The digital transfer of the mind to a computer system requires representing the mind as a finite sequence of bits. The classic “stored-program computer” paradigm, in turn, implies the equivalence between program and data, so that the sequence of bits themselves can be interpreted as a program, which will be algorithmically executed in the receiving device. Now, according to a previous proof, on which this paper is based, a computational or algorithmic machine, however complex, cannot be free. Consequently, a finite (...) sequence of bits cannot adequately represent a free mind and, therefore, a free mind cannot be digitally transferred, quod erat demonstrandum. The impossibility of making this transfer, as demonstrated here, should be a concern especially for those who wish to achieve it. Since we intend this to be a rigorous demonstration, we must give precise definitions and conditions of validity. The most important part of the paper is devoted to explaining the meaning and reasonableness of these definitions and conditions. Special attention is paid, also, to the philosophical implications of the demonstration. Finally, this thesis is distinguished from other closely related issues. (shrink)

En El artista y la ciudad, el filósofo Eugenio Trías propone una recuperación ontológica de la relación entre eros y poiesis. Plantea esta aproximación como antídoto frente al desencantamiento del mundo que, a su juicio, se deriva del dualismo moderno que se manifiesta en la distinción mecánica entre producción y deseo. Para remediar el problema de la enajenación y la dispersión de la modernidad tardía, Trías retoma las figuras del artista y la ciudad como puntos de referencia que encuentran (...) resonancias paideicas en el símbolo renacentista de la academia platónica. (shrink)

Médico brillante, político, y fundador, docente y Rector de la Universidad del Zulia, Francisco Eugenio Bustamante (1839-1921) ha sido poco estudiado desde los aspectos filosóficos de sus ideas. La Universidad del Zulia de fines del XIX vio confrontarse dialéctica y apasionadamente dos posiciones acerca de la ciencia: la tradicional (creacionismo católico), y la moderna (evolucionistas y positivistas). Este trabajo analiza la concepción del Rector Bustamante de una renovación universitaria, emancipada de confesionalismos, sus planteamientos sobre las ideas modernas publicados en (...) el periódico La Universidad del Zulia, y su influencia en la generación estudiantil que se expresó en dicho periódico. (shrink)

The increasing application of artificial intelligence (AI) to healthcare raises both hope and ethical concerns. Some advanced machine learning methods provide accurate clinical predictions at the expense of a significant lack of explainability. Alex John London has defended that accuracy is a more important value than explainability in AI medicine. In this article, we locate the trade-off between accurate performance and explainable algorithms in the context of distributive justice. We acknowledge that accuracy is cardinal from outcome-oriented justice because it helps (...) to maximize patients’ benefits and optimizes limited resources. However, we claim that the opaqueness of the algorithmic black box and its absence of explainability threatens core commitments of procedural fairness such as accountability, avoidance of bias, and transparency. To illustrate this, we discuss liver transplantation as a case of critical medical resources in which the lack of explainability in AI-based allocation algorithms is procedurally unfair. Finally, we provide a number of ethical recommendations for when considering the use of unexplainable algorithms in the distribution of health-related resources. (shrink)

La función de la educación es difundir las ventajas de vivir en sociedades democráticas, sin embargo, la diáspora de esas ventajas está articulada a intereses políticos y económicos globalizados; su misión: anestesiar a la sociedad para que observe en silencio el desmantelamiento de su proyecto de vida. La educación tradicional no fomenta la habilidad para leer la complejidad de esa realidad democrática. Se enfoca, principalmente, en aleccionar sobre las “ventajas” de la modernidad, donde la mayoría tiene como destino ser masas (...) de asalariados y una minoría, “heredar” la élite. Este documento, propone que para leer esta realidad, la ciudadanía debe ser alfabetizada más allá de la mera técnica que sólo sirva para leer, memorizar y escribir manuales; particularmente la alfabetización debe ser: reflexiva, crítica, basada en el diálogo de saberes y permanente; pero, éticamente coordinada por docentes intelectuales. (shrink)

Name der Zeitschrift: Der Islam Jahrgang: 93 Heft: 2 Seiten: 532-580.

The formation of the human being is a fundamental subject in Saint Augustine’s thinking. In his first works references to liberal arts are highlighted, and the dialogue form appears as a privileged vehicle of the educative process. In De Ordine, Saint Augustine represents a clear example of the interest and the appropriation of dialogue as a philosophical exercise, which has the double purpose of taking his listeners to the truth and to introduce the reader to the same dynamic.

1. Le fe por la palabra -- 2. Topía y Utopía -- 3. Luz en la caverna.

Many months have passed since the first case of COVID-19 contagion was declared in Chile, in March 2020, and we started June with an official underreporting of more than a thousand deaths (Minay, 2020), all of which triggered serious questions due to lack of transparency (Sepúlveda, 2020) and even the change regarding the authority of the healthcare ministry. In this framework, the government’s call to confinement and stay in our homes, in our long and narrow territory, made visible the radic...

El siguiente artículo trata de investigar los diferentes tipos de narrativas visuales derivadas de las distorsiones de la posverdad como son la manipulación, la viralidad y el cuerpo humano considerado como documento. Para finalizar hablaremos de un tipo de ilustraciones que fomentan la construcción del pensamiento escéptico. Previamente contextualizaremos la situación actual donde tienen lugar el fenómeno de la posverdad y cómo procede ideológicamente de la forma de pensamiento posmoderno donde se exalta el lado irracional y la intuición.

Fichte, Johann G. Lecciones de filosofía aplicada: Doctrina del EstadoSalamanca: Ediciones Sígueme, 288 p.ISBN 978-84-301-1962-2.

El artículo presenta un resultado parcial de una investigación doctoral realizada entre septiembre/2013 y julio/2015 sobre la formación de la competencia investigativa en el psicólogo. A partir del empleo de los métodos analítico-sintético, análisis documental y la modelación sistémico estructural funcional se realiza la descripción de la competencia investigativa del estudiante de Psicología, desde la complementariedad de enfoques metodológicos, a partir de la importancia que esta reviste para un desempeño profesional exitoso. La descripción de la competencia incluye su identificación/definición, la (...) explicación de sus componentes estructurales, así como el esbozo de las relaciones entre estos, los problemas contextuales a los cuales da respuesta, los indicadores o criterios de desempeño y las evidencias requeridas para evaluar el progreso de su formación. The paper presents a partial result of an investigation on the development of investigative competence in psychologists carried out from September/ 2013 to July/ 2015. The analytic-synthetic methods, documental analysis and functional structural systemic modeling were used to describe Psychology students' investigative competence. This study was based on the complementarity of methodological approaches, because of its importance to achieve professional competence. The description of competence includes its identification, definition and the explanation of its structural components, as well as an outline of the relationships among these aspects, the contextual problems they answer, performance indicators or criteria and the evidence required to evaluate its formation progress. (shrink)

BackgroundComorbidity between diabetes mellitus and depression is highly prevalent. The risk of depression in a person with diabetes is approximately twice that of a person without this disease. Depression has a major impact on patient well-being and control of diabetes. However, despite the availability of effective and specific therapeutic interventions for the treatment of depression in people with diabetes, 50% of patients do not receive psychological treatment due to insufficient and difficult accessibility to psychological therapies in health systems. The use (...) of information and communication technologies has therefore been proposed as a useful tool for the delivery of psychological interventions, but it continues to be a field in which scientific evidence is recent and controversial. This systematic review aims to update the available information on the efficacy of psychological interventions delivered through ICTs to improve depressive symptomatology in patients with diabetes.MethodsA systematic review of the literature was performed following the PRISMA guidelines and using MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, Web of Science, PsycINFO, Scopus, and Cochrane Library databases to search for randomized clinical trials of eHealth treatments for patients with diabetes and comorbid depression from 1995 through 2020. In addition, studies related to follow-up appointments were identified. Inclusion criteria were as follows: randomized clinical trials ; patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes; adult population over 18 years of age; presence of depressive symptomatology assessed with standardized instruments; treatments for depression based on established psychotherapeutic techniques and principles; delivered through eHealth technologies. We did not limit severity of depressive symptomatology, delivery setting or comparison group. Two coauthors independently reviewed the publications identified for inclusion and extracted data from the included studies. A third reviewer was involved to discuss discrepancies found. The PEDro scale was used to assess the quality of the RCTs. No meta-analysis of the results was performed. The protocol used for this review is available in PROSPERO.ResultsThe initial search identified 427 relevant scientific publications. After removing duplicates and ineligible citations, a total of 201 articles were analyzed in full text. Ten articles met the criteria of this review and were included, obtaining very good scientific quality after evaluation with the PEDro scale. The main results show that the eHealth psychological intervention for depression in patients with diabetes showed beneficial effects both at the end of treatment and in the short and long term for the improvement of depressive symptomatology. The methodology used was very heterogeneous. However, all studies were based on cognitive-behavioral tools and used standardized assessment instruments to evaluate depressive symptomatology or diagnosis of MDD. Glycemic control was assessed by glycosylated hemoglobin, but no benefits were found in improving glycemic control. Only four studies included psychoeducational content on diabetes and depression, but none used tools to improve or enhance adherence to medical prescriptions or diabetes self-care.ConclusionsICT-based psychological interventions for the treatment of depression in people with diabetes appear to be effective in reducing depressive symptomatology but do not appear to provide significant results with regard to glycemic control. Nonetheless, the scientific evidence reported to date is still very limited and the methodology very diverse. In addition, no studies have implemented these systems in routine clinical practice, and no studies are available on the economic analysis of these interventions. Future research should focus on studying and including new tools to ensure improvements in diabetes outcomes and not only on psychological well-being in order to advance knowledge about these treatments. Economic evaluations should also be undertaken to analyze whether these treatment programs implemented using eHealth technologies are cost-effective. (shrink)

This text explores Martin Heidegger’s thinking in response to Nietzsche’s philosophy: beginning with the problem of European nihilism, moving toward a period of transition situated in-between classical and post-Cartesian ontology.

En el ámbito del derecho procesal penal, particularmente en el contexto del tránsito, existe una carencia de disposiciones legales que regulen el aspecto probatorio para demostrar infracciones por parte de las autoridades competentes. Específicamente, la falta de regulación sobre el uso de fotografías o videos como evidencia dificulta el proceso de aplicación de la ley, ya que ni el COIP ni la LOTTTSV ni sus reglamentos abordan adecuadamente cómo deben obtenerse pruebas mediante medios digitales. Esta laguna normativa plantea interrogantes sobre (...) qué aspectos pueden capturarse en contenido digital, cómo llevar a cabo dicho proceso y qué requisitos deben cumplir los dispositivos utilizados. Ante esta situación, se justifica la necesidad de realizar una investigación exhaustiva para determinar qué aspectos deben incorporarse en la normativa de tránsito con el fin de garantizar un debido proceso. El objetivo principal de esta investigación fue identificar las deficiencias en la regulación del aspecto probatorio en casos de infracciones de tránsito, así como proponer recomendaciones para mejorar el marco normativo existente. Se buscó determinar qué aspectos deben ser incorporados en la normativa de tránsito para garantizar un debido proceso y una aplicación justa de la ley. Para abordar esta problemática, se llevó a cabo una investigación cualitativa con un enfoque descriptivo. Se empleó el método dogmático-jurídico analítico-sintético para analizar en detalle la legislación existente y las lagunas normativas relacionadas con la obtención de pruebas digitales en casos de infracciones de tránsito. Además, se realizaron entrevistas a expertos en derecho procesal penal y se recopiló información de jurisprudencia relevante. Este enfoque metodológico permitió una comprensión profunda de los desafíos y las posibles soluciones en este ámbito. Los resultados de la investigación revelaron importantes lagunas en la regulación del aspecto probatorio en casos de infracciones de tránsito. Se identificaron problemas relacionados con la falta de claridad en los procedimientos de obtención de pruebas digitales y la ausencia de criterios específicos para la admisibilidad de dichas pruebas en los procesos legales. Además, se destacó la necesidad de establecer estándares claros y procedimientos adecuados para garantizar la integridad y fiabilidad de la evidencia digital en el contexto del tránsito. Esta investigación resalta la importancia de abordar las deficiencias en la regulación del aspecto probatorio en casos de infracciones de tránsito. Se recomienda la implementación de medidas específicas para mejorar la recopilación y admisibilidad de pruebas digitales, así como la revisión y actualización de la normativa existente. Esto contribuirá a garantizar un proceso legal justo y transparente en el ámbito del tránsito, fortaleciendo así el Estado de derecho y la confianza en el sistema judicial. (shrink)

Ideología y subjetivación desde una intervención filosófica materialista. Lectura sintomática y crítica. Resumen de Tesis de Doctorado en Filosofía de Fabiana Parra.

Varios estudiosos del ensayo benjaminiano Para una crítica de la violencia parecen coincidir en la tesis de que para el pensador alemán la violencia aparece como un medio del derecho. Sin embargo, la teoría pura del derecho de Kelsen reconoce que la violencia y la coacción son también un medio del derecho, pero justamente por ello niega cualquier relación fundamental, estructural o esencial entre derecho y violencia: un medio es únicamente una condición necesaria de algo, pero nunca su condición suficiente (...) ni, por tanto, su fundamento. El propósito de este escrito es presentar una interpretación del texto de Benjamin que responda a la objeción kelseniana. (shrink)

Resumen Folil Mapudungun, fruto de doce años de producción y de sistematización de objetivos y contenidos, es un método comunicativo multidimensional de enseñanza-aprendizaje de la lengua mapuche, como segunda lengua, orientado a jóvenes y adultos, en un contexto donde el mapudungun es lengua propia del territorio, lengua heredada y comunitaria. Hasta el momento, el método está integrado por ocho lecciones de estudio, desarrolladas y publicadas. En este artículo se presenta en detalle la organización de contenidos según sus tres ejes: transversal, (...) longitudinal y local. Se concluye que la concurrencia de los ejes definidos permite superar la dicotomía entre contenidos y metodología, a la vez que favorece el desarrollo de las diversas competencias que actúan en la comunicación cotidiana.Folil Mapudungun is a multidimensional method, based on a communicative approach, for teaching and learning Mapuche as a second language. It was designed for adult learners in a context where Mapudungun is a “language specific to the territory”, a heritage language and a community language. It is also the result of twelve years of research aiming to formulate objectives, and produce and systematize contents. At present, the method is constituted by eight lessons, developed and published in a textbook. This paper presents the method content organization according to three axes: transverse organization, longitudinal organization, and local organization. It is claimed that the use of these three axes allows us to overcome the methodology-content dichotomy, and to favor the development of the various communicative competences used in everyday life. (shrink)

La distinción entre contenidos conceptuales y no-conceptuales tiene claras repercusiones en el modo en que el hombre configura su mundo, así como en la posibilidad de atribuir pensamiento, en sentido estricto, a sistemas y organismos no humanos. Con el fin de clarificar dicha distinción, en el presente trabajo se plantea una noción básica de estado mental y, especialmente, una definición clara de lo que es un concepto y las características esenciales de los estados en que estos aparecen. Lo que se (...) sostiene al final es que hay buenas y suficientes razones para hablar de contenidos conceptuales y contenidos no-conceptuales, en lugar de hacerlo de contenidos más o menos conceptuales. En otras palabras, que hay una distinción de tipo, y no de grado, entre unos y otros contenidos. (shrink)

Background In 2021, Spain became the first Southern European country to grant and provide the right to euthanasia and medically assisted suicide. According to the law, the State has the obligation to ensure its access through the health services, which means that healthcare professionals’ participation is crucial. Nevertheless, its implementation has been uneven. Our research focuses on understanding possible ethical conflicts that shape different positions towards the practice of Medical Assistance in Dying, on identifying which core ideas may be underlying (...) them, and on suggesting possible reasons for this disparity. The knowledge acquired contributes to understanding its complexity, shedding light into ambivalent profiles and creating strategies to increase their participation. Methods We conducted an exploratory qualitative research study by means of semi-structured interviews (1 h) with 25 physicians and nurses from primary care (12), hospital care (7), and palliative care (6), 17 women and 8 men, recruited from Madrid, Catalonia, and Andalusia between March and May 2023. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, and coded in Atlas.ti software by means of thematic and interpretative methods to develop a conceptual model. Results We identified four approaches to MAiD: Full Support (FS), Conditioned Support (CS), Conditioned Rejection (CR), and Full Rejection (FR). Full Support and Full Rejection fitted the traditional for and against positions on MAiD. Nevertheless, there was a gray area in between represented by conditioned profiles, whose participation cannot be predicted beforehand. The profiles were differentiated considering their different interpretations of four core ideas: end-of-life care, religion, professional duty/deontology, and patient autonomy. These ideas can intersect, which means that participants' positions are multicausal and complex. Divergences between profiles can be explained by different sources of moral authority used in their moral reasoning and their individualistic or relational approach to autonomy. Conclusions There is ultimately no agreement but rather a coexistence of plural moral perspectives regarding MAiD among healthcare professionals. Comprehending which cases are especially difficult to evaluate or which aspects of the law are not easy to interpret will help in developing new strategies, clarifying the legal framework, or guiding moral reasoning and education with the aim of reducing unpredictable non-participations in MAID. (shrink)

Eugenio Bulygin is a distinguished representative of legal science and legal philosophy as they are known on the European continent - no accident, given the role of the civil law tradition in his home country, Argentina. Over the past half-century, Bulygin has engaged virtually all major legal philosophers in the English-speaking countries, including H.L.A. Hart, Ronald Dworkin, and Joseph Raz. Bulygin's essays, several written together with his eminent colleague and close friend Carlos E. Alchourrón, reflect the genre familiar from (...) Alf Ross's On Law and Justice, Hans Kelsen's Pure Theory of Law, and Georg Henrik von Wright's Norm and Action. Bulygin's wide-ranging interests include most of the topics found under the rubric of analytical jurisprudence - interpretation and judicial reasoning, validity and efficacy of law, legal positivism and the problem of normativity, completeness and consistency of the legal system, the nature of legal norms, and the role of deontic logic in the law. The reader will take delight in the often agreeably unorthodox character of Bulygin's views and in his hard-hitting arguments in defence of them. He challenges the received opinion on gaps in the law, on legal efficacy, on permissory norms, and on the criteria for legal validity. Bulygin's essays have been wellnigh inaccessible in the past, appearing in specialized journals, often in Spanish or German. They are now available for the first time in an English-language collection. (shrink)

The educational use of daily-life contexts is considered a valuable strategy to promote meaningful science learning, since it facilitates the establishment of connections between previous knowledge, personal interests, and new learning. The aim of this work is to provide evidence to support the presence of gardens at educational centers, by assessing key science topics whose learning is promoted at the pre-school, primary, secondary, and university stages. To this end, we analyzed the paired graphic representations of “a garden” that students drew (...) both before and after their participation in a garden-based learning program. Firstly, we obtained the frequency of appearance of every represented element, and afterward characterized the level of change between paired graphic representations. Sample size was of 24–19–25–29 pairs per stage, respectively. Across all stages, an overall improvement in students’ graphic expression was observed, which can be attributed to their experience in the space. At the pre-school stage, the garden favored the establishment of some simple cause-effect relationships which were consolidated at the primary stage, and provided a climate of motivation and affectivity that was evident in the final drawings, given the enormous quantity of details represented, the level of the finished product, and the careful combination and variety of colors. The presence of elements related to water notably increased in final graphic representations from pre-school, primary, and secondary education, thus evidencing that the use of gardens facilitates an approach to responsible water management. At the university stage, students initially demonstrated good knowledge of conventional agriculture, while the gardening experience -which was based on permaculture practices- helped evolve their ideas toward an alternative model of cultivation. The most prevalent science learning across all stages was related to plant knowledge, particularly to their anatomical traits and diversity. Finally, the role of educational gardens as models for students was evidenced, which suggests the importance of teachers and institutions carefully considering which model to offer. Overall, our results support the legitimacy of incorporating gardens to educational centers, particularly for promoting contact with live plants and plant knowledge, and potentially for promoting contact with garden fauna and activities oriented toward learning about it. (shrink)