En littérature comme en peinture, le brouillage des hiérarchies est aussi constant que leur formulation, tant l'acte créateur se confond avec leur transgression et leur déplacement. L'importance théorique des genres paraît disproportionnée au regard de leur influence réelle sur la création littéraire et artistique. En revanche, leur impact se fait bien plus ressentir sur la réception des oeuvres, car ils fournissent des critères de jugement et permettent d'instaurer dans le système des beaux-arts une manière d'ordre politique. La transgression des hiérarchies (...) est bien souvent involontaire, et quand elle est volontaire, elle apparaît comme un geste iconoclaste, mais ce geste lui-même n'est pas loin de devenir institutionnel. S'il est aujourd'hui banal d'étudier la transgression des frontières génériques, le présent volume interroge la fascination que les hiérarchies ont toujours exercée, envers et contre toute réalité, et la séduction paradoxale des genres mineurs"--Page 4 of cover. (shrink)

Since the beginning of the new millennium, initiatives known as roundtables have been developed to create voluntary sustainability standards for agricultural commodities. Intended to be private and voluntary in nature, these initiatives claim their legitimacy from their ability to ensure the participation of all categories of stakeholders in horizontal participatory and inclusive processes. This article characterizes the political and material instruments employed as the means of formulating agreement and taking a variety of voices into consideration in these arenas. Referring to (...) the specific case of the “Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil”, I undertake a detailed analysis of the tensions relating to different forms of participation, which create a gap between “local minority voices” and international stakeholders—either non-governmental organizations or industries. Local communities and small-scale farmers face difficulties when making their voices heard in the form of debate proposed. Firstly, some participants attempt to re-impose a vertical hierarchical relationship between small-scale farmers or affected communities and company managers/directors in order to deprive the former of their powers of representation and of being able to transform reality. Secondly, the liberalism of interest groups in the roundtable accords value to experts, global knowledge, strategy, and detachment, at the expense of other capabilities of rooted or attached people who come to defend their real lives with a desire to raise critical issues of injustice. In this context, I highlight the capacity of local NGOs to relieve some of those tensions and to help locally affected communities and small-scale farmers introduce public stages for debates, by accommodating other forms of participation apart from the liberal one. By being close to and by restoring their dignity through a specific work of solicitude and care, local NGOs prepare affected people for public speaking. (shrink)

A number of multi-stakeholder initiatives (MSIs) and commodity roundtables have been created since the 1990s to respond to the growing criticism of agriculture’s environmental and social impacts. Driven by private and global-scale actors, these initiatives are setting global standards for sustainable agricultural practices. They claim to follow the new standard-making virtues of inclusiveness and consensus and base their legitimacy on their claim of balanced representation of, and participation by, all categories of stakeholders. This principle of representing a wide range of (...) interests with a balance of power is at the heart of a new type of action that forms part of a broader political liberal model for building coalitions of interest groups. The intention of this symposium is to assess the nature of processes and outcomes of this model while paying particular attention to the forms of inclusion and exclusion they generate. In this introduction, we highlight the differences in theoretical approaches to analyzing MSIs and the manifestation of power through them. We distinguish between more traditional political–economy approaches and approaches concerned with ideational and normative power, such as convention theory. We discuss some of the main paradoxes of MSIs related to their willingness to be “inclusive” and at the same time their exclusionary or “closure” effects due in part to interactions with existing political economic contexts and embedded power inequalities, as well as more subtle manifestations of power linked to the favoring of some forms of knowledge and engagement over others. (shrink)

Five years ago, an article co-written by some of us presented an emerging trend to disclose some individual genetic results to research participants within the international research community. At the time, ethical norms and scholarly publications on the return of results often did not distinguish between the return of research results in general and the return of unexpected results. Both technologies and research practices have evolved significantly. Today whole genome and exome sequencing are increasingly affordable and frequently used in genetic (...) research. Because these techniques produce a vast amount of interpretable and non-interpretable data about an individual, the issue of how to manage information generated by such technologies needs to be considered. However, the development of international ethical guidelines has not kept up with the rapid pace of technological progress. Indeed developments in genomic biobanking also challenge the duty to disclose research results. (shrink)

ObjectivesIn 2015, the Province of Quebec, Canada passed a law that allowed voluntary active euthanasia. Palliative care stakeholders in Canada have been largely opposed to euthanasia, yet there is little research about their views. The research question guiding this study was the following: How do palliative care physicians in Quebec position themselves regarding the practice of VAE in the context of the new provincial legislation?MethodsWe used interpretive description, an inductive methodology to answer research questions about clinical practice. A total of (...) 18 palliative care physicians participated in semistructured interviews at two university-affiliated hospitals in Quebec.ResultsParticipants positioned themselves in opposition to euthanasia. Their justifications were framed within their professional commitment to not hasten death, which sat in tension with the value of patients’ autonomy to choose how to die. Participants described VAE as unacceptable if it impeded opportunities to evaluate and alleviate suffering. Further, they contested government rhetoric that positioned VAE as a way to improve end-of-life care. Participants felt that VAE would diminish the potential of palliative care to relieve suffering. Dilemmas were apparent in their narratives, about reconciling respect for patient autonomy with broader palliative care values, and the value of accompanying and not abandoning patients who make requests for VAE while being committed to neither prolonging nor hastening death.ConclusionsThis study provides insight into nuanced positions of experienced palliative care physicians in Quebec and confirms expected tensions between an important stakeholder and the practice of VAE as guided by the new legislation. (shrink)

Cet article propose une nouvelle enquête sur l ’ ancien concept de preuve rhétorique. Seront examinées les notions suivantes : le tekmerion (l ’ indice), le paradeigma (l ’ exemple) et le topos (lieu), afin d ’ éclairer leur lien apparemment paradoxal avec la persuasion et la validité. Le propos est de montrer qu ’ un tel paradoxe peut être résolu grâce à une conception stratifiée de la rationalité, où la raison archaïque soutient la persuasion, tandis que la raison moderne (...) fonde la validité. (shrink)

La 9e Conférence Alter organisée par l’École des Hautes Études en Santé Publique (EHESP-Rennes, France) et la Société Alter les 8 et 9 avril 2021 proposait d’interroger la construction de la normalité. Plus précisément, nous voulions questionner le système de pensée qui structure plus ou moins implicitement nos sociétés, selon lequel être “valide” serait la norme, et cela aux deux sens, souvent assimilés, de la situation la plus répandue et la plus souhaitable. Ce phénomène est pointé par la...

Ce volume collectif accompagne, à quelques mois d’intervalle, la publication de l’édition critique des textes consacrés par Bentham à l’Australie (_Panopticon versus New South Wales and other writings on Australia_) chez UCL Press sous la direction de Tim Causer et Philip Schofield. Les versions numériques des deux ouvrages sont disponibles en accès ouvert sur le site de l’éditeur. Bentham consacre un premier essai au système pénal en Australie en 1791, à peine six ans après le début des déportations de prisonniers (...) vers la nouvelle colonie carcérale. Il s’oppose sans relâche à cette politique et tente de démontrer que son propre projet de prison panoptique est à la fois plus efficace et moins coûteux pour punir les criminels et conduire à leur réforme. En 1801, au moment où le ministère rejette définitivement la construction du panoptique près de Londres, Bentham érige les colonies australiennes en symboles de la corruption de la constitution et de la malhonnêteté des membres du gouve... (shrink)

The 9th Alter Conference organised by the EHESP School of Public Health (Rennes, France) and Alter Society, on April 8 and 9, 2021, was devoted to questioning the construct of the concept of normality. More specifically, we wanted to challenge the common view which, rather covertly structures our societies, according to which being “valid” is the norm, in two often compounded ways, of being the most widespread and the most desirable situation. This view is expounded in the notion of “ableism”...

Formal approaches that aim at representing human reasoning should be evaluated based on how humans actually reason. One way of doing so is to investigate whether psychological findings of human reasoning patterns are represented in the theoretical model. The computational logic approach discussed here is the so-called weak completion semantics which is based on the three-valued ᴌukasiewicz logic. We explain how this approach adequately models Byrne’s suppression task, a psychological study where the experimental results show that participants’ conclusions systematically deviate (...) from the classical logically correct answers. As weak completion semantics is a novel technique in the field of computational logic, it is important to examine how it corresponds to other already established non-monotonic approaches. For this purpose we investigate the relation of weak completion with respect to completion and three-valued stable model semantics. In particular, we show that well-founded semantics, a widely accepted approach in the field of non-monotonic reasoning, corresponds to weak completion semantics for a specific class of modified programs. (shrink)

In Quebec, control measures – isolation, restraints and chemical substances – have been the subject of a legislative framework since 1998. However, since that date, chemical substances have been at the heart of a debate on their legal status, between therapy and control. In 2015, the Ministry of Health and Social Services published a revised Reference Framework that is supposed to establish guidelines for chemical substances used for control purposes. A review of this framework, however, reveals several inconsistencies, continuing an (...) indeterminacy about their status. On the one hand, the consent exception does not correspond to the Quebec legal framework for care, suggesting that it is indeed a control measure. On the other hand, the reserved acts are the same whether the chemical substances are used for control or for therapeutic purposes, suggesting that it is in fact a therapeutic measure. (shrink)

Ces livres semblent à première vue assez similaires puisqu’ils se consacrent tous les deux à l’étude de la maternité, de l’époque moderne jusqu’à nos jours, et accordent une place importante à la littérature. Les mutations importantes de la maternité ces dernières décennies rendent pertinentes l’étude des représentations et du vécu des mères dans le temps long. Ce champ historiographique est cependant loin d’être vierge en France ; de nombreux travaux lui ont été consacrés depuis les années 1...

De nombreux enfants sont confrontés à des violences intrafamiliales de forme, nature et origine différentes. Elles peuvent susciter des vécus émotionnels susceptibles de constituer des expériences traumatiques et avoir des effets délétères à long terme sur leur développement et leur vie psychique, particulièrement lorsqu’elles sont répétées et subies à un âge précoce. Inscrit principalement dans le référentiel de la métapsychologie psychanalytique, cet article propose une présentation de la clinique des troubles relationnels qui peuvent mettre en danger ou en échec l’offre (...) de soins psychiques. À partir de cas cliniques issus de la pratique en hôpital de jour puis en réseau libéral de l’auteure, psychologue clinicienne et psychothérapeute, cet article propose des pistes d’aménagement du dispositif et du projet thérapeutique afin de soutenir la relance des processus et des fonctions psychiques demeurés en latence et le traitement élaboratif des expériences traumatiques. (shrink)

As a graduate student, years before I met David Lieberman, I had read _ The Province of Legislation Determined. _ I was immediately taken by the breath of his knowledge and the lack of affectation of his style. These qualities struck me again when I met him in person at several ISUS conferences, including the one he hosted so wonderfully in UC Berkeley in 2008. Generosity is a rare quality in academia. David’s friendship and the interest he displayed in the (...) work of others gave me confidence, as I know it did for many younger scholars. From the seminal distinction he introduced between the ‘historical Bentham’ and the ‘authenticity Bentham’ to his stimulating re-reading of Bentham’s later constitutional theory, his articles were always illuminating and challenging. (shrink)

Au cours des années 1770, ayant trouvé sa vocation de réformateur du droit et guidé par le principe du plus grand bonheur du plus grand nombre, Jeremy Bentham rassemble ses idées dans de volumineux manuscrits qu’il classe sous le titre de « principes préparatoires ». La publication récente de ces feuillets par Douglas Long et Philip Schofield entr’ouvre la porte de l’atelier du philosophe au tout début de sa carrière. Car la décennie 1770 est particulièrement féconde pour Bentham. C’est pend...

Le film Mille soleils de la cinéaste Mati Diop (Grand prix du FID de Marseille 2013) nous convie aujourd’hui à revoir le film de Djibril Diop Mambety, son premier long-métrage, Touki Bouki, le voyage de la hyène, considéré comme un classique du cinéma après avoir reçu le prix de la critique internationale du festival de Cannes en 1973. Par ses caractéristiques formelles très audacieuses et par les thèmes toujours actuels qu’il traite, ce film continue à nous questionner : que nous (...) dit-il sur l’histoire du cinéma depuis lors? De quelles manières Mati Diop le convoque-t-elle? Comment dialogue-t-il avec le Sénégal contemporain? Mais également avec les relations France-Afrique? Ou avec l’Occident? (shrink)

ABSTRACTAs a result of intensive mobility and migration over the last twenty-five years, multiculturalism and multilingualism have become a reality in European prisons. This “superdiversity” poses a serious challenge to the various stakeholders who need efficient and reliable communication. Yet this topic has been underresearched. According to statistics for the year 2014 issued by the Council of Europe, Belgium has a high rate of foreign inmates. Against this background, the aim of this exploratory research is to describe how the Flemish (...) penitentiary system tackles this linguistic challenge. Data were gathered through qualitative research methods such as desktop research and in-depth interviews with 8 stakeholders. Due to the scarcity of financial resources and the presence of organizational hurdles, the Ministry of Justice rarely assigns jobs in prison to interpreters; instead, they are replaced by cheaper and immediately available... (shrink)

Cet article s�attèle à montrer comment les notions principales de 1'herméneutique de Ric�ur (monde du texte/monde du lecteur, distanciation - appropriation, compréhension de soi, trois mimèsis) ont permis de penser de façon systématique la question du statut du texte biblique et de sa traduction dans un mémoire de licence de la Faculté de théologie de Neuchâtel, réalisé en 2006. Après une présentation du mémoire et de son contexte, les apports de la pensée de Ric�ur sont énumérés en quatrepoints: la théorie (...) de la traduction, la notion de lecture non utilisatrice, la notion de canon et celle de «texte inspiré». (shrink)

Sponges are important but often‐neglected organisms. The absence of classical animal traits (nerves, digestive tract, and muscles) makes sponges challenging for non‐specialists to work with and has delayed getting high quality genomic data compared to other invertebrates. Yet analyses of sponge genomes and transcriptomes currently available have radically changed our understanding of animal evolution. Sponges are of prime evolutionary importance as one of the best candidates to form the sister group of all other animals, and genomic data are essential to (...) understand the mechanisms that control animal evolution and diversity. Here we review the most significant outcomes of current genomic and transcriptomic analyses of sponges, and discuss limitations and future directions of sponge transcriptomic and genomic studies. (shrink)

For centuries, philosophy has been considered as an intellectual activity requiring complex cognitive skills and predispositions related to complex (or critical) thinking. The Philosophy for Children (P4C) approach aims at the development of critical thinking in pupils through philosophical dialogue. Some contest the introduction of P4C in the classroom, suggesting that the discussions it fosters are not philosophical in essence. In this text, we argue that P4C is philosophy.

Using the lens of positive organizational ethics, we theorized that empathy affects decisions in ethical dilemmas that concern the well-being of not only the organization but also other stakeholders. We hypothesized and found that empathetic managers were less likely to comply with requests by an authority figure to cut the wages of their employees than were non-empathetic managers. However, when an authority figure requested to hold wages constant, empathy did not affect wage cut decisions. These findings imply that empathy can (...) serve as a safeguard for ethical decision making in organizations during trying times without generally undermining organizational effectiveness. We conclude by discussing the implications of our research. (shrink)

Emmanuel Levinas (1905-1995) is at the center of the renewed debate over the question of the ethical. In the context of the phenomenological tradition, Levinas defines ethics as an originary response to the face of the other. Between 1982 and 1992, Levinas gave numerous interviews, closing a distinguished sixty-year career. Of the twenty interviews collected in this volume, seventeen appear in English for the first time. In the interviews Levinas sets forth the central features of his ethical philosophy. He underlies (...) his dedication to the phenomenological search for the concrete and the nonformal signification of alterity. He also elaborates on issues that do not receive extensive treatment in his formal philosophical works, including the question of pre-philosophical experiences, the ethical signification of money, justice, and the State. The informality of the interviews prompt Levinas to address matters about which he is reticent in his published works. (shrink)

This paper examines the ethical issues of the inclusion of workers with disabilities in the workplace with a cross-fertilization approach between organization studies, the ethics of care, and a movement from the field of architecture and design that is called Universal Design (UD). It explores how organizations can use UD to develop more inclusive workplaces, first by applying UD principles to workspaces and second by showing how UD implies an integrative understanding of inclusion from the workspace to the workplace. Moreover, (...) this paper discusses the ethical challenges and complexities that this design practice faces in regard to its applicability to diverse organizations and industries. Finally, this paper demonstrates that inclusion requires abandoning any notion of a perfect, productive body and, therefore, recognizing our shared vulnerability and fundamental interdependence in the workplace. (shrink)

This study examines to what extent perceived corporate social responsibility reduces employee cynicism, and whether trust plays a mediating role in the relationship between CSR and employee cynicism. Three distinct contributions beyond the existing literature are offered. First, the relationship between perceived CSR and employee cynicism is explored in greater detail than has previously been the case. Second, trust in the company leaders is positioned as a mediator of the relationship between CSR and employee cynicism. Third, we disaggregate the measure (...) of CSR and explore the links between this and with employee cynicism. Our findings illustrate that the four distinct dimensions of CSR of Carroll are indirectly linked to employee cynicism via organizational trust. In general terms, our findings will help company leaders to understand employees’ counterproductive reactions to an organization, the importance of CSR for internal stakeholders, and the need to engage in trust recovery. (shrink)

The following is an early, previously untranslated essay by Emmanuel Levinas concerning “the metaphysics of antisemitism.” This essay, published originally in 1938 for Paix et Droit, concerns the shared history and destiny of Jews and Christians, religious groups who maintain a relation of essential “foreignness” to, and so “do not belong” to, the “pagan” world. Levinas distinguishes between the long history of Jewish-Christian antagonism and the newer Nazi-style antisemitism, a particularly insidious “racism” that threatens both Jews and Christians. Levinas calls (...) for a renewed appreciation of the “vocation” common to Jews and Christians to advance Judeo-Christian “solidarity,” a solidarity that Levinas believes is increasingly necessary. (shrink)

In 2014 David Armitage announced an ongoing “international turn” in intellectual history and welcomed the new conversations opening up “between historians, political theorists, International Relations scholars and international lawyers”. Nearly ten years later, Duncan Bell’s essay on “Inter national Relations and Intellectual history” sketched a brief survey of the field and pointed to its continuing vitality and its potential in opening new and exciting territories for scholarship. _ British Modern International Thought in the Making _, edited by Benjamin Bourcier (Centre (...) Bentham, Université Catholique de Lille) and Miko Jakonen (U. of Eastern Finland) is firmly set in this movement. It brings together academics from across the disciplines : political scientists, economic historians and philosophers. Following Istvan Hont’s suggestion in _ Jealousy of Trade _ (2005), they especially question “the connected development of political economy, political theory and international relations”. The f... (shrink)