Background: Several authors have focused on the aesthetics of nursing care from diverse perspectives; however, there are few studies about the sublime and the beautiful in nursing. Aim: To identify beautiful and sublime moments in the context of the aesthetics of nursing care. Methods: A theoretical reflection has been contemplated about sublime and beautiful values in the context of the aesthetics of nursing care from the cultural history perspective. For that purpose, a revision of this issue has been completed. The (...) terms ‘beautiful’ and ‘sublime’ have been analysed to identify the characteristics of both in the context of nursing care. Ethical consideration: We have followed all ethical requirements regarding the sources, conducting research and authorship. There is no conflict of interest in this paper. Results: With aesthetic knowledge, the nurse expresses the artistic nature of nursing care by appreciating the act of caring for individuals. The sublime is a complex phenomenon, since apparently contrary feelings are interwoven. Nursing care is an art with an anthropological object-subject on which the ‘artist’ applies their prior knowledge and skills. Feelings and emotions that develop during the clinical nursing practice – especially at times sublime and beautiful, aesthetic – constitute experiences which are professionally significant. (shrink)

The establishment of Mexico's National Bioethics Commission (Comisión Nacional de Bioética), in 1992, was conceived within the context of a global movement aimed at raising awareness of the ethical implications of technological and scientific development, especially in biomedicine. In 2005, a new decree put the commission under the scope of the Secretariat of Health and granted it technical and operational autonomy, allowing it to become a regulatory agency aimed at promoting a culture of bioethics, encouraging reflection on human health, and (...) developing guidelines for health care, research, and education, through a global, secular, and democratic perspective. The commission became the leading actor in the strategy for institutionalizing bioethics in Mexico after reforms to the country's General Health Act in 2011, which required that public, social assistance, or private health care facilities establish a hospital bioethics committee to address bioethical dilemmas or issues and, when relevant, a research ethics committee to address research with human subjects. This assignment has shifted the focus of the activities and goals of the National Bioethics Commission toward establishing these committees in line with current regulations and developing mechanisms to ensure that they operate with the highest standards of ethical conduct, performance, and accountability. (shrink)

In this paper, I will reflect on the place of language within Michel Henry’s phenomenology. I will claim that Michel Henry’s position provokes an architectonic problem in his conception of phenomenology and I will discuss how he tried to solve it. At the end of the essay, I will try to clarify what I believe to be the ultimate root of that problem involving language.

Este artículo introduce un concepto nuevo con el que poder comprender el Quijote : el socratismo cristiano. Un elemento del ascetismo que impregnaba la España barroca de la Contrarreforma, y del que participaba Cervantes. El Quijote es una guerra entre Cervantes y don Quijote, o dicho de otra forma, entre el último capítulo y los restantes, entre el Barroco y el Renacimiento –y su continuación, la modernidad- expresión literaria de la guerra entre el Imperio español y Europa. Su carácter dialéctico (...) se refleja incluso en el enfrentamiento entre las dos corrientes interpretativas preponderantes. (shrink)

In this paper I will bring into consideration the controversy betweenHusserl and Natorp dealing with the accurate meaning of the psychological reflectionand, altogether with that issue, how the phenomenological activityshould be assumed. I will try to present the legitimacy of some of the criticswhich Natorp and Husserl make to each other. This will lead us to a pointwhere we will be confronted with a major problem which is posed on us: the elucidation of the concrete sense of the phenomenological activity.En (...) este artículo se considera someramente la controversia entre Husserl yNatorp relativa al sentido de la reflexión psicológica y, con ello, de la actividadfenomenológica. Trataré de presentar la legitimidad de las críticas que Husserly Natorp se hacen respectivamente. Eso llevará a indicar una tarea que sigueimponiéndosenos todavía: la dilucidación del concreto sentido del quehacerfenomenológico. (shrink)

Vulnerability, understood as a negative aspect of criminalization under immune considerations, constitutes itself as a creative and transformative force that makes it possible to think about a life in common sustained through care and affirmative protection of life. The development of this idea requires three specific stages: in the first, it is described the current democracy as a government technique whose management depends on vulnerable populations; in the second, it is reviewed criminalization as a specific form of immune control; and (...) finally, it is recognized vulnerability as the basis of a new way of democratic life, departing from the attention of certain social groups that have been criminalized due to their precariousness. (shrink)

The study of oral tradition, as didactics, in reading comprehension; had as its primary objective to demonstrate the influence of oral tradition, as didactics, on the reading comprehension of students of the Daniel Alcides Carrión National University, for this it was necessary to analyze the reading ability according to the levels of reading comprehension and determine how the use of oral tradition, As a didactics, it influences the literal, inferential and critical level when understanding a text. The study was of (...) an experimental type of pre-experimental level, with the use of the scientific method, which allowed the implementation of the pertinent procedures for textual comprehension. Likewise, the survey, observation and the questionnaire with 15 questions were used as an instrument, the same that fulfilled the process of validity and reliability by personalities of research trajectory, which was applied at two different times in a sample of 20 students, of which; it was obtained as a result of 0.000 < 0.05 according to the Wilcoxon test. It shows that: oral tradition, as didactics, influences the reading comprehension of students at the Daniel Alcides Carrión National University. (shrink)

La política de relaciones internacionales de los países del bloque occidental puso en marcha a mediados del siglo XX las políticas de cooperación al desarrollo. En España, a partir de los años 50 surgieron ONGD que iniciaron su camino en la cooperación al desarrollo, entre ellas Manos Unidas. La evolución del propio concepto de desarrollo y de cooperación al desarrollo fue recogida en los diferentes boletines informativos que se publicaban en Manos Unidas y reflejan los avances realizados en las diferentes (...) etapas. Este artículo analiza las acciones de desarrollo y de cooperación internacional a través de las publicaciones realizadas por la ONGD Manos Unidas. (shrink)

Neste artigo, analisamos algumas das peculiaridades da leitura que Agamben faz de Nietzsche, isto é, o uso que faz das ideias do pensador alemão para constituir a sua própria filosofia política. Assim, refletimos acerca do tensionamento e da polifonia entre a vontade de potência em sua configuração fisiopsicológica, e a grande política a partir da transvaloração dos valores. Indicamos essa tensão e polifonia tendo em vista o outro tipo de potência ao qual Agamben se inscreve, a aristotélica, para pensarmos sobre (...) as aberturas políticas que se descortinam a partir da crítica nietzschiana à política e à democracia liberal. Convém atentar ao argumento de Piazzesi de que a vontade de potência sintetiza os âmbitos mecanicista e valorativo que, em relação agonística, explicam a vontade de potência. O projeto Homo sacer começa e termina com uma crítica à biopolítica que Agamben compreende como sendo aquela nietzschiana. Esse é um tensionamento entre a concretização da transvaloração dos valores como possibilidade de superar o niilismo e criar o lastro para a grande política, pois insere no campo da fisiologia uma questão política, do paradigma da autonomia.Nietzsche e Agamben, com suas concepções divergentes de potência, apontam as possibilidades da política e os limites da democracia liberal. (shrink)

Este artículo reconstruye los primeros años de la obra de Antoni Domènech hasta la primera formulación de dos ideas clave en su obra madura: republicanismo plebeyo y fraternidad. Esto se hará en tres niveles. El primer nivel repasa la toma de posiciones de la transición a la derrota en el referéndum de la OTAN. El segundo nivel analiza la solución ética propuesta por Domèmech al problema de las necesidades y el ecologismo. El tercer nivel, a partir de las evidencias anteriores, (...) presenta la primera formulación de su reconstrucción republicana del marxismo y de la fraternidad. (shrink)

La tesis que se propone en este artículo es que, si existe el perdón, este siempre implica el trabajo de la memoria. Para llevar a cabo este propósito y reflexionar sobre las posibilidades del perdón en la realidad colombiana, tomaremos como base los planteamientos del filósofo francés Paul Ricoeur de la memoria, el perdón, la identidad, el sí mismo y la narración. Con Ricoeur, podemos afirmar que en el testimonio de las víctimas se abre el horizonte de la relación entre (...) memoria y perdón, porque la reconstrucción de los hechos a través del relato abre una dialéctica entre lo que ha marcado la identidad y las variaciones y proyecciones de dicha identidad. Narrar, además, es una manera de recuperar el _ser capaz _que ha sido vulnerado a través de la falta. Para esto, sin embargo, el testimonio tiene unas condiciones mínimas: que la víctima pueda contar su historia, que haya alguien dispuesto a escuchar y que se pueda recuperar la verdad de los hechos a través de procesos de justicia y reparación. Estas condiciones mínimas nos permitirán analizar, según algunos testimonios de diferentes víctimas, hasta qué punto es factible hablar de perdón en el conflicto armado colombiano. Al final, concluimos que el perdón implica procesos de reparación y justicia, y que solo surge al margen de estos cuando la víctima decide resignificar su pasado doloroso por un ideal ético de felicidad que le permite privilegiar su realización ante la afrenta recibida. (shrink)

ABSTRACT In this article we analyze the attempt that young Simone Weil made for thinking time and change, and for deciphering the participation that the world and the mind may have in its configuration. To achieve this, we set out to elucidate two concepts that we believe synthesize her approach: the first one is astonishment, understood both in its quality of incessant intuition that reveals the human impotence to understand the present, and in its quality as a mediating instance between (...) ignorance and approximate human science of the phenomenal field. The second concept we analyze is that of directed time, significant of the first Weilian philosophy in that it reveals the subjugation of man to the present, the only tangible time. This determination allows us to understand the meaning of the past as an abolished existence, and the future as a virtual nucleus of possibilities towards which the human being prepares his action and work thanks to his faculty to devise projects. Finally, we try to show the problematic tension that young Weil discerned between the law of the immediacy of the world, and the law of time that imposes intermediate steps to the realization of all human activity. (shrink)

Desde su inicial estadía en Friburgo entre 1928 y 1929 hasta sus primeros escritos de la década de los años treinta, Emmanuel Levinas expresó su entusiasta adhesión a la nueva orientación fenomenológica alemana, en particular a la filosofía existencial de Martin Heidegger. Sin embargo, tras la toma del poder del nazismo en 1933 y la adhesión del maestro de Friburgo al nuevo régimen, el filósofo francés llevó a cabo una revisión crítica de los fundamentos de la “hermenéutica de la facticidad” (...) como de su posible afinidad electiva con la “filosofía del hitlerismo”. El presente artículo tiene como objetivo analizar las reflexiones levinasianas sobre aquel trasfondo compartido entre la ontología heideggeriana y el nazismo, a partir de tres mitos presentes en la convocatoria palingenésica nacionalsocialista: la apelación a la “comunidad de la guerra”, a la “comunidad del trabajo” y a la “comunidad de la sangre”. (shrink)

The counterfactual thinking cannot be only developed in early childhood, but it also could be a requirement for the causal reasoning. In this research a replica of German was made using counterfactual stories with Latin American kids between three and four years, demonstrating the possible main role counterfactual reasoning, by using computer animations. This was a different approach to the most recent made by Nyhout and Ganea. Nonetheless, the participants of the study evidenced counterfactual reasoning to the relevant choice and (...) the negative consequence conditions shown on the stories that represented the choices made by a starting role. Although some of the results were not totally conclusive under the analyzed conditions. Lastly, some possible not controlled effects are discussed from stories shown to the children, that could have motivated the counterfactual thinking. (shrink)

O falsificacionismo popperiano, ao propor que teorias científicas devem ser tomadas enquanto conjecturas, implica uma visão falibilista sobre o conhecimento. Ao assumir que não existe fonte segura para fundamentar o conhecimento, Popper precisa repensar o que seja o conhecimento, já que não existiriam razões suficientes para que determinássemos que uma determinada teoria é certa. Para tanto, utiliza-se de uma concepção não justificacionista, fazendo da crítica o critério de racionalidade. O resultado desse projeto popperiano leva a uma concepção falibilista sobre o (...) conhecimento: não temos certeza se aquilo que sabemos é certo, mas ainda podemos dizer que sabemos algo. (shrink)

En los primeros años del siglo XIV se planteó la polémica entre los franciscanos “espirituales” y el papa Juan XXII. El emperador alemán Luis de Baviera intervino en la confrontación a favor de los franciscanos y en contra del Papa. En la novela El nombre de la Rosa de Umberto Eco, se escenifica el conflicto entre el Franciscano Guillermo, que representa a Guillermo de Ockham y el inquisidor dominico Bernardo de Guí. En sus páginas se cita la filosofía de Aristóteles, (...) Tomás de Aquino Buenaventura de Bagnoregio, Marsilio de Padua y el propio Guillermo de Ockham. La filosofía política y el conocimiento científico de la época: Alberto Magno y Roger Bacon entre otros completan el panorama del citado siglo XIV. Todo ello demuestra una labor educativa incuestionable del libro de Umberto Eco. (shrink)

In this article I propose an original view of the nature of shared intention. In contrast to psychological views (Bratman, Searle, Tuomela) and normative views (Gilbert), I argue that both functional roles played by attitudes of individual participants and interpersonal obligations are factors of central and independent significance for explaining what shared intention is. It is widely agreed that shared intention (I) normally motivates participants to act, and (II) normally creates obligations between them. I argue that the view I propose (...) can explain why it is not a mere accident that both (I) and (II) are true of shared intention, while psychological and normative views cannot. The basic idea is that shared intention involves a structure of attitudes of individuals –including, most importantly, attitudes of reliance – which normally plays the relevant motivating roles and creates the relevant obligations. (shrink)

Shared agency is of central importance in our lives in many ways. We enjoy engaging in certain joint activities with others. We also engage in joint activities to achieve complex goals. Current approaches propose that we understand shared agency in terms of the more basic phenomenon of shared intention. However, they have presented two antagonistic views about the nature of this phenomenon. Some have argued that shared intention should be understood as being primarily a structure of attitudes of individual participants (...) and their interrelations (Bratman, Searle, Tuomela and Miller). Others have claimed that shared intention should be regarded as being primarily a normative transaction which gives rise to interpersonal obligations (Gilbert). In contrast to these approaches, I propose a compromise view. I argue that shared intention involves a complex socio-psychological structure which ensures, in the absence of special circumstances, the existence of relevant moral obligations. My argument involves two main steps. First, I show that shared intention includes important relations of mutual reliance between the participants. Then, I argue that the existence of these relations of mutual reliance in shared intention helps us explain why, failing special circumstances, shared intention generates those obligations. This provides, in my view, a solution to the vexed question of the relation between shared intention and interpersonal obligations. (shrink)

Philosophers have in general offered only a partial view of the normative grounds of reliance. Some maintain that either one of evidence or of pragmatic considerations has a normative bearing on reliance, but are silent about whether the other kind of consideration has such a bearing on it as well. Others assert that both kinds of considerations have a normative bearing on reliance, but sidestep the question of what their relative normative bearing is. My aim in this article is to (...) offer a more systematic and comprehensive view of reasons for reliance. (shrink)

Philosophers of action of different persuasions have suggested that there is a tight connection between the phenomenon of intending and the phenomena of “being settled on” and of “settling” a course of action. For many, this connection supports an important constraint on intention: one may only intend what one takes one’s so intending as settling. Traditionally, this has been understood as a doxastic constraint on intention: what one takes one’s intention as settling is what one believes one’s so intending as (...) settling. This paper proposes an alternative conception of such a constraint. The idea is to conceive of it in terms of the attitude of reliance, rather than of belief. The aim of the paper is three-fold: to clarify the connection between intending to act and the phenomena of being settled on and of settling a course of action, to provide support for the reliance conception of the cited constraint, and to show that this conception drives a wedge in the familiar dispute, between doxastic and conative accounts of intention, as to whether intending to act necessarily involves the belief that one will so act. (shrink)

El presente artículo está dedicado al trabajo de Hans-Georg Gadamer titulado “Prometeo y Pandora”, publicado originalmente en español en 1949 en el volumen Goethe. 1749 - 28 de agosto – 1949, editado por la Facultad de Filosofía y Letras de la Universidad de Cuyo, Argentina. En primer lugar, se ofrece una introducción en la que se presenta el contexto original histórico-intelectual de su edición, traducción y publicación, los antecedentes filosóficos del texto dentro de la obra de Gadamer (conferencias y artículos (...) previos sobre el tema), una presentación breve de las fuentes y de los temas que trata el texto, así como una serie de aclaraciones sobre las correcciones que se realizaron para esta edición crítica. En segundo lugar, se ofrece una nueva edición de “Prometeo y Pandora”. Este ensayo es uno de los dos primeros trabajos de Gadamer que fueron traducidos al castellano y, a su vez, una de las primeras traducciones de las producciones de Gadamer a una lengua extranjera. //--// The following investigation focuses on the article of Hans-Georg Gadamer entitled “Prometheus and Pandora”, originally published in Spanish in 1949, in the book: "Goethe. 1749 – 28th August – 1949", edited by the Faculty of Philosophy and Letters of the University of Cuyo, Argentina. Firstly, an introduction is offered in which is presented the original historical-intellectual context of its edition, translation and publication, the philosophical background of the text within Gadamer’s work (conferences and previous articles on the subject), a brief description of the sources and topics encompassed in the text, as well as a series of clarifications on the corrections made for the current critical edition. This essay is one of the first two works by Gadamer that were translated into Spanish and, in turn, one of the first translations of Gadamer's productions into a foreign language. (shrink)

In this chapter, I analyze how Gadamer criticizes in his review "Die neue-Platoforschung" [1933] both Stenzel's and Singer's reading of the "political Plato" through his own interpretations of the concepts of paideía and utopia. This Gadamer's early insight is a seminal exercise for his later theoretical developments in texts like Plato und die Dichter [1934] and Platos Staat der Erziehung [1942].// How to cite this item: Bey, Facundo. (2020). “Paideía y utopía en la crítica de Hans-Georg Gadamer al Platón (...) de Julius Stenzel y Kurt Singer”. In Y. Benítez Ocampo (ed.) Intersecciones. Reelaboraciones de la filosofía contemporánea y la estética filosófica. [Kindle Cloud Reader Version]. Editora Cravo: Porto. Retrieved from: amazon. (shrink)

In this article I attempt to provide a conceptual framework for thinking about reliance in a systematic way. I argue that reliance is a cognitive attitude that has a tighter connection to the guidance of our thought and action than ordinary belief does. My main thesis is that reliance has a ‘constitutive aim’: namely, it aims at guiding our thought and action in a way that is sensible from the standpoint of practical or theoretical ends. This helps explain why reliance (...) is, in contrast to belief, typically formed and revised in response to pragmatic considerations. (shrink)

This is a survey article on reductive views of shared intention.

ABSTRACT Recently, the hypothesis that purely evaluative disputes are metalinguistic negotiations has gained traction. I resist a strong version of that hypothesis, and argue that some of those disputes are not metalinguistic negotiations. To defend that claim, I argue that metalinguistic negotiations have three linguistic properties that some purely evaluative disputes lack. First, in a metalinguistic negotiation it is felicitous to embed the dispute-initial statement under the subjective attitude verb consider; second, a speaker can reply to that initial statement by (...) using a metalinguistic comparative; and, third, such negotiations address metalinguistic questions under discussion. Some purely evaluative disputes lack these properties, which suggests that they are not metalinguistic negotiations. (shrink)

Continuadores posteriores de la teoría crítica de la sociedad han cuestionado a Adorno por caer en una lógica de la emancipación frustrada aparentemente contradictoria, que reflexiona sobre la dominación social en condiciones bajo las cuales, empero, se declaran cerradas las posibilidades de transformación histórica. Sin embargo, sostengo que su teoría social remite también a un concepto novedoso de la emancipación sin totalidad, relevante para la reconstrucción de la teoría crítica ante los cuestionamientos pluralistas lanzados hacia el concepto de “totalidad”.

El presente artículo examina el modo en el que Arendt comprende los “comienzos políticos” a través de su _Auseinandersetzung_ con la teorización de Walter Benjamin. En primer lugar, el artículo retornará a la concepción benjaminiana del _Ursprung_ para mostrar la importancia de ella en el enfoque arendtiano del _Anfang_, haciendo legible lo que llamaré el “problema filosófico-político”. En segundo lugar, se explicará cómo los “momentos benjaminianos” en la comprensión arendtiana sobre los comienzos ayudan a la autora a tratar los problemas (...) políticos de la espontaneidad y el fundacionalismo. Enfrentar tales problemas revela lo que está en juego en aquello que Arendt concibe como el “principio del comienzo”. Por último, se mostrará cómo este principio teorizado por Arendt adquiere un carácter an-árquico. La an-arquía, en este sentido, no equivale a un abandono de los principios políticos. Antes bien, apunta a una comprensión más sofisticada de la tensión entre “comienzo” y “gobierno” inherente en la etimología del término _archē_. (shrink)

The debate on final value has been so far understood as a debate over what sort of properties final value depends on. The debate’s reliance on mere dependence has, I argue, made it very difficult for conditionalists to put forward a coherent positive alternative to intrinsicalism. Talk of dependence is too coarse-grained and fails to distinguish between different ways in which value can metaphysically depend on other properties of the value bearer. To remedy this, I propose that we bring back (...) a ‘forgotten’ distinction between two ways in which value can depend on other properties. We should distinguish those properties in virtue of which a value is had—the grounds of the value—from those on condition of which it is had—which following Dancy I call the enablers of the value. With this distinction in hand, I offer a clear re-statement of the two main conditionalist accounts of final value: non-instrumentalism and non-derivatism. When understood not as making claims about the properties on which final value depends but rather as making more specific ones about the properties that ground final value, these accounts are perfectly coherent. (shrink)

Me propongo abordar algunas precondiciones biológicas del discurso autobiográfico. Seguiré algunas interrogaciones de John Paul Eakin sobre la interrelación primaria, previa al discurso retrospectivo, entre narrativa del yo, experiencia personal y cuerpo propio. Tres autores prestan especial atención a estas precondiciones materiales de la autobiografía: Stacy Alaimo, con su noción de "memorias materiales"; Catherine Malabou, con sus estudios sobre la relación entre filosofía y neurociencias; y Antonio Damasio, con su concepción estratificada y compleja del yo neuronal, que incluye un nivel (...) autobiográfico. Voy a sostener que el imperativo de construir una identidad narrativa es existencial o vital antes que textual, y que surge de la experiencia encarnada, mediada neurofisiológicamente, de ser un yo. (shrink)

Este artículo estudia afinidades no exploradas entre la teoría del capitalismo de El Anti-Edipo y algunas discusiones sobre la reproducción social en el marxismo feminista. Por un lado, el capitalismo, con su movimiento de decodificación de flujos, tiende a disolver a la familia bajo movimientos desterritorializados. Por el otro, supone una reterritorialización edípica en cuanto separa el parentesco de las relaciones de producción, fundando una escisión históricamente novedosa. La distinción entre axiomática y reterritorializaciones capitalistas, en este contexto, aparece como una (...) forma conceptual adecuada para analizar la relación entre familia y capitalismo en términos feministas-marxistas. (shrink)

Shared intention normally leads to joint action. It does this, it is commonly said, only because it is a characteristically stable phenomenon, a phenomenon that tends to persist from the time it is formed until the time it is fulfilled. However, the issue of what the stability of shared intention comes down to remains largely undertheorized. My aim in this paper is to remedy this shortcoming. I argue that shared intention is a source of moral and epistemic reasons, that responsiveness (...) to such reasons on the part of each individual reinforces her own relevant attitudes, and that this enhances the stability of the shared intention as a whole. We thus discover an important self-reinforcing and stability-enhancing mechanism at the heart of shared intention and action. It follows from this proposal that the psychological commitment that an individual exhibits in joint action is normally a function not only of her own participatory intention, as often maintained, but also of her endorsement of the reasons created by her group’s shared intention to so act. (shrink)