v. 1. 1737-1756, lettres 1-249 -- v. 2. 1757-1760, lettres 250-464 -- v. 3.1761-1774, lettres 465-720 -- v. 4. 1774-1800, lettres 721-855 -- v. 5. Quatre nouvelles lettres, errata, additions et modifications, lettres exclues de l'édition proprement dite, généalogies, liste des lettres, index et table des matières.

We study ultrafilters produced by forcing, obtaining different combinatorics and related Rudin-Keisler ordering; in particular we answer a question of Baumgartner and Taylor regarding tensor products of ultrafilters. Adapting a method of Blass and Mathias, we show that in most cases the combinatorics satisfied by the ultrafilters recapture the forcing notion in the Lévy model.

Even though the 3Rs are widely accepted as ethical standards when evaluating research projects using animals as experimental subjects, the ethical status of the 3Rs still remains to be clarified. The 3Rs were not derived from any ethical theory, but they represented an attempt to increase humanity to animal experimentation and at the same time to improve validity of scientific data . The aim of the present article was to provide an ethical analysis of the 3Rs through Engelhardt's bioethics theory (...) . The analysis revealed the 3Rs fitted to some extent Engelhardt ethical values. But the analysis also revealed some internal contradictions between the 3Rs and Engelhardt's ethical vaules. Although the 3Rs are still valuable tools in animal ethical evaluation, the present analysis suggests that some ethical issues still remain to be clarified. (shrink)

RÉSUMÉ Cet article offre la première édition du début des Communia logic e, une substantielle compilation didascalique issue de la Faculté des arts de l’Université de Paris au milieu du xiiie siècle et contenue dans un manuscrit légué par maître Pierre de Limoges à l’ancienne bibliothèque de la Sorbonne. Après une présentation générale et avant des précisions sur la Ratio edendi, l’étude doctrinale qui précède cette édition montre comment l’auteur-compilateur des Communia logic e répond — en le reformulant — au (...) célèbre questionnaire porphyrien relatif aux universaux. ABSTRACT This article offers the first edition of the beginning of the Communia logic e, a substantial didascalical compilation emanating from the Arts faculty of the University of Paris during the first half of the thirteenth century and preserved in a manuscript bequeathed by master Peter of Limoges to the old library of the Sorbonne. After a general presentation and before some clarifications on the Ratio edendi, the doctrinal study which precedes this edition shows how the author-compiler of the Communia logic e answers — while reformulating it — to the well known porphyrian set of questions about the universals. (shrink)

In this introductory paper, I try to give an overview of the concept of normativity in its philosophical history and its contemporary interpretations and uses in different fields. From philosophy of logic and mathematics to philosophy of language and mind, and to philosophy of medicine and care, normativity is found as a key concept pointing at the possibility of scientific and technical progress and improvement of human life in the interaction between the individual and his environment.

Aux initiatives actuelles pour tenter de faire de la musique avec l’intelligence artificielle, par exemple de Google ou des équipes d’Elon Musk, il manque l’essentiel : l’intention artistique et le feedback émotionnel. Telle est l’analyse de Jean-Claude Heudin, chercheur en intelligence artificielle et sciences de la complexité, mais aussi musicien et compositeur qui travaille sur un projet d’IA pour la musique électronique : Angelia.

Showing that the premises of an argument are not sufficient for (viz., do not entail) a conclusion a conclusion involves citing a counterexample that would show the premises of the argument to be true and the conclusion false. This paper distinguishes counterexamples by analogy (an argument with the same form as argument against which it is advanced but where it is clearly the case that the premises are true and the conclusion is false), counterexamples by possible conjunction (a conjunction of (...) the premises and the negation of the conclusion), and counter-arguments (arguments directed against the truth of the conclusion). After detailing the logical differences between these concepts, the paper describes the pedagogical significance of this distinction and provides an assortment of test exercises for students. (shrink)

Guillaume d'Ockham fut l'initiateur principal d'une approche sémantique aux phénomènes cognitifs: la pensée, pour lui, est un discours intérieur et il propose de l'analyser systématiquement à travers les catégories de la grammaire et celles — surtout — de la théorie nouvelle des « propriétés des termes » . On examine ici comment cette suggestion fut reçue chez les philosophes anglais du temps d'Ockham, en particulier: Gauthier Chatton, Hugues Lawton, le Pseudo-Campsall, Crathorn, Robert Holkot et Adam Wodeham. William of Ockham initiated (...) a semantical approach to cognitive phenomena: thought, for him, is a mental discourse and he proposes to analyse this discourse systematically with the help of the categories of grammar and that of the relatively new theory of « the properties of terms » . What is studied here is the reception of this suggestion among English philosophers in Ockham's own time, notably: Walter Chatton, Hugh Lawton, the Pseudo-Campsall, Crathorn, Robert Holcot and Adam Wodeham. (shrink)

Patient self-disclosure is essential to the work of health professionals, and this is even more critical in mental health where speech is a reflection of the content of thought. Self-disclosure is then about invisible symptoms that are associated with health problems where discrimination and stigmatization are still very prevalent. This article explores the ethical issues of this phenomenon which has received very little study. Disclosure as a decision-making, interpersonal, dynamic and complex process will be defined and deepened with the help (...) of examples from research. Subsequently, the vulnerability of the person who discloses will be addressed, followed by issues of quality of care and related to the standards of professional practice associated with patient disclosure and their associated responsibility. These elements highlight many ethical issues and ultimately lead us to a proposal to situate the professionals involved. (shrink)

Contemporary philosophy, from Kant through Bergson and Husserl to Heidegger, has assumed that time must be conceived as a fundamental determination of the subject: Time is not first in things but arises from actions, attitudes, or comportments through which a subject temporalizes mtime, expecting or remembering, anticipating the future or making a decision. Event and Time traces the genesis of this thesis through detailed, rigorous analyses of the philosophy of time in Plato, Aristotle, and Augustine, ultimately showing that, in the (...) development of metaphysics, the understanding of the temporal phenomenon as an inner-temporal phenomenon has made possible time's subjectivization. The book goes on to argue that time is in fact not thinkable according to metaphysical subjectivity. Instead, the guiding thread for the analysis of time must shift to the eventual hermeneutics of the human being, first developed in Event and World, and now deepened and completed in Event and Time. Romano's diptych makes a compelling, rigorous, and original philosophical contribution to the thinking of the event. (shrink)

t. 1. Des erreurs et de la vérité.--Ode sur l'origine.--Stances sur l'origine.

De la scolastique médiévale au XIXe siècle, la tradition philosophique a cherché à saisir l'unité des directions en lesquelles elle se déploie à travers des métaphores, celle de l'arbre par exemple, ou en élaborant des systèmes dont le XXe siècle semble bien avoir fait le deuil. Comment donc penser l'hétérogénéité de ces directions, qui font l'ampleur d'une pensée, si ce n'est en les reconduisant à des modalités de l'existence qui en constituent le sol? Cet ouvrage s'est ainsi proposé de recueillir (...) le déploiement de la philosophie lorsqu'elle pense le mythique, l'esthétique et le logique, en partant de cette réflexion sur l'existence. Publié en l'honneur de Maryvonne Perrot, il se clôt par un triple hommage à sa personne, le premier d'entre eux témoignant du rayonnement international qu'elle a contribué à donner au Centre Gaston Bachelard, et ainsi à l'Université de Bourgogne. (shrink)

L'éternelle question des rapports entre la foi (religieuse) et la raison (humaine) intéresse aussi bien les philosophes que les théologiens. À chaque époque et suivant les auteurs ou les écoles, elle prend une coloration propre et une orientation particulière, de sorte que cette question ancienne n'est jamais dépassée, mais elle demeure toujours actuelle: l'éluder ou la négliger serait néfaste pour le destin même de la pensée. Le philosophe Heidegger aussi n'est pas resté indifférent à cette problématique. Un nombre impressionnant de (...) ses écrits, cours, séminaires et conférences témoignent de son intérêt pour le motif théologique en général et pour la question de Dieu en particulier. Mais, quel lien peut avoir cette pensée heideggérienne avec les réalités africaines? (shrink)

No one would think of denying that literary texts lend themselves to “plural” readings, as we say today: the studies collected in this issue are one more proof, as is the title of the collection. Tens of thousands of pages have already been written on Shakespeare and on Montaigne, which does not preclude the enjoyment of those that are offered us here; and the idea would not occur to anyone that this process of re-writing could ever come to an end, (...) aside from the apocalyptic end of all human things, written and unwritten. (shrink)

We are in 1563, somewhere on a Brazilian beach about 100 kilometres north of what is now São Paulo. A young man in a cowled robe alone on the beach is writing a poem on the sand with the point of his stick. The hostage of a savage tribe for weeks, he struggles daily against manifold carnal temptations, personified in the voluptuous native women who come to visit him every evening in his hammock, and addresses his Latin verses to the (...) Virgin Mary in order to fortify his virtue. The threat of being killed and eaten by cannibals is nothing to him by comparison with the loss of his virginity. Recourse to his own original culture is the ultimate bulwark against contamination, the sign of resistance and strengthening of his identity. The definitive rejection of the Other is, in these circumstances, a survival reflex. (shrink)

This study draws on theory of dyadic morality and categorization to disentangle opportunistic behaviors from the perception by their victim that leads to the moral categorization of the perpetrator as an opportunist. We show that it is this moral categorization, not the behaviors, that determines the trust beliefs of the victim. Further, the effect of psychic distance on the process of perpetrator moral categorization as an opportunist depends on the form of opportunistic behaviors. Finally, this study questions the cultural universality (...) of opportunism by showing that effects of opportunistic behaviors on categorization vary across national cultures—based on data sets of French and Slovene exporters. (shrink)

Identifying, locating and interpreting both what is present and what is not present in theory and data lies at the core of scientific practice. Most experienced researchers know that social reality and psychological phenomena cannot always be apprehended directly, and that the forces that shape them must often be inferred rather than positively demonstrated. Yet, the important analytical problems raised by “absence” have rarely occupied the centre stage in professional journals. The aim of this paper is to sensitise researchers to (...) the problem of absence. It considers the various guises in which absences may appear, their repercussions in the research process, and the solutions that researchers have used to render absences visible. The paper focuses on the issue of absence as it appears in theory and research on social representations. A typology of absence, structured in terms of the research process, is proposed. The typology is intended purely as a heuristic tool. It identifies and discusses forms of theoretical, methodological, empirical and analytical/interpretive absences. This typology is used to explore forms of absence and their interrelationships throughout the research process in three studies on social representations. The discussion as a whole contributes to reaffirming the radical character of the theory of social representations by stressing how the latter locates the space of explanation at the interface between individual and collective representations, between social and cognitive processes, between intentional and non-conscious dynamics, and between material and symbolic realities. (shrink)

La folie est un sujet tridimensionnel : A) Il y a une différentiation de la folie en un arbre dont les branches sont la névrose, la psychose et la perversion, se ramifiant comme la psychose en paranoïa et schizophrénie ; B) La folie a deux faces : le délire et la manie ; C) La folie est affectée d’une bifurcation entre effondrement et processus de percée. Sur les trois dimensions, une division sélective conduit à la confrontation entre capitalisme et schizophrénie. (...) Rejoignez les fans sur Facebook.../... Extrait vidéo. (shrink)

A decision maker relies on information of parties affected by her decision. These parties try to influence her decision by selective disclosure of facts. As is well known from the literature, competition between the informed parties constrains their ability to manipulate information. We depart from this literature by introducing a cost to communicate. Our parties trade off their reporting cost against the effect on the decision. Some information is never revealed. In contrast to setups without communication costs, our decision maker (...) can benefit by ex ante committing to an ex post suboptimal decision rule. Moreover, committing ex ante not to listen to one of the parties may also be beneficial for the decision maker. (shrink)

Erratum to: Int J Semiot Law DOI 10.1007/s11196-015-9405-1Assurance de la qualité en traduction juridique: l’évaluation du processus, de la compétence et du produit dans la quête de l’équivalence.Le professeur Prieto Ramos propose un modèle holistique pour assurer la qualité de l’évaluation en traduction juridique. Fondée sur un cadre fonctionnaliste de la prise de décision, cette démarche passe par l’établissement d’une stratégie d’adéquation basée sur les paramètres juridiques et contextuels impliqués dans le processus de la traduction, de son produit au stade (...) de l’auto-révision et de l’évaluation, et dans la définition des critères d’évaluation et de la compétence attendus des traducteurs et des réviseurs. Ce modèle d’évaluation de la qualité devrait permettre d’améliorer la prédictibilité tout en réduisant la subjectivité et de hausser les standards de la pratique professionnelle de la traduction. (shrink)

Claude Geffré is one of the most important theologians in the past decades for his work in hermeneutics and in theological methodology. In the present article, he proposes his own intellectual biography and looks back at the evolution of catholic theology over the last forty years. While remaining faithful to the theological posture of Thomas of Aquinas, Geffré seeks to define theology as a hermeneutical science. For him, the task of theology is the presentation of a critical correlation between (...) the human experience and the texts of the Christian tradition. (shrink)

In spite of legislation enforcing standards of health and safety at work, at least in the West, sweatshops are still a feature of the business scene. The long term ethical aim must be clear, but there is a need for a gradual approach rather than an absolutist one. The author is completing his MBA at London Business School, and is of Lebanese origin with a background in finance.