site allowing the introduction of new genes or the removal or the modification of existing ones. The genome-editing, involving gene drive or not, is then considered with a strong interest in a variety of fields ranging from agriculture to public health and conservation biology. Given its controversial aspects, it is then no surprise that (...) actors in biodiversity conservation do express conflicting views on this emerging and disruptive technology. The positions are ranging from a request for a moratorium to the will to test and deploy it in strategies aiming at eradicating invasive species of mammals on islands. Reviewing some of its recent developments brings light on the conflicts of interest, the financial support, and lobbying currently occurring in this growing field of biotechnology. While an optimistic view on the use of gene drive for ecosystem conservation was first promoted by several molecular biologists, the risks and uncertainties associated have now led to some reservations. Overall, the eventual use of this novel approach for conservation raises concerns related to the engagement of the public, the communication between scientists, and the public and the risk of a manufactured consent. There are also a series of essential ethical and philosophical questions on the relations we have with Nature that needs to be answered. (shrink)