To participate in health research, there is a need for well-administered informed consent. Understanding of informed consent, especially in international health research, is influenced by the participants' understanding of information and the meaning attached to the information communicated to them regarding the purpose and procedure of the research. Incorrect information and the power differential between researcher and participants may lead to participants becoming victims of harmful research procedures. Meningitis epidemics in Kano in early 1996 led to a response from drug (...) companies, especially Pfizer, as well as humanitarian workers from Médecins Sans Frontiers, which resulted in an unethical trial. Pfizer's drug trial during the epidemics has left a lasting controversy, which has yet to be resolved. This paper examines the key issues surrounding the controversy, discusses the context of informed decision-making, the ethical issues and implications of the incident, and concludes with some recommendations. Relevant texts, journals, Internet materials, newspaper articles and documentary materials on the conduct of the Pfizer's Trovan trial have been consulted. Four types of action (act intuitively, act rationally, act ignorantly, and act contextually – based on information provided) are identified as possible options for decision making. Participants most likely acted in ignorance due to poor understanding of the information contained in the verbal informed consent administered, thereby raising ethical issues. It is concluded that health research ethics committees have an important role to play nationally and locally in overseeing research, and in avoiding future occurrences. (shrink)

Africa is a continent in transition amidst a revival of cultural practices. Over previous years the continent was robbed of the benefits of medical advances by unfounded cultural practices surrounding its cultural heritage. In a fast moving field like genetic screening, discussions of social and policy aspects frequently need to take place at an early stage to avoid the dilemma encountered by Western medicine. This paper, examines the potential challenges to genetic screening in Africa. It discusses how cultural practices may (...) affect genetic screening. It views genomics science as a culture which is trying to diffuse into another one. It argues that understanding the existing culture will help the diffusion process. The paper emphasizes the importance of genetic screening for Africa, by assessing the current level of burden of diseases in the continent and shows its role in reducing disease prevalence. The paper identifies and discusses the cultural challenges that are likely to confront genetic screening on the continent, such as the worldview, rituals and taboos, polygyny, culture of son preference and so on. It also discusses cultural practices that may promote the science such as inheritance practices, spouse selection practices and naming patterns. Factors driving the cultural challenges are identified and discussed, such as socialization process, patriarchy, gender, belief system and so on. Finally, the paper discusses the way forward and highlights the ethical considerations of doing genetic screening on the continent. However, the paper also recognizes that African culture is not monolithic and therefore makes a case for exceptions. (shrink)

The first annual Alchemy Lecture brings four deep and agile writers from different geographies and disciplines into vibrant conversation on a topic of urgent relevance: humans and borders. Borders, Human Itineraries, and All Our Relation captures and expands those conversations in insightful, passionate ways. Architect, artist, and urban theorist Dele Adeyemo (UK/Nigeria) calls attention to the complexity of Black infrastructures, questioning how "the environments that surround us condition the possibility of our being." Poet Natalie Diaz (US/Mojave/Akimel O'otham) writes: "Like (...) story, migration is the sensual movement of knowledge," and asks, "What is the language we need to live right now?" Philosopher Nadia Yala Kisukidi (France) suggests there is no diasporic life "without the dynamics of fabulation, where we pass down, from generation to generation, the stories of our ancestors who walked barefoot for many months." And cultural theorist Rinaldo Walcott (Canada) asks us to consider inheritances beyond white supremacist logics: "What might it mean to live a life, if we can't risk desiring and working towards utopia?" As each Alchemist considers the legacies of anticolonial struggle, the future of the planet, and the textures of Black and Indigenous life, their essays speak to each other in multiple ways, creating something startling and revelatory: a vision of the world as it is, and as it could be. (shrink)

ObjectivesThe study evaluated nurses’ perceptions on the benefits, drawbacks, and their roles in initiating and implementing advance directives at private and public secondary healthcare units.MethodsThe study adopted a cross-sectional, comparative-descriptive research design and was anchored on the structural functional theory. A total of 401 nurses were chosen on purpose. The data was collected between January and March 2018 among nurses at the selected hospitals. Analysis was done via SPSSv28.0.1.0.ResultsCompared to nurses working in private healthcare facilities, the majority of nurses at (...) the public healthcare facilities indicated a more favorable opinion of AD’s benefits and felt they had a substantial involvement in the development and execution of AD than their private counterpart. Similarly, 60.7% of nurses employed by the government agreed that AD has some disadvantages compared to those employed by the private sector. Significantly, Christian nurses are 0.53 times less likely than Muslims to contest AD’s benefits; 0.78 times less likely than Muslim to disagree that AD has flaws; and 1.30 times more likely than Muslim nurses to deny they contributed to the development and execution of AD, though not significant.ConclusionMaking decisions at the end-of-life can be challenging, thus AD should be supported across the board in the healthcare industry. Nurses should be trained on their role in developing and implementing AD, as well as on its advantages and how to deal with its challenges. (shrink)

The need for an indigenous croplocally grown by subsistence farmers that willhelp bring direct economic benefits to thosewho need it most is very important. Cassava hasa great potential for this purpose if certainproblems are solved, because cassava has playedvital roles in the diet of many Africancountries especially the grassroot people, yetthe utilization of the crop in diversifiedforms has been very limited. There are few foodproducts from cassava that are processedindustrially with added value that will be ofhigher nutritional value and have (...) longer shelflives. There are a number of traditionallyprocessed staple foods from cassava in Nigeriaand other African countries that needimprovement. Most of these foods can beimproved on if the market for them is assuredby the end users, a market that is currentlylacking. It will be necessary to create morepublic awareness within Nigeria and otherAfrican societies to increase the acceptabilityof such novel products and this requires amultidisciplinary approach to interpret whatscientists and technologists are doing to theold crop in the present age. (shrink)

Excerpt from Essai sur les Principes des Sciences Mathematiques A Briancon, dans le calme des longues soirees d'hiver, j'ai trouve a ces etudes un interet passionnant. En occupant mes loisirs, elles m'ont permis d'echapper au desoeuvrement et a l'ennui. Aussi, meme si la theorie a laquelle elles m'ont con duit ne devait pas recevoir la consecration officielle du succes, je leur en saurai toujours un gre infini. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. (...) Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.". (shrink)

A woman’s lack of or limited reproductive autonomy could lead to adverse health effects, feeling of being inferior, and above all being unable to adequately care for her children. Little is known about the reproductive autonomy of married Ikwerre women of Rivers State, Nigeria. This study demonstrates how Ikwerre women understand the terms autonomy and reproductive rights and what affects the exercise of these rights. An exploratory research design was employed for this study. A semi-structured interview schedule was used to (...) conduct thirty-four in-depth interviews and six focus group discussions with purposively sampled educated, semi-educated, and uneducated Ikwerre women in monogamous or polygynous marriages. The collected data was analysed qualitatively with MAXQDA 11 using open and axial coding. The interviews and focus group responses reveal a low level of awareness of autonomy and reproductive rights amongst the Ikwerre women in Nigeria. While some educated women were aware of their reproductive rights, cultural practices were reported to limit the exercise of these rights. Participants reported that Ikwerre culture is a patriarchal one where married women are expected to submit and obey their husbands in all matters; and a good married woman according to Ikwerre standard is one who complies with this culture. Women’s refusal of sexual advances from their husbands is described as not being acceptable in this culture; and hence rape in marriage is not recognized in Ikwerre culture. Education and awareness creation on the importance of women’s reproductive autonomy could improve their reproductive rights and autonomy in marital settings. Overcoming the patriarchal aspects of Ikwerre culture—for example, the greater value placed on male children than female children and treating women as incompetent individuals—is necessary to promote gender equality as well as help improve women’s reproductive autonomy. (shrink)

Research is a global enterprise requiring participation of both genders for generalizable knowledge; advancement of science and evidence based medical treatment. Participation of women in research is necessary to reduce the current bias that most empirical evidence is obtained from studies with men to inform health care and related policy interventions. Various factors are assumed to limit autonomy amongst the Yoruba women of western Nigeria. This paper seeks to explore the experience and understanding of autonomy by the Yoruba women in (...) relation to research participation. Focus is on factors that affect women's autonomous decision making in research participation. An exploratory qualitative approach comprising four focus group discussions, 42 in-depth interviews and 14 key informant interviews was used. The study permits a significant amount of triangulation, as opinions of husbands and religious leaders are also explored. Interviews and discussions were audiotaped and transcribed verbatim. Content analysis was employed for data analysis. Findings show that concepts of autonomy varied amongst the Yoruba women. Patriarchy, religion and culture are conceived to have negative impact on the autonomy of women in respect to research participation. Among the important findings are: 1) male dominance is strongly emphasized by religious leaders who should teach equality, 2) while men feel that by making decisions for women, they are protecting them, the women on the other hand see this protection as a way of limiting their autonomy. We recommend further studies to develop culturally appropriate and workable recruitment methods to increase women's participation in research. (shrink)

We conducted a scoping review to ascertain the landscape of ethics regulations for AD/ADRD research in Africa using Arksey and O'Malley's framework. We sourced regulations from the International Compilation of Human Research Standards. We included regulations from 14 countries published between 1997 and 2020. Provisions in the regulations applicable to research in AD/ADRD were part of broader sub-provisions for research such as with persons under legal disability. Regulations mostly required the appointment of Legally Authorised Representatives, as a major protection for (...) persons with AD/ADRD. Provisions supporting capacity assessment and advance directives were only provided in regulations from five and two countries respectively. No regulation cited the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities as a foundational instrument for its provisions. In conclusion, regulations specifically applicable to research among AD/ADRD or other cognitively impaired persons in Africa are scarce and provisions in existing regulations mostly lack specificity for practical implementation. (shrink)

COVID‐19, caused by a novel coronavirus named SARS‐CoV‐2, was identified in December 2019, in Wuhan, China. It was first confirmed in sub‐Saharan Africa in Nigeria on 27 February 2020 and has since spread quickly to all sub‐Saharan African countries, causing more than 111,309 confirmed cases and 2,498 deaths as of 03 June 2020. The lessons learned during the recent Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreaks in some sub‐Saharan African countries were expected to shape and influence the region’s responses to COVID‐19 pandemic. (...) However, some of the challenges associated with the management of the EVD outbreaks persist and create obstacles for the effective management of the COVID‐19 pandemic. This article describes the commonalities between the EVD epidemics and COVID‐19 pandemic, with a view to draw on lessons learned to effectively tackle the ongoing pandemic. Key successes, failures and lessons learned from previous EVD outbreaks are discussed. Recommendations on how these lessons can be translated to strengthen the COVID‐19 response in sub‐Saharan Africa are provided. (shrink)

This article featuring Nigeria constitutes one of five articles in a collection of essays on local capacity-building in research ethics by graduates from the University of Toronto’s Joint Centre for Bioethics MHSc in Bioethics, International Stream programme funded by the Fogarty International Center for Advanced Study in the Health Sciences (FIC). The first National Health Research Ethics Committee was inaugurated in 2006. Since then, more institutional health research ethics committees continue to be formed. However, research ethics challenges in Nigeria are (...) systemic and require a systems approach to address them effectively. Nigeria requires capacity-building for authentic acculturation of health systems as well as for health research, education, and advocacy within the research community and the general public. Further, it requires relevant legislation and effective regulatory measures. (shrink)

Autism spectrum disorder is an inherited long-living and neurological disorder that starts in the early age of childhood with complicated causes. Autism spectrum disorder can lead to mental disorders such as anxiety, miscommunication, and limited repetitive interest. If the autism spectrum disorder is detected in the early childhood, it will be very beneficial for children to enhance their mental health level. In this study, different machine and deep learning algorithms were applied to classify the severity of autism spectrum disorder. Moreover, (...) different optimization techniques were employed to enhance the performance. The deep neural network performed better when compared with other approaches. (shrink)

At forstå med kroppen – Udvalgte dele af Løgstrups kritik af Kant.

Resenha: SKA, Jean-Louis. O Antigo Testamento explicado aos que conhecem pouco ou nada a respeito dele. São Paulo: Paulus, 2015. 163p. ISBN: 978-85-349-4182-2.

A luta das famílias mais pobres pelo direito de ocupação dos centros urbanos tem marcado a formação das cidades brasileiras e dado origem a vários movimentos de moradia. Essa realidade, no entanto, tem pouca presença na imprensa. Quando coberta, segundo a percepção das lideranças desses movimentos, é carregada de narrativas que remetem à criminalização das famílias e de seus representantes. Desta forma, este artigo tem como objetivo analisar a representação social dos protagonistas dessa causa no contexto da tragédia do Paissandu, (...) quando o incêndio de um edifício ocupado por 150 famílias de baixa renda explicitou as diversas faces do problema. Para isso, foram analisadas 110 reportagens e contempladas as impressões das lideranças dos movimentos de moradia, por meio dos recursos da observação participante e da entrevista em profundidade. (shrink)

In the late 1920s, the American obstetrician Joseph DeLee brought the motion-picture camera into the birth room. Following that era's trend of adapting industrial efficiency practices for medical environments, DeLee's films give spectacular and unexpected expression to the engineering concept of ‘streamlining’. Accomplishing what more tangible obstetric streamlining practices had failed to, DeLee's cameras, and his post-production manipulation, shifted birth from messy and dangerous to rationalized, efficient, death-defying. This was film as an active and effective medical tool. Years later, the (...) documentarian Pare Lorentz produced and wrote his own birth film,The Fight for Life(1940). The documentary subject of the film was DeLee himself, and the film was set in his hospitals, on the same maternity ‘sets’ that had once showcased film's remarkable streamlining capacity to give and keep life. Yet relatively little of DeLee was retained in the film's content, resulting in a showdown that, by way of contrast, further articulated DeLee's understanding of film's medical powers and, in so doing, hinted at a more dynamic moment in the history of medicine while speaking also to the process by which that understanding ceased to be historically legible. (shrink)

Construo esta pesquisa para dar visibilidade ao corpo estranho como produtor de arte, cultura e conhecimentos, quando esse encontra sua casa, o “seu corpo”, na escola. Esta se desenvolve epistemologicamente em Arte-educação descolonial a partir da condição na qual sempre fui colocado, de corpo estranho, por ser imperfeito ao modelo de corpo colonial imposto no ocidente, sempre em relação a um Outro. Continuamente, por isso, vivo sendo posto na categoria de “Ser menos”, na cultura, na vida, no aprendizado, como outros (...) tantos corpos estranhos também vivem: ocupando o fundo da cena para deixar a coreografia em dança bonita ou as apresentações teatrais ou musicais harmônicas. (shrink)

Após resumir as diferenças entre os paradigmas freudiano e winnicottiano da psicanálise , o presente trabalho passa a apresentar as idéias centrais da teoria winnicottiana da sexualidade. As principais teses defendidas são as seguintes: 1) Winnicott redescreveu a sexualidade a partir de duas raízes: a raiz instintual e a raiz identitária , 2) ele reescreveu o essencial da teoria psicanalítica tradicional desse fenômeno, e 3) ao fazer tudo isso, ele acrescentou elementos essenciais ao seu novo paradigma da psicanálise . Depois (...) de apresentar de maneira esquemática da concepção winnicottiana da raiz instintual e da raiz identitária da sexualidade, bem como algumas das sua implicações , , especificarei os conflitos sexuais correspondentes bem como os distúrbios que deles resultam . Na ultima parte do artigo , analisarei uma tese adicional de Winnicott, a de que ambas as raízes da sexualidade humana são fincadas no chão comum do processo de amadurecimento e que todos os conflitos do tipo sexual são relacionados ao conflito mais profundo entre o ser e o fazer, concebido como problema universal dos seres humanos inerente nesse processo.This paper has the aim to present the central ideas of Winnicott's theory of sexuality. The main thesis put forward being that Winnicott rewrote the psychoanalytic theory of this phaenomenon showing that it has two roots: instincts and interrelating a part from instinctual drives, the first giving origin to neuroses and the second to dissociations. After describing each one of these two roots, the article shows that they are related to a still deeper conflict, the one between being and doing, which is conceived by Winnicott as a universal problem emerging from the maturation process of human individuals. (shrink)

Os Espaços Discursivos, fundamentados nos conceitos da Teoria do Agir Comunicativo de Jürgen Habermas, possibilita por vias democráticas, debates sobre formação, gestão e inclusão escolar no âmbito das Redes de colaboração estabelecidas entre a universidade, as redes de ensino municipais, estadual e com Instituições de Ensino Superior de países lusófonos; pela via do projeto de pesquisa e extensão. Busca-se compreender o Espaço discursivo como espaço de participação entre sujeitos que mediante o discurso, apresentam argumentos para elaboração de consensos e fortalecimento (...) do entendimento mútuo, no sentido de captar os movimentos vivenciados por pesquisadores e participantes de processos de pesquisa realizados pela via da pesquisa-ação ou investigação-ação; e ainda fomentar a elaboração de espaços formativos colaborativos na defesa da formação humana na perspectiva da inclusão. Optamos por empregar a pesquisa-ação colaborativo-crítica de cunho qualitativo, para entender como os Espaços Discursivos vêm se configurando no contexto do grupo de pesquisa. Nesse processo inicial de pesquisa, tomamos os argumentos dos participantes nos momentos de constituição da compreensão sobre Espaços Discursivos, nos planejamentos e realização deles. Participaram duas redes municipais de ensino, sendo envolvidos gestores (municipais), estudantes e professores (graduação e pós-graduação), sendo tematizadas a formação, as políticas públicas, a gestão e a pesquisa-ação. É urgente o desafio de aprofundarmos sobre esses processos e é um enorme desafio instaurar a cultura da sustentabilidade da vida, ou seja, promover uma releitura de mundo onde a vida em todas suas relações e contradições seja centralidade. (shrink)

Pri Slovenski matici je izšla imenitna knjiga izbranih pisem italijan­skega pesnika Francesca Petrarce, ki je po svoji vsebini, številnih aluzijah ter idejnih odvodih v okviru antičnega izročila za ljubitelje književnosti in humanizma prava poslastica. Prevajalca Anja Božič in Brane Senegačnik sta pripravila posrečen izbor iz sicer obsežne zbirke Petrarcovih pisem domačim oziroma prijateljem (Rerum fa­miliarum libri), ki sta ga razdelila na tri dele: Prijateljem, V spodnji svet, kjer gre za antične avtorje, ter pisma V zgornji svet, namenjena Petrarcovim sodobnikom.

A história da linguagem adquire ao longo do Ensaio sobre a origem das línguas o andamento de uma queda acelerada na corrupção. Há uma língua primitiva que se degenera e se altera: um processo de formação e uma deformação. À medida que Rousseau identifica em suas reflexões – seja na origem seja na estrutura – música e linguagem, a perda de força expressiva que se verifica nas línguas acomete também a música e estas duas corrupções caminham juntas, de modo que (...) ambas se afastam da língua musicada ou da palavra cantada do início. A corrupção da música e das línguas corresponde ao apagamento de sua potência expressiva e refere-se a uma autonomização da harmonia artificial, ao aumento das consoantes, das articulações, da racionalidade, da prática da escrita, bem como ao desenvolvimento histórico, político, econômico e social. Todos estes processos devem ser levados em consideração numa análise sobre as línguas e a linguagem. Todavia, é possível isolar metodologicamente cada um deles. Dito isto, propomos neste artigo investigar o papel da escrita no processo de corrupção e degeneração das línguas. (shrink)

Resumo O Concílio Vaticano II causou, com seus textos finais, grande comoção no interior da Igreja católica. Perpassado por lutas internas e conflitos doutrinais e ideológicos, os padres conciliares produziram textos calcados em certo "compromisso de pluralismo contraditório". Tal "compromisso" despertou grandes questões para o magistério e para os católicos, já que uma hermenêutica "correta" dos textos era exigida com o passar do tempo. Dessa forma, no período denominado de "pós-concílio", a luta pelos significados de seus textos continuou e ainda (...) hoje se faz sentir. Ao analisar os pontificados de João Paulo II e de Bento XVI, muitos historiadores e estudiosos tomam como marco de interpretação apenas o Vaticano II, ou seja, o que cada um deles foi e é em relação ao evento conciliar ou, muitas vezes, à imagem que fazem dele, esquecendo-se de que o próprio concílio encontra-se situado historicamente. Assim sendo, não enxergam nada mais que "reacionarismo" e "conservadorismo" de ambos os papas em relação ao concílio e seu pretenso "espírito". Interpretando-os dessa forma, assumem uma perspectiva temporal datada sobre a história da Igreja, correndo o risco de deixarem escapar a complexidade que marca o caminhar da Igreja no século XX. Palavras-chave: Igreja católica; Concílio Vaticano II; Hermenêutica.Vatican Council II has caused, with its final texts, a great commotion in the Catholic Church. With their internal fights, as well as doctrinal and ideological conflicts, the Council fathers have produced texts based on certain "contradictory pluralism commitment". Such "commitment" has raised huge questions for the teaching profession and for the Catholics, based on the fact that a "correct" text hermeneutics was required as time went by. Therefore, in the "post-Council" period, a fight for the meaning of the texts remained and is still felt today. Analyzing John Paul II's and Benedict XVI's pontificates, many historians and scholars take as an interpretation landmark only Vatican II, in other words, what each one was (and still is) in relation to the Council event, or often to the image made of it, forgetting that the Council itself is historically situated. Thus, they do not see anything else besides both popes' "reactionary" and "conservative" outlook concerning the Council and its alleged "spirit". With that interpretation, they assume a dated temporal perspective of Church history, running the risk of missing the complexity that sets the way for the 20that interpretation, they assume a dated temporal perspective of Church history, running the risk of missing the complexity that sets the way for the 20th-century Church. Key words: Catholic Church; Vatican Council II; Hermeneutics. (shrink)

O presente texto, cujo título é “O campo como nómos biopolítico da modernidade e a figura do muçulmano” tem por objetivo geral examinar a noção de campo como nómos biopolítico presente na modernidade, segundo as afirmações da obra de Giorgio Agamben, destacando a figura do muçulmano como seu habitante e como um paradigma da vida nua em oposição à forma-de-vida. Para que se possa realizar o objetivo proposto, iniciamos com a abordagem dos conceitos de vida nua e de biopolítica em (...) Agamben, indicando alguns de seus interlocutores, tais como Michel Foucault e Hannah Arendt. Em seguida, analisamos o conceito de campo, que caracteriza o Estado de exceção permanente na modernidade, e a figura do mulçumano, no interior dele. Por último, apresentamos breves considerações acerca da enigmática noção de forma-de-vida, com hífen, enquanto oposta a vida nua, na medida em que uma torna inoperante a politização da vida, a biopolítica. (shrink)

Nosso objetivo consiste em explicitar como acontece a temporaneidade de tempo (dar-se do tempo) e a temporaneidade de ser (temporanização de ser). O problema que enfrentaremos, nesse artigo, será mostrar como os caráteres de abertura e de horizonte, próprios das temporaneidades de tempo, concedem sentido à manifestação de ser. Enfrentaremos esse desafio pautados no conceito de temporalidade ekstático-horizontal, porque pressupomos que através dele poderemos apontar como as temporaneidades de tempo e de ser são constituídas nesse período da filosofia de (...) Heidegger. Nossa finalidade é clarificar como a intramundanidade, a transcendência do _Dasein_ e a intratemporalidade são constituídas pelas temporaneidades de tempo e de ser. (shrink)

Este artigo pretende ser uma exposição da Filosofia do Esclarecimento de Habermas. Nesse sentido, apresentaremos especialmente seu pensamento inicial, com o escopo de estabelecer seus fundamentos, o que implica iniciar com as influências sobre ele (I. Kant, J. L. Austin, o “segundo” Wittgenstein, M. Weber, E. Husserl, K. O. Apel, entre outros), assim como com sua crítica aos primeiros membros da Escola de Frankfurt (especialmente contra o pessimismo de T. Adorno e M. Horkheimer acerca da possibilidade de a razão nos (...) libertar). Finalmente, mostraremos como Habermas é uma extensão do projeto de uma Filosofia do Esclarecimento, o que faz dele um exemplo do pensamento moderno na história contemporânea da Filosofia. (shrink)

O presente artigo pretende dar sentido à afirmação feita, mais do que uma vez, por Paul Ricoeur, de que a sua filosofia poderia ser vista como um kantismo pós-hege-liano. Nesse contexto, o artigo procura abordar o pensar ricoeuriano mostrando de que modo ele se instaura e se desenvolve no horizonte kantiano de uma filosofia dos limites do saber. Essa abordagem é desenvolvida em dois momentos. O primeiro dirige-se à leitura que Paul Ricoeur faz da Crítica da Razão Pura de Kant. (...) O segundo centrar-se-à em três momentos fulcrais da Filosofia de Paul Ricoeur - a definição do seu projecto Filosofia da Vontade, a figura própria da sua Hermenêutica e o filosofema inovação semântica - evidenciando em cada um deles a ressonância da herança kantiana. /// Aim of this article is to to explore the meaning of Paul Ricoeur's persistent characterization of his own work as a post-Hegelian Kantism. In view of this end, the article demonstrates that Ricoeur's thinking is at once rooted and developed within the horizon of Kant's critical philosophy of limits in regard to knowledge. This can be shown by first considering Ricoeur's reading of the first Critique, and then centering on three decisive moments of Ricoeur's philosophy, to wit, the formulation of the project developed in the Philosophy of Will, the shape of his theory of hermeneutics, and his notion of semantic innovation that can be conceived as a philosophema. The Kantian influence can be seen to resonate in all three instances. (shrink)

Resumo A problemática na relação entre Filosofia e Cinema dá origem a duas questões: a primeira, sobre as condições que os filmes têm de satisfazer a fim de poderem ser devidamente tratados por uma compreensão filosófica; a segunda, sobre os requisitos, que os discursos sobre os filmes têm de satisfazer, em ordem a serem legitimamente considerados como filosóficos. Respondendo à primeira pergunta, através de uma análise ao debate entre Paisley Livingston e Aaron Smuts, acerca da “Filosofia do Cinema”, será afirmado (...) que, embora os filmes em si mesmos não façam filosofia, é possível fazer filosofia a partir deles, desde que estes expressem ideias estéticas. Respondendo à segunda questão, através da leitura crítica de Days of Being Wild, In the Mood of Love e 2046 de Wong Kar-wai, com referência aos conceitos de Kierkegaard, Girard e Deleuze, será argumentado que uma análise filosófica implica a renovação de conceitos filosóficos centrais e o alargamento da compreensão da natureza das imagens cinematográficas. Palavras-chave : Deleuze, emoção-imagem, filosofia do cinema, Kierkegaard, repetição, Wong Kar-waiThe problem of the relationships between Philosophy and Films raises two questions: first, the conditions that films have to fulfill in order to be rightly concerned by a philosophical understanding; second the requirements that discourses about films have to fulfill in order to be truly considered as philosophical ones. Answering to the first question through a survey of the debate between Paisley Livingston and Aaron Smuts about “Film-Philosophy”, I will affirm that, though films in themselves are not doing philosophy, it is possible to do philosophy out of them provided they express aesthetical ideas. Answering to the second question through a critical reading of Wong Kar-wai’s Days of Being Wild, In the Mood for Love, and 2046 referring to the concepts of Kierkegaard, Girard and Deleuze, I will argue that a philosophical analysis implies to renew core philosophical concepts and to extend our understanding of the nature of cinematographic images. Keywords : Deleuze, film-philosophy, image-emotion, Kierkegaard, repetition, Wong Kar-wai. (shrink)