Philosophers have offered many arguments to explain why historical injustices require reparations. This paper raises an unnoticed challenge for almost all of them. Most theories of reparations attempt to meet two intuitions: (1) Reparations are owed for a past wrong and (2) the content of reparations must reflect the historical injustice. I argue that necessarily no monistic theory can meet both intuitions. I do this by showing that any theory that can meet intuition (1) necessarily cannot also meet intuition (2). (...) This result suggests that a theory of reparations must either sacrifice one of the two intuitions or be pluralist. I argue that we ought to prefer the pluralist over the monistic theory. I sketch the pluralist theory and I defend it by considering an objection about the way it can resolve conflicts. (shrink)

How do opinion diversity and belief polarisation affect epistemic group decision-making, particularly if decisions must be made without delay and on the basis of permissive evidence? In an agent-based model, we track the consistency of group opinions aggregated through sentence-wise majority voting. Simulations on the model reveal that high opinion diversity, but not polarisation, incurs a significant inconsistency risk. These results indicate that epistemic group decisions based on permissive evidence can be particularly difficult for diverse groups. The results also improve (...) our understanding of what can reasonably be expected of expert groups, and where expert advice might have limits. (shrink)

Roger Boscovich, belonging to XVIII century, halfway from Newton to Faraday, is traditionally considered as a newtonian philosopher. Nevertheless, following Berkson’s suggestion, he could be a Field Theory forerunner. In this work, we will try to go on with the idea of this suggestion in order to show this possible Boscovich’s contribution.

How does one arrive at a life in politics and policy? What happens to one's ideals when confronted with the reality that the only way to get things done in Washington is compromise? Who are the men and women who help shape our national agenda, and what drives their work? Dispatches From the Eastern Front provides fascinating, intensely personal, yet universal answers to these central questions. Recounting four decades inside Washington politics, Gerald Felix Warburg brings remarkable candor to a (...) most unusual memoir. An idealistic California baby boomer transported to the intimidating world of Capitol Hill policymaking at a young age, Warburg finds himself working to reform nuclear energy, strategic arms control, and foreign policy. As his access and power grow, greater challenges loom: how to maintain principles while cutting deals, and how to balance public purpose with private interests. An eclectic career reveals the slow and often painful development of emotional intelligence for work at the highest reaches of the public arena. (shrink)

A sala de aula era clara, arejada, ampla e comportava vinte e cinco crianças de 6 anos de idade. Elas moravam num bairro da periferia da cidade, onde estava localizada a escota. Eram, portanto, crianças filhas de famílias de baixa renda. A professora era jovem, entusiasmada, democrática, residia perto da escola, fazendo parte da mesma comunidade das crianças. Ela estava fortemente incorporada pelo trabalho pedagógico fundamentado em Freinet. A classe era dividida em "ateliers", que as crianças chamavam de "caninhos", distribuídos (...) da seguinte maneira: o cantinho da Construção, cujos materiais eram blocos de madeira, caixas de papelão em diversos tamanhos e paus de vassoura coloridos, grandes, médios e pequenos; o das Artes continha tintas, pincéis, giz, giz de cera, lápis de cor, "a caixa de carimbos", papel jornal, roupas usadas de adulto, maquiagem, cola, tesoura e material de sucata; o cantinho da Escrita guardava o quadro-negro, lápis, cadernos de desenho grandes, folhas de papel de computador, papel pardo e papel sulfit; no da Biblioteca estavam os livros de estória e revistas diversas; o do Museu era identificado por objetos curiosos trazidos de casa pelas crianças, tais como pedras consideradas por elas diferentes e bonitas, vidros contendo areia colorida trabalhada artisticamente. [...] Palavras-chave: Carimbos; Pré-Escola; Biblioteca escolar. (shrink)

The Spirit and the Screen explores pertinent pneumatological issues that arise in film and asks how Christian convictions and experiences of the Spirit might shape the way one thinks about films and film-making.

There is widespread intuition that historical injustices require reparations. This paper considers one philosophical problem for reparations: the Nonidentity Objection. The Objection states that present agents are not owed reparations for historical injustices because without the historical injustice they would not exist. I show the Objection only challenges the possibility of reparations for historical injustice if we adopt a particular model of reparative justice that takes someone experiencing harms to be a necessary condition for reparative justice. Instead, if we adopt (...) a different model of reparative justice based on relational wrongdoing, we can avoid the Objection. I defend my solution by considering the Nonidentity Objection in detail. I show that it challenges harm-based models of reparative justice regardless of the account of harm that the Objection uses. And I demonstrate that common objections to wrong-based solutions to the general nonidentity problem do not apply in the case of historical injustice. I conclude by sketching challenges my wrong-based model faces and argue that despite these challenges we ultimately have reason to prefer it over harm-based ones. (shrink)

This essay examines the nature of man within the scope of situational philosophy. It explores the writing of William Golding to subvert intellectual error on racism. Besides, it challenges any claim to absolute moral refinement since existential situation set the stage for the unfolding of man. The radical transformation of Jack Merridew and the situational response of Ralph are used as philosophical base to explain the dynamism of man in the face of changing situation. However, the analysis of some scholars (...) on the black race reveals a fundamental philosophy that misses many fundamental points. This paper therefore advocates an incursion into appropriate political framework and dismissal of race based supremacist philosophy. (shrink)

Este artigo visa analisar de que modo as questões pertinentes à situação do Paraguai do Pós-Guerra da Tríplice Aliança serviram de instrumento de luta político-partidária entre nacionalistas e autonomistas durante a campanha presidencial argentina de 1873 e 1874. Para isso, foram consultados alguns jornais de Buenos Aires, uma vez que eram os principais canalizadores dos debates públicos e difusores de representações. Da análise das fontes pode-se apontar que a facção autonomista fez daquele conflito, da ocupação do Paraguai e das questões (...) pendentes daquele evento uma das suas principais armas de combate em sua luta eleitoral contra o nacionalismo. (shrink)

Félix Aubé Beaudoin | : Le dilemme darwinien, formulé par Sharon Street, somme les réalistes moraux d’expliquer pourquoi de nombreux jugements qui sont des candidats au statut de vérités morales indépendantes sont aussi ceux qui ont une grande valeur sélective. Les réalistes peuvent soit nier, soit affirmer l’existence d’un lien entre pressions évolutionnistes et vérités morales. Selon Street, la première option mène au scepticisme tandis que la seconde est indéfendable sur le plan scientifique. Peter Singer et Katarzyna de Lazari-Radek optent (...) pour la première branche de ce dilemme. Dans cet article, la stratégie argumentative qu’ils adoptent — la réponse naturelle — sera soumise à un examen critique. Deux objections seront formulées. La première est d’ordre épistémologique : l’intuitionnisme philosophique défendu par les auteurs fait face à des difficultés majeures. La seconde, plus fondamentale, est que leur solution ne permet pas d’expliquer autrement que par un heureux hasard l’alignement entre les vérités morales et les jugements ayant une valeur sélective. | : According to Sharon Street’s Darwinian Dilemma, moral realists must explain why many judgments that are likely to be independent moral truths are those it would be evolutionarily adaptive to hold. Realists can either deny or assert the existence of a relation between evolutionary influences and moral truths. The first option leads to skepticism, while the second is unacceptable on scientific grounds, says Street. Peter Singer and Katarzyna de Lazari-Radek take the first horn of this dilemma. In this article, the argumentative strategy they adopt — the Natural Reply - is submitted to critical scrutiny. Two objections are raised. The first objection is epistemological : philosophical intuitionism, as defended by the authors, is an untenable position. The second objection is that their solution must appeal to unlikely coincidences to account for the overlap between independent moral truths and evolutionarily adaptive attitudes. (shrink)

El filósofo Mario Bunge ha sido el más notable investigador de la epistemología en nuestros días. Su preferencia por la ciencia y su rechazo hacia la pseudociencia son evidentes. Así, se reconoce que la filosofía de Bunge fue analítica. En consecuencia, Bunge también manifestó su desacuerdo con aquellas filosofías (en su mayoría continentales) que son anticientíficas o que no hayan promovido el estudio de la ciencia. De este modo, se analizan las razones por las que Bunge rechazó a Hegel, Husserl (...) y Heidegger. Este rechazo lleva a investigar las bases del negacionismo y la posverdad y, finalmente, se realiza un balance entre la postura de Bunge y el florecimiento de la desinformación en la actualidad. (shrink)

São duas as obras de Foucault privilegiadas neste estudo: As palavras e as coisas, de 1966, e Nascimento da biopolítica, de 1979. Uma das razões pelas quais é possível criar linhas diagonais de interpretação entre estes dois momentos da obra de Foucault é que em ambos os textos ele se debruça sobre a economia política de Smith, com um rigor tamanho que nos pareceu possível extrair daí o esboço de uma breve história do pensamento econômico. O objetivo deste artigo é (...) esboçar esta história, definir as condições de emergência da economia política na epistèmê moderna, entender simultaneamente em que medida a economia assumirá a função de base de cálculo que irá impor à razão governamental moderna uma modalidade nova de limitação dos seus desígnios. (shrink)

How does Christian philosophy address phenomena in the world? Felix Ó Murchadha believes that seeing, hearing, or otherwise sensing the world through faith requires transcendence or thinking through glory and night. By challenging much of Western metaphysics, Ó Murchadha shows how phenomenology opens new ideas about being, and how philosophers of "the theological turn" have addressed questions of creation, incarnation, resurrection, time, love, and faith. He explores the possibility of a phenomenology of Christian life and argues against any simple (...) separation of philosophy and theology or reason and faith. (shrink)

El reinado de Fernando III de Castilla y León constituye un período de transición entre las viejas curias plenas regias alto y plenomedievales y la baja Edad Media en la que se desarrollará ya con intensidad la institución de las Cortes. A través del presente trabajo abordamos el estudio del proceso transformador jurídico-institucional de las antiguas curias regias a partir de la segunda mitad del siglo XII, así como las manifestaciones que de este proceso apreciamos en el reinado de Fernando (...) III, con especial incidencia en el “ordenamiento” promulgado por este monarca en las cortes de Sevilla de 1250. (shrink)

There is widespread intuition that historical injustices require reparations. This paper considers one philosophical problem for reparations: the Nonidentity Objection. The Objection states that present agents are not owed reparations for historical injustices because without the historical injustice they would not exist. I show the Objection only challenges the possibility of reparations for historical injustice if we adopt a particular model of reparative justice that takes someone experiencing harms to be a necessary condition for reparative justice. Instead, if we adopt (...) a different model of reparative justice based on relational wrongdoing, we can avoid the Objection. I defend my solution by considering the Nonidentity Objection in detail. I show that it challenges harm-based models of reparative justice regardless of the account of harm that the Objection uses. And I demonstrate that common objections to wrong-based solutions to the general nonidentity problem do not apply in the case of historical injustice. I conclude by sketching challenges my wrong-based model faces and argue that despite these challenges we ultimately have reason to prefer it over harm-based ones. (shrink)

Utilitarianism tells us to maximize the total amount of well-being in the world. I discuss whether there is a total amount of well-being in the world, given hedonist and preferentialist notions of well-being, respectively. My conclusion is that the prospects for preferentialism, in particular, are quite bleak.