L’étude des emprunts lexicaux de l’italien vers le français a produit une large littérature orientée essentiellement vers le français de France. Mais qu’en est-il des italianismes dans les autres variétés géographiques de français? Le développement de la lexicographie différentielle, qui décrit les unités lexicales particulières aux divers espaces francophones, a amené à la constitution d’un large corpus qui permet désormais d’orienter ces recherches vers les vocabulaires extra-hexagonaux. Le domaine québécois se révèle particulièrement intéressant étant donné que l’on dispose aujourd’hui de (...) descriptions lexicographiques variées intégrant les approches différentielle, descriptive, terminologique. Une analyse du domaine sémantique concernant l’alimentation dans le GDT, le plus productif à l’époque actuelle, permettra de s’interroger sur les éléments d’innovation que l’italien apporte au français québécois et sur les stratégies d’assimilation attestées dans cette variété de langue. Cette recherche permettra d’ailleurs de réfléchir aux modalités par lesquelles l’italien peut encore s'avérer une langue d’enrichissement pour le français, notamment dans son expansion hors de France. (shrink)

The United States health care industry is the second largest in the world, expending an estimated 479 million metric tons (MMT) of carbon dioxide per year, nearly 8 percent of the country's total emissions. The importance of carbon reduction in health care is slowly being accepted. However, efforts to “green” health care are incomplete since they generally focus on buildings and structures. Yet hospital care and clinical service sectors contribute the most carbon dioxide within the U.S. health care industry, with (...) structures/equipment and pharmaceuticals ranking as the third and fourth highest emitters in the industry. Given the magnitude of health care carbon emissions—and the paucity of attention to the carbon of hospital care and clinical services—this essay identifies overuse of health care as a health threat with serious ethical implications, offers a data‐driven action plan for carbon reduction in health care, and provides practical suggestions for more sustainable health care delivery in the United States. (shrink)

The use of robots in therapy for children with autism spectrum disorder raises issues concerning the ethical and social acceptability of this technology and, more generally, about human–robot interaction. However, usually philosophical papers on the ethics of human–robot-interaction do not take into account stakeholders’ views; yet it is important to involve stakeholders in order to render the research responsive to concerns within the autism and autism therapy community. To support responsible research and innovation in this field, this paper identifies a (...) range of ethical, social and therapeutic concerns, and presents and discusses the results of an exploratory survey that investigated these issues and explored stakeholders’ expectations about this kind of therapy. We conclude that although in general stakeholders approve of using robots in therapy for children with ASD, it is wise to avoid replacing therapists by robots and to develop and use robots that have what we call supervised autonomy. This is likely to create more trust among stakeholders and improve the quality of the therapy. Moreover, our research suggests that issues concerning the appearance of the robot need to be adequately dealt with by the researchers and therapists. For instance, our survey suggests that zoomorphic robots may be less problematic than robots that look too much like humans. (shrink)

In Portugal, research productivity is nowadays essential for the positive assessment of academics, research units and study programmes. Academic inbreeding has been highlighted in the literature as one of the factors influencing research productivity. This paper tests the hypothesis that inbreeding is detrimental for research productivity, measured through the number of publications listed in Scopus. The study resorts to a database provided by the national Agency for Assessment and Accreditation of Higher Education, which comprises all academics teaching in all Portuguese (...) institutions in the academic year 2015/2016. The sample selected for the analysis contains all academics with a PhD in Sociology. The study uses a special regression model for the analysis: the negative binomial logit hurdle. This was necessary given the large amount of academics with no publications or citations in Scopus, which were the dependent variables to assess research performance. The analysis provides separate results for the probability of inbred academics of having no papers/citations, and for the probability of producing more papers/citations than the non-inbred. Findings suggest that academic inbreeding, defined at the institutional level, has no negative effect on research productivity, contrary to what was expected. However, when defined at the national level, academic inbreeding is detrimental for the recognition and the impact of research: academics with a foreign PhD are more likely to have citations compared to academics who obtained their PhD in Portugal. A tendency was also noted that inbreeding might be more detrimental to research productivity in faculties of Economics than in Social Sciences and Humanities. (shrink)

In this paper I review how the notion of gender is understood in psychiatry, specifically in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). First, I examine the contraposition between sex and gender, and argue that it is still retained by DSM-5, even though with some caveats. Second, I claim that, even if genderqueer people are not pathologized and gender pluralism is the background assumption, some diagnostic criteria still conceal a residue of gender dualism and (...) essentialism. Third, I consider gender dysphoria, which is characterized by an incongruence between one’s experienced or expressed gender and one’s assigned gender; since this condition pertains to distress and disability, not to the incongruence per se, it does not pathologize transgender people. Still, I contend that it should be removed from DSM-5 for theoretical reasons. (shrink)

The COVID-19 pandemic has made it especially visible that mortality data are a key component of epidemiological models, being a single indicator that provides information about various health aspects, such as disease prevalence and effectiveness of interventions, and thus enabling predictions on many fronts. In this paper we illustrate the interrelation between facts and values in death statistics, by analyzing the rules for death certification issued by the World Health Organization. We show how the notion of the underlying cause of (...) death can change in view of public health goals. This brings us to a general point about how non-epistemic factors, such as values and goals, are reflected in the choice of different measures in epidemiological models. We finally argue that this analysis is not only relevant from a theoretical point of view but also has important practical consequences. (shrink)

[No hay resumen disponible, se incluyen los primerso párrafos del texto] Hace ya mucho tiempo algunos amigos de alrededor de treinta años comenzamos a estudiar filosofía bajo la dirección de Gregorio Klimovsky. Muy pronto uno de nosotros se destacó por su capacidad creadora y su curiosidad filosófica: era Juan Larreta. Es así que, a pesar de haber iniciado tarde su formación, descolló como filósofo de mérito tanto en la Argentina como en el exterior. Presidente de la Sociedad Argentina de Análisis (...) Filosófico (SADAF) durante dos períodos, obtuvo el Diploma al M érito en Filosofía de la Fundación Konex en el 2006 y fue nombrado miembro honorario de la Sociedad Española de Filosofía Analítica (SEFA) en 2010. Organizó seminarios y dictó conferencias en centros de estudios filosóficos y en universidades argentinas y extranjeras, en cuyas publicaciones escribió numerosos artículos de singular valía, todos ellos caracterizados por su originalidad, su irreverente desafío al sentido común y sus ingeniosos experimentos mentales (thought experiments). Esta despedida dolorosa se empeña en acercar a la memoria recuerdos queridos de circunstancias compartidas con este amigo excepcional. fue nuestro centro: en su casa organizó, durante muchos años, seminarios de filosofía, de economía y, junto con María Elisa, esas reuniones cinéfilas de divertidas, sorprendentes y variadas interpretaciones... (shrink)

This study explores the intra-organizational antecedents of sustainable governance by examining the impact of female presence at the corporate apex. Drawing upon the upper echelon theory, we investigate whether women in top positions influence sustainable governance practices. Our research focuses on a sample of companies operating within two distinct market economies: liberal market economies (LMEs) and coordinated market economies (CMEs). The United States, represented by the S&P100, and the United Kingdom, represented by the FTSE100, serve as examples of LMEs. Conversely, (...) Germany (DAX30), France (CAC40), Spain (IBEX35), and Switzerland (SMI) are illustrative of CMEs. Analyzing archival data spanning from 2010 to 2019, we confirm that the presence of a critical mass of women on the board of directors significantly increases the likelihood of establishing a sustainability committee within organizations. This relationship holds true across both LMEs and CMEs, highlighting the universal importance of gender diversity in driving sustainable governance initiatives. Interestingly, we observe that the impact of women with structural power on sustainability committee formation is specific to LMEs, suggesting the context-dependent nature of female leadership in sustainable governance. (shrink)

Studies of food waste claim that its main causes are technological and logistical deficiencies in the first stages of the agri-food chain. The present article discusses this statement using a specific case as a starting point: the production of fruit in Lleida (Catalonia, Spain). Since the 1980s, fruit production in this region has undergone a process of innovation and development. However, the agents who participate in the sector claim that the wasted volume of edible foodstuffs is greater than in previous (...) times. This article argues that studies of food waste do not consider the power relations existing within the agri-food chain. When these relations are asymmetrical, technological innovation and logistics optimisation do not improve the efficiency of the system; rather, they help the hegemonic players to monopolise the commercial margin and transfer some of their running costs to the weaker agents. The ethnographic data for the study were obtained between 2017 and 2019 using qualitative research techniques. (shrink)

This chapter contains sections titled: Teaching Philosophy as an Academic Field Conceptions of philosophy Teaching Philosophy as Teaching a “Know How” The Status of the Profession in Latin America Some Models for Teaching Philosophy Consequences of the Defense of the Critical Model References Further Reading.

Este trabalho apresenta como os conceitos de virtude e sujeito moral se encontram caracterizados na ética das virtudes de Alasdair MacIntyre. Alasdair MacIntyre propõe a ética das virtudes como forma de devolver a inteligibilidade à pratica e teoria moral contemporânea, por meio da reapropriação de conceitos como virtude, tradição, telos e comunidade. Apresentamos, especificamente, como o autor elabora o conceito geral de virtude e como apresenta o sujeito moral tendo em vista a ética das virtudes.

O recasamento tem ocorrido com bastante frequência, principalmente como decorrência do número de separações e divórcios. Nesta pesquisa, buscou-se compreender a percepção dos filhos ante as mudanças ocorridas em suas vidas devido ao recasamento, de um ou de ambos os genitores, especialmente, no que ..

PRINCÍPIO DA COMPLEMENTARIDADE RECURSAL APÓS DECISÃO DOS EMBARGOS DE DECLARAÇÃO: GARANTIA DO CONTRADITÓRIO EM OPOSIÇÃO À PRECLUSÃO CONSUMATIVA.

According to the minimal version of the traditional analysis of knowledge, there are (at least) three necessary components to knowledge, that is, truth, belief and justification. In this paper we will argue that even in a global sceptical scenario, all three conditions minimally necessary for knowledge can be satisfied. In particular, we will focus on the justification requirement and analyse two “traditional” theories of justification, i.e., coherentism and foundationalism, as well as a more “innovative” one, i.e., reliabilism. Then, we will (...) conclude that if we want to continue to claim that, in a global sceptical scenario, a cognitive subject does not know (almost) anything, we should recognise that she may still have justified true beliefs, and we should, therefore, look elsewhere for the reasons why she lacks knowledge. (shrink)

La novela de Ishiguro _ Nunca me abandones _ (2005) suele calificarse de distópica, asumiendo que refleja una inaceptable injusticia al plantear la explotación de clones de humanos, ‘donadores’ de órganos para sus humanos originales. Empero, el concepto de distopía no puede caracterizar la situación descrita de manera absoluta, pues para la humanidad original realmente no hay un mal funcionamiento social; por su parte, a pesar de padecer enajenación orgánica y la restricción a su libertad, en la novela no hay (...) rebeliones de clones o crisis humanitaria sufrida por los clones. Pudiendo reflejar una utopía, provoca indignación y se categoriza como distopía en el supuesto de que los clones son también humanos o deberían contar como tales, pues así lo parecen. La parcialidad de la categorización distópica revela cierto prejuicio que impide ver que tal es la condición que el ganado enfrenta actualmente en nuestras sociedades. Su explotación no se categoriza como distópica ni injusta, a pesar de que comparte la misma forma de legitimidad en su explotación que los clones (‘para eso son’) y la misma limitación para articular por sí solos la resistencia de manera colectiva y sistemática. Conecto esta reflexión con el análisis de dos ámbitos en los que los animales no humanos son usados para fines no humanos: la experimentación biomédica y la ganadería. (shrink)

"The aim of this contribution is to study three central revisions that Habermas has carried out in the course of developing his theory of communicative action, together with some of the criticisms raised by those revisions. A reflection is suggested concerning whether Habermas’ project of grounding a critical theory of society on communicative action is definitively threatened after those revisions.".

O presente artigo, resultado de pesquisa bibliográfica, tem como finalidade demonstrar o cinema como choque da realidade e como uma ferramenta filosófica, e não apenas como entretenimento, possibilitando a contribuição não linguística para o pensamento em detrimento à realidade. Por conseguinte, analisando as formas de poderes no âmbito social e escolar em uma relação de microfísica do poder difundida no processo educacional. Além de ressaltar a ambiguidade do papel da educação, onde a mesma pode ser ao mesmo tempo libertadora e (...) propagadora de ideologias, no olhar acrítico sobre sua realidade social e de alienação durante o processo de formação do sujeito. (shrink)

O objetivo deste artigo é entender a medida ou a importância da ética na concepção teórica de Jeremy Bentham. Para que fosse identificado o espaço desse tema nos escritos do autor, foi necessário estabelecer os limites entre a ética e a legislação, uma vez que, para alguns casos, quando a tendência geral do ato é má, torna-se desvantajosa a aplicação de penas formais restando espaço para as regras da ética, por meio da sanção moral. Em outras palavras, será possível compreender (...) que estudar o espaço da ética no sistema teórico de Bentham requer que sejam estabelecidos os limites entre a ética e a legislação. É tese deste trabalho que o próprio princípio de utilidade coloca a fronteira entre ambos os campos, pois, em última instância, é sempre efetuado um balanço entre prazer e dor ou custo e benefício para decidir sobre a necessidade de se formular regras para punir os agentes. Ou seja, a aplicação de punição a determinadas transgressões tende a gerar custos sociais mais elevados do que o benefício auferido, fazendo com que para alguns tipos de ofensas a legislação não deva ser aplicada, mas apenas as regras da ética. (shrink)

A síndrome de burnout é um fenómeno psicossocial que resulta de uma tensão emocional crónica, vivenciada pelos profissionais cujo trabalho envolve o relacionamento intenso e frequente com pessoas que necessitam de algum tipo de cuidado. O objectivo deste estudo foi comparar a prevalência e os factor..

Dada la polaridad entre las teorías "legitimistas" (Weber) e "ilegitimistas" (Arendt) respecto de la violencia en la arena política, en este artículo se explora el aporte de Paul Ricoeur en torno al tema. Puesto que para este autor lo político es la realización de la intención ética, primero se abordará la dimensión ética y moral de la violencia. Después se ingresará en el dominio propiamente político donde Ricoeur defiende una dialéctica "asimétrica" entre los argumentos "ilegitimistas" y "legitimistas" en la cual (...) los primeros adquieren razonabilidad dentro de un concepto "amplio" de violencia próximo al de Arendt. Por último, se abordará la dimensión temporal de la violencia presente en la memoria colectiva y en la historia. Se concluirá con un balance de los méritos y de las cuestiones parcialmente irresueltas en la obra de Ricoeur. Given the polarity between the "legitimist" (Weber) and the "illegitimist" (Arendt) theories of violence in the political field, I will explore the philosophical contributions of Paul Ricoeur to this issue. Since the political field is for the author the accomplishment of the ethical intention, I will first explore the ethical and moral dimension of violence. Secondly, I will enter in the proper political field where we will see Ricoeur defends an "asymmetrical" dialectic between the "legitimist" and "illegitimist" arguments in which the former acquire reasonability within a "broad" concept of violence akin to Arendt's. Thirdly, I will approach the temporal dimension of violence as it appears in collective memory and in history. I will conclude with an account of the merits and partially unresolved questions within Ricoeur's work. (shrink)

The extensive quality of the idea of limit expressed by finis becomes evident in the aporia posed in De finibus by the necessity that the supreme good, in order to be perfect, must not increase with duration. The semantic comparison between τέλος and finis explains the difficulty -in the Ciceronian treaty- to understand virtuous acts as non-cinetic acts and, therefore, capable of increasing intensively.

The article discusses how the emergence of the term "minor" in Brazilian society, from the mid-nineteenth century, forged mainly by the practice of legal and medical discourse, outlined a path of institutionalization for poor children; first, in the post-abolition period of enslavement until the thirties of the last century and, later, until the period of democratization of Brazil, considering the promulgation of the Federal Constitution of 1988. The analysis for the proposed periods was based on the concept of disciplinary power (...) and biopower, both coined by Foucault. Furthermore, the emergence of the black child was discussed, based on its status as a citizen child, contained in the Federal Constitution of 1988, and in the Statute of the Child and Adolescent created in the 1990s. From this period up to the present day, the text deals with the new devices created by the Brazilian State, which have ensured unequal conditions for black children and mainly promoted the increase of homicides among them.The analysis of the last period presented was based on the concept of “necropolitics,” developed by Achille Mbembe. Finally, we defend the principle that another childhood for black child will only be possible through a becoming-other, a new opening of the world and, above all, a decolonization of childhood for children belonging to the black ethnic-racial group. (shrink)

The study of pragmatic competence has gained increasing importance within second language assessment over the last three decades. However, its study in L2 language testing is still scarce. The aim of this paper is to research the extent to which pragmatic competence as defined by the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) has been accommodated in the task descriptions and rating scales of two of the most popular Oral Proficiency Interviews (OPIs) at a C1 level: Cambridge’s Certificate in (...) Advanced English (CAE) and Trinity’s Integrated Skills in English (ISE) III. To carry out this research, OPI tests are first defined, highlighting their differences from L2 pragmatic tests. After pragmatic competence in the CEFR is examined, focusing on the updates in the new descriptors, CAE and ISE III formats, structure and task characteristics are compared, showing that, while the formats and some characteristics are found to differ, the structures and task types are comparable. Finally, we systematically analyse CEFR pragmatic competence in the task skills and rating scale descriptors of both OPIs. The findings show that the task descriptions incorporate mostly aspects of discourse and design competence. Additionally, we find that each OPI is seen to prioritise different aspects of pragmatic competence within their rating scale, with CAE focusing mostly on discourse competence and fluency, and ISE III on functional competence. Our study shows that the tests fail to fully accommodate all aspects of pragmatic competence in the task skills and rating scales, although the aspects they do incorporate follow the CEFR descriptors on pragmatic competence. It also reveals a mismatch between the task competences being tested and the rating scale. To conclude, some research lines are proposed. (shrink)

Con el presente artículo se propone continuar el diálogo entre la tradición hermenéutica y el psicoanálisis, reconociendo en ellas dos de las corrientes de pensamiento más influyentes en la época contemporánea. Con este acercamiento se pretende aportar a la reflexión, siempre fecunda, sobre el abordaje de textos literarios a partir del acto interpretativo.