Dünya hayatının sonu ve âhiret hayatının başlangıcına köprü olan ölümün gerçekleşmesi ile yaratılmışlar içinde en şerefli kılınan insana ölümünden sonra da hürmet gösterilmesi, dînen belirli işlemlerin yapılması gerekmektedir. Bu gereklilikler İslâm hukukuna göre kadın ve erkek için farklılık arz etmektedir. Sünnet ile örf-âdetler, cenaze işlemlerinde kadın ve erkek arasında farklılıkların ortaya çıkması ve bunların bağlayıcı olmasında önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Çalışmada, kadın cenazenin ölüm ilânı, yıkama ve kefenlemenin kim tarafından yapılacağı, cenaze masraflarının karşılanması, cenaze namazının kılınması, cenazenin kabristana taşınması ve (...) toprağa verilmesi; kadın cemaatin cenaze namazına katılması, namazdaki saf durumu, kadının kabir ziyaretinde bulunması, taziye ve yas tutma gibi bireysel ve toplumsal unsurlar, bu farklılıkların ortaya çıkmasına sebep olan etkenler kadın cenaze ve kadın cemaat bağlamında ele alınmıştır. İslam hukukunun daha çok sosyolojik boyutunu ilgilendiren bu araştırma ile fıkhın ve toplumun kadına bakış açısı ortaya konmak istenmiştir. Özellikle kadının tesettürü, muhafazası, mahremiyeti, fizyolojik özellikleri, dikkat çekiciliği, sesi, fitne sebebi olması gibi unsurların bireysel ve toplumsal olduğu görülmektedir. Günümüzde, sosyal bir varlık olan kadınların talepleri ve kadın cemaatin cenazeye katılması ile ilgili soruların gündeme gelmesi, cenaze işlemlerinde kadının durumunun yeniden gözden geçirilmesi gereğini doğurmuştur. Araştırmada bu problem baz alınarak, kadınların cenaze işlemlerindeki konumunun ortaya konması ve durum tespiti yapılması amaçlanmıştır. Bu bağlamda örf ve ilgili hadisler ışığında fukahânın kadına bakış açısının kadın cenaze ile ilgili işlemlere ve kadın cemaat ile ilgili hükümlere yansıması ele alınmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu çalışmanın hazırlanmasında klasik ve modern dönem eserlerden istifade edilerek fukahânın kadının cenazesi ve kadın cemaatin cenazeye katılması ile ilgili hükümlerdeki bakış açısı, bu bakış açısında zamanla değişikliklerin olup olmadığı ve bunun ictihâdî hükümlere nasıl yansıdığı tümevarım yöntemi ile ele alınmıştır. Tesettür, hâl-harekete dikkat edilmesi ve gerekli şartlara riayet edilmesi durumunda, kadının erkek cemaatin yanında cenaze ile ilgili işlemlere katılması günümüz kadınları için önem arz etmektedir. Toplumsal yaşamın önemli bir parçasını teşkil eden kadının eğitim, ekonomi, siyaset ve çalışma hayatında yer almasına rağmen cenaze işlemlerinde kısıtlanmaması; tesettürün sağlanması, hâl-harekete dikkat edilmesi ve gerekli şartlara riayet edilmesi durumunda, erkek cemaatin yanında cenaze ile ilgili işlemlere katılmasına cevaz verilmesi gerektiği düşünülmektedir. Ölüm ile Allah’ın bâkiliğini ve dünya hayatının geçiciliğini tefekküre olanak sağlayan cenaze cemaatinde bulunma hak ve sorumluluğu, gıybet ve muhabbet gibi yakışık almayan davranışlardan kaçınmak şartıyla kadına da tanınması bakımından önem arz etmektedir. Kadına dair pek çok hükümde görüldüğü üzere kadının kendisinin ‘illet’ olarak alınmasının, araştırma ile varılan sonuçlarda da etkili olduğu görülmektedir. (shrink)

The aim of this study is to explore the influence of religious beliefs on the work-related attitudes of Turkish SME (small and medium-sized enterprise) owner-managers. In this research, the emergence of pious or devout business people is considered as a phenomenon, and special attention is paid to religious transformation and secularism in Turkey. Both concepts, religion and secularism, are considered within the Turkish context. For the research, in-depth interviews were conducted with 32 Turkish business people from religious and secular backgrounds, (...) respectively. The study investigates the so-called “Islamic work ethic” values and Islamic business principles from a critical perspective and argues that they do not seem to be as significant factors as predicted in the emergence of pious or devout business people in Turkey. (shrink)

The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the natural logic program which invents logics in natural language. This study presents two logics: a logical system called d R containing transitive verbs and a more expressive logical system R containing both transitive verbs and intersective adjectives. The paper offers three different set-theoretic semantics which are equivalent for the logics.

Investing in research is a long-term, risky proposition. In agriculture, it could take fifteen years or more for a research finding to show an improvement in a farmer’s field. Yet, research institutions, like other organizations it needs to be evaluated. For more than twenty years, independent panels of outside experts have evaluated each of the international research centers that the Consultative Group of International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) supports. This paper examines the evolution of this review system, outlines the key methodological (...) challenges faced, and draws lessons for others engaged in evaluating research institutions. It notes that the scope of the CGIAR reviews have been broadened over time in response to users’ concerns. Reviews now cover four dimensions of performance: research results, quality and relevance of research, vision and strategic directions, and management efficiency. The methodological challenges faced in measurement, valuation, and attribution are reviewed, along with practices found to be helpful in addressing these concerns. The paper concludes that the panel approach to institutional evaluation has served CGIAR’s needs well, and recommends it as an evaluation technique for integrating quantitative and qualitative dimensions of institutional performance. (shrink)

This paper proposes a formalization of the class of sentences quantified by most, which is also interpreted as proportion of or majority of depending on the domain of discourse. We consider sentences of the form “Most A are B”, where A and B are plural nouns and the interpretations of A and B are infinite subsets of \. There are two widely used semantics for Most A are B: \ > C \) and \ > \dfrac{C}{2} \), where C denotes (...) the cardinality of a given finite set X. Although is more descriptive than, it also produces a considerable amount of insensitivity for certain sets. Since the quantifier most has a solid cardinal behaviour under the interpretation majority and has a slightly more statistical behaviour under the interpretation proportional of, we consider an alternative approach in deciding quantity-related statements regarding infinite sets. For this we introduce a new semantics using natural density for sentences in which interpretations of their nouns are infinite subsets of \, along with a list of the axiomatization of the concept of natural density. In other words, we take the standard definition of the semantics of most but define it as applying to finite approximations of infinite sets computed to the limit. (shrink)

This paper presents the content of this thematic issue of Diogenes on Asian studies in Turkey. It explains the origins of this set of papers in light of relevant scholarship, relates it to current academic work in the field, and provides a rationale for issuing a volume on Asian scholarship in Turkey.

In the cognitive neuroscience of consciousness, participants have commonly been instructed to report their conscious content. This, it was claimed, risks confounding the neural correlates of consciousness (NCC) with their preconditions, i.e., allocation of attention, and consequences, i.e., metacognitive reflection. Recently, the field has therefore been shifting towards no-report paradigms. No-report paradigms draw their validity from a direct comparison with no-report conditions. We analyze several examples of such comparisons and identify alternative interpretations of their results and/or methodological issues in all (...) cases. These go beyond the previous criticism that just removing the report is insufficient, because it does not prevent metacognitive reflection. The conscious mind is fickle. Without having much to do, it will turn inward and switch, or timeshare, between the stimuli on display and daydreaming or mind-wandering. Thus, rather than the NCC, no-report paradigms might be addressing the neural correlates of conscious disengagement. This observation reaffirms the conclusion that no-report paradigms are no less problematic than report paradigms. (shrink)

The isnad and texts of the common narrations in the hadith literature of Ahl al-Sunnah and Shīa are an important source that provide information about the early periods of hadith history. The hadith, which is that subject of this article and whose text contains meaningful differences, “The essence of Islam is prayer, its branch zakat and its peak is jihad in the way of Allah” is a common narration with this characteristics. Because this hadith is narrated in Sunnī sources during (...) a conservartion between the Massenger of Allah and Muadh b. Jabal. On the other hand, in Shiite sources this hadith is reported during the conservation of Muhammad al-Bakir and Cafer as-Sadik with his companions. In order to determine how the change in the poles of the people who are the subject of the narration occured, firstly, information about the Shiite isnad and texts of the hadith was given, and it was determined whether the narrators were connected with the Ahl al-hadith circles. Then, the isnads and texts in the Sunni sources were pointed out, the connections of the narrators who transmitted them with Shiite circles and whether they adopted Shiite views or not were examined. Thus, it has been determined when, where and through which narrators the narration was transferred from one school to another, and also for what reasons the textual differences occured. (shrink)

Even though the strong relationship between proof-theoretic and model-theoretic notions in one’s logical theory can be shown by soundness and completeness proofs, whether we can define the model-theoretic notions by means of the inferences in a proof system is not at all trivial. For instance, provable inferences in a proof system of classical logic in the logical framework do not determine its intended models as shown by Carnap (Formalization of logic, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1943), i.e., there are non-Boolean models (...) that satisfy its provable inferences. In the literature, this is known as the Categoricity problem or Carnap’s problem. In this paper, we will discuss the Categoricity problem (or Carnap’s problem) for three-valued logics K3 and LP. We will provide three different restrictions on admissible models that will deliver us categoricity results, some of which draw from the solutions provided for the Categoricity problem for classical logic in Belnap and Massey (Stud Log 49(1):67–82, 1990) and Bonnay and Westerståhl (Erkenntis 81(4):721–739, 2016). We will then argue that two of those solutions are philosophically well-motivated: (1) restricting the admissible models where negation is interpreted as a Strong Kleene truth-function, and (2) restricting the admissible models where a complex formula is assigned the third value when its immediate subformulas are assigned the third value. (shrink)

The aim of this paper is to provide a contribution to the natural logic program which explores logics in natural language. The paper offers two logics called \ \) and \ \) for dealing with inference involving simple sentences with transitive verbs and ditransitive verbs and quantified noun phrases in subject and object position. With this purpose, the relational logics are introduced and a model-theoretic proof of decidability for they are presented. In the present paper we develop algebraic semantics of (...) the logics using congruence theory. (shrink)

Today’s societies face the minorities that want recognition and respect for cultural differences. Kymlicka names it the challenge of multiculturalism. It is considered that identity and recognition problems have recently come to the fore because of a transformation in the perception of subject, truth, reason caused by postmodernism. Kymlicka claims that even if it is more difficult to live together today, it is not because of the so-called post-truth age. In his opinion, we have never reached absolute common grounds before, (...) either. So, it is not true that we cannot get common grounds by we do not believe metaphysical truths anymore. He already believes that a sense of justice does not count on the metaphysical truths, but it can be based on social identities and a sense of belonging. So, he thinks that an overlapping consensus is possible. However, I will defend a different perspective about pluralism and living together. I think that modus vivendi is an undeniable universal fact. For this reason, an overlapping consensus as a model of living together can only be possible domestically at the expense of a global modus vivendi. (shrink)

Grounded in institutional theory, this study provides an overview of the corporate social responsibility initiatives of Turkey's 30 largest corporations through a thematic content analysis. The study focuses on the G-20 member Turkey and investigates the influence of isomorphism mechanisms on the adoption of CSR initiatives in a developing country context. The aim of this study is to integrate Carroll's CSR dimensions, the type of CSR engagement and coercive, mimetic and normative isomorphism mechanisms proposed by institutional theory. Through this integration (...) the study makes a unique contribution to the literature by providing a different perspective. Findings reveal industry characteristics do not influence the selection of CSR initiatives. While business-to-business companies focus on CSR activities linked to their core business functions, business-to-consumer companies focus on CSR initiatives that are more discretionary, varied and philanthropic. In addition, findings show that multinational corporations implement CSR initiatives at the global level rather than focusing on local needs. (shrink)

The present paper attempts to explore and problematize some of the prominent sides of Nietzsche’s understanding of truth from a critical point of view. Nietzsche’s conception of truth is modeled on the parameters of scientific relations to the world. Truth, on this assumption, is the function of objectifying reason and is grounded in the agreement between facts and propositions. When Nietzsche questions the value of truth and downplays it, he actually does that from the perspective of thus understood truth. Nietzsche (...) also believes that the supremacy of truth in life leads to nihilism as is very much the case in the modern world and proposes Dionysian art as a remedy against truth. This reductive view of truth, I argue, proves incapable of doing justice to the multi-faceted function of truth in all spheres of human life including science and art. A more fundamental view of truth is required not only to ground the workings of objectifying reason but also to defend the value of art. Truth is actually embedded, intrinsic and operative in the immediate context of human existence (what Heidegger calls “being-in-the-world”) and derives all its uses from this living context. This meaningful context as the realm of truth is the beginning of human being. It is the ground in which the artist stands and produces. It is thus what lends value and meaning to the work of art. It is likewise what makes it possible for scientific propositions to agree with facts. (shrink)

This paper outlines the development of Asian studies in Turkey from their early years to 2022. A particular focus is put on the development of academic programs at Bogazici University and on the international academic partnerships it entailed. The author argues that the end of the Cold War, the “rise of Asia” in public opinion, the new Asia initiative of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, as well as the global attraction due to international employment opportunities, represent multiple factors that have (...) accelerated interest in Asian Studies in Turkey. (shrink)

Mûcize, peygamberlik iddiasında bulunan zatın elinde davasında doğru olduğunu kanıtlamak üzere Allah’ın izniyle gösterdiği harikulâde olaydır. Peygamberlerin gösterdikleri mûcizeler yaşadıkları dönemin öne çıkan özellikleri ile yakından ilgilidir. Hz. Muhammed’in nübüvvetinin en önemli kanıtı olan Kur’ân da Arapların uzman olduğu ve övündükleri belegat ve fesahat alanlarında meydan okuyan bir kitaptır. Bu meydan okuma karşında Araplar aciz kalmış; böylece Hz. Muhammed’in Allah’ın peygamberi olduğu ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu husus üzerinde kelâmcıların herhangi bir ihtilafı yoktur. Ancak Kur’ân’ın Arapları hangi özellikleriyle aciz bıraktığı konusu ulema (...) tarafından tartışılmıştır. İlahî hitabın mûcize olması kadar onun hangi özelliklerinden/yönlerinden dolayı mûcize olduğu konusu da son derece önemlidir. Zira Kur’ân evrensel bir mûcize olduğundan asr-ı saadette olduğu gibi günümüzde de bu mûcizeviliğini korumaktadır. Dolayısıyla Kur’ân, geçmişte olduğu gibi içinde bulunduğumuz dönemde de Hz. Peygamber’in nübüvvetinin ispatı konusunda kilit öneme sahiptir. Buradan hareketle bu çalışmada daha çok dilci yönüyle tanınan Zemahşerî’nin meşhur tefsiri olan Keşşâf ve kelâma dair yazdığı el-Minhâc fî usûli’d-dîn adlı eserleri esas alınarak Kur’ân’ın mûcizevi yönleri ve Allah Resûlünün nübüvvetini nasıl ispatladığı incelenmeye çalışılmıştır. Müellif, İslam düşüncesine kelâmcığı ve tefsirciliğinin yanında daha ziyade dilci yönüyle damga vurmuştur. Bu da Kur’ân’ın öncelikli olarak dil ve edebiyat açısından mûcize kabul edilmesi sebebiyle düşüncelerini son derece önemli kılmaktadır. (shrink)

This article enlarges classical syllogistic logic with assertions having to do with comparisons between the sizes of sets. So it concerns a logical system whose sentences are of the following forms: Allxareyand Somexarey, There are at least as manyxasy, and There are morexthany. Herexandyrange over subsets (not elements) of a giveninfiniteset. Moreover,xandymay appear complemented (i.e., as$\bar{x}$and$\bar{y}$), with the natural meaning. We formulate a logic for our language that is based on the classical syllogistic. The main result is a soundness/completeness theorem. (...) There are efficient algorithms for proof search and model construction. (shrink)

Frame semantics for negation on the Australian Plan accommodates many different negations, but it falls short on accommodating subminimal negation when the language contains conjunction and disjunction. In this paper, I will present a multi-relational frame semantics –multi-incompatibility frame semantics– that can accommodate subminimal negation. I will first argue that multi-incompatibility frames are in accordance with the philosophical motivations behind negation on the Australian Plan, namely its modal and exclusion-expressing nature. Then, I will prove the soundness and completeness results of (...) a subminimal logic that consists of the multi-incompatibility semantics and a proof system with operational rules that characterize subminimal negation, conjunction and disjunction. Lastly, I will prove some key correspondence theorems that relate frame conditions to certain principles that are associated with stronger negations, which will give rise to a new kite of negations that includes subminimal negation. (shrink)